High Valyrian Grammar

High Valyrian Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Dictionary, Orthography, Dialogue

High Valyrian is a heavily inflected, mostly head-final, language. The word order is strongly verb-final (subject–object–verb). Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number, case and gender, and verbs for person, number, tense, voice, and mood.

Nouns belong to one of four genders (lunar, solar, terrestrial and aquatic), that have no relationship to sexual gender. Most humans are either of the lunar or solar gender. For example vala "man" is of lunar gender, and ābra "woman" is too. They also can inflect for one of four grammatical numbers (singular, plural, collective and paucal). The collective number conveys the idea of totality, while the paucal conveys the idea of a small number.

As well as having gender and number, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns have forms with different endings according to their function in the sentence, for example, dārys "king" (subject), but dāri "king" (object). These different forms are called cases. Most nouns have eight cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), genitive ("of"), dative (indirect object; "to" or "for"), locative ("in"), instrumental ("with" or "by"), comitative ("with" or "together with"), and vocative (used for addressing). Some noun declension classes merge two or more cases. Also, there is no definite or indefinite article in High Valyrian, so that dārys can mean "king", "a king", or "the king" according to context.

Adjectives must agree with nouns in gender, number and case, and have four degrees of comparison (positive, comparative, superlative and equative). Adjectives may precede or follow a noun, with the exception of certain determiners and demonstratives, which almost always precede. If such an adjective follows its noun, it gives it a more "official" feel. In some cases this might be done for simple emphasis. When an adjective is postpositive, that is, when it follows the noun it modifies, it has the complete set of endings. However, when it is prepositive, meaning it precedes the noun, the endings are shortened and more prone to fall together.

Verbs conjugate for seven tenses (present, aorist, future, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect and past habitual), two voices (active and passive) and three moods (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Tenses in High Valyrian often convey information both about time and aspect. Finite verb forms agree with the subject in person and number. There are also non-finite verb forms (infinitives and participles), which do not. To show agreement, finite verbs take various endings, for example iksan means "I am", even without the independent personal pronoun nyke "I". High Valyrian usually omits these pronouns, except when emphasis on the subject is desired, i.e. is a pro-drop language. High Valyrian also employs a number of verbal prefixes called applicatives, which can change how the semantic roles of the verb (agent, patient and so on) are encoded (specifically which case is used for which role).

Vocabulary

Main article: High Valyrian Vocabulary

Main article: High Valyrian Dictionary

Main article: High Valyrian Word Groups

Phonology

Main article: High Valyrian Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m [m]		n [n]	ñ [ɲ]	(n [ŋ ~ ɴ])
Plosive	voiceless	p [p]		t [t]		k [k]	q [q]
	voiced	b [b]		d [d]		g [ɡ]
Fricative	voiceless		(th [θ])	s [s]		(kh [x ~ χ])		h [h]
	voiced	v [v ~ w]		z [z]	j [ɟ ~ dʒ ~ ʒ ~ j]	gh [ɣ ~ ʁ]
Approximant
Lateral				l [l]	lj [ʎ]
Rhotic	voiceless			rh [r̥]
	voiced			r [r ~ ɾ]

Notes:

• In antiquity, /j/ could be pronounced [j] or [ɟ]: always [ɟ] before [i] or [y]; often before [e]; sometimes elsewhere. Modern speakers' pronunciation varies between [j], [ʒ] and [dʒ], depending largely on region, and native language.
• [ŋ] and [ɴ] are in parentheses because they are not phonemes, but allophones of /n/. The phoneme /n/ assimilates to a following velar or uvular consonant, e.g. ēngos /ˈeːngos/ "tongue" is pronounced [ˈeːŋgos], valonqar /vaˈlonqar/ "little brother" is [vaˈloɴqar].
• [θ] and [x ~ χ] are in parentheses because they occur only in words of foreign origin. As foreign sounds, they may not always be pronounced as they ideally should be. For instance, some speakers might pronounce Thoros as [ˈθoros], but others might just say [ˈtoros] or possibly even [ˈsoros]. Likewise, some might pronounce arakh [aˈɾax] or [aˈɾaχ], some [aˈɾah], some might even say [aˈɾaɣ] or [aˈɾaʁ].
• /r/ is generally a trill ([r]), but is a tap ([ɾ]) when following a vowel medially.
• In antiquity, /v/ could be pronounced [w] or [v]: always [v] before [u]; often before [o]; sometimes elsewhere. Modern speakers' pronunciation varies between [w], and [v], depending largely on region, and native language.

Vowels

High Valyrian has 6 phonetically distinct vowel qualities, each of which can be either long or short:

	Short				Long
	Front		Back		Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded			unrounded	rounded
Close	i [i]	y [y]*	u [u]		ī [iː]	ȳ [yː]*	ū [uː]
Mid	e [e]		o [o]		ē [eː]		ō [oː]
Open	a [a]				ā [aː]

* Many modern speakers do not distinguish y from i and pronounce both as [i].

Nouns

Nouns in High Valyrian decline for case and number, and are categorized into genders.

Gender

There are four genders in High Valyrian:

1. Lunar (hūrenkon qogror)
2. Solar (vēzenkon qogror)
3. Terrestrial (tegōñor qogror)
4. Aquatic (embōñor qogror)

As a general principle, most lunar nouns end in a vowel, most solar nouns in an -s, most terrestrials in -n, most aquatics in -r. But there are a significant number of exceptions to this guideline. In particular, all paucals end in -n and all collectives in -r, no matter what their gender.

There is no exact equivalence between the genders and semantic categories, but there are some general tendencies:

• Lunar mostly words for humans vala "man," abra "woman," muña "mother,", nocturnal animals zokla "wolf", atroksia "owl," kēli "cat", military equipment gelte "helmet," korze "longsword," azandy "shortsword".
• Solar is also mostly for humans quptys "heathen," zentys "guest,", diurnal animals gryves "bear," zaldrīzes "dragon," hobres "goat," names of occupations azantys "soldier," dārys "king," voktys "priest," loktys "sailor," and body parts deks "foot," kris "leg," relgos "mouth," pungos "nose".
• Aquatic is mostly used for liquids and bodies of water iēdar "water," ānogar "blood," embar "sea," qelbar "river," they are also mostly the gender of various derivational suffixes.
• Terrestrial is mostly used for foodstuffs havon "bread," parklon "meat", plants and metals āeksion "gold," gēlion "silver," brāedion "copper," korzion "steel."

Number

High Valyrian nouns have four grammatical numbers: singular, plural, collective, and paucal. Adjectives, verbs, and pronouns only have specific forms for the singular and plural, with the collective being treated as singular, and the paucal as plural. The singular (as in "a cat") refers to a single instance or a unit of something. The plural (as in "cats") refers to several instances or a larger number of something. They function much the same way as they do in English. The collective and paucal numbers, which English does not have, are discussed in further detail in the following sections.

Collective

Collectives end in r in the nominative. They retain the same gender as their corresponding singular. In general they refer to a large group of something, or that thing as a whole. Words that refer to ordinary humans not associated with a profession usually mean "all" (e.g. valar "all men," ābrar "all women, all people"); those that do refer to a profession are more likely to refer to a group (e.g. azantyr "army.")

Collectives often acquire a special meaning (e.g. muña "mother" → muñar "parents.") Sometimes this results in them being reanalyzed into entirely new words, with their own plural (e.g. azantys pl. azantyssy "soldier" → azantyr pl. azantyri "army").

There seems to be a general tendency for the collective of a word referring to a female to refer to both genders, e.g. muña "mother" → muñar "parents;" ābra "woman" → ābrar "all people;" riña "girl," → riñar "children."

Note that while English does not have a collective number, it does have collective nouns (e.g. "humanity," "soldiery," and so on), and these can often, if not always, be used to get a better understanding of the corresponding HV word.

Paucal

Paucals end in n in the nominative. They retain the same gender as their corresponding singular. In general they refer to a small group of something, and may be translated "a few" or "some."

Paucals often acquire a special meaning (e.g. tīkos pl. tīkossa "feather" → tīkun pl. tīkuni "wing.") Sometimes this results in them being reanalyzed into entirely new words, with their own plural (e.g. tīkuni "wings").

Case

Main article: High Valyrian Noun Cases

Nouns in High Valyrian have a series of different forms called cases, which indicate the role or function of the noun in the clause. These are generally indicated through the changing of the ending of the noun. For example, the word for "king" is in the nominative case, dārys, when it is the subject of a verb (nominative case), but when it is the object, it is rendered in the accusative case, dāri.

Nominative

The nominative case is used for the subject of an active or a passive verb:

Āeksio yne ilīritas = The Lord has smiled upon me

It is also used for the complement of a copula verb such as issa "he is":

Zaldrīzes buzdari iksos daor = A dragon is not a slave

Davido zaldrīzes aōhos zaldrīzose rovyktys issa = David’s dragon is bigger than your dragon

The nominative singular is the citation form for declinable words, and thus the form one normally uses when looking a word up in the dictionary.

Accusative

The accusative case is used for the object of a sentence:

Āeksia ossēnātās, menti ossēnātās! = Slay the masters, slay the soldiers!

The applied object of a verb containing the oblique applicatve prefix, i-, will be in the accusative. This will usually be a word one would otherwise expect to be in the dative:

Belmurtī ivestrās kesir pōnte jiōrinna = Tell the slavers I will receive them here

(If the verb had been vestrās, without the i-, we would have expected the dative *belmurtoti instead.)

In phrases that aren't complete sentences, words may be in the accusative, as if dependent on an unstated verb. This is called the "accusative of exclamation":

Biare Arlie Jēdari! = Happy New Year!

Genitive

The genitive case is used for possessives, and in general anything that would be expressed with "of" in English:

Va oktio remȳti vale jikās = Send a man to the gates of the city

Note that personal pronouns generally do not use the genitive to express possession, instead they use their possessive adjective.

The "genitive of material" to indicate what something is made out of:

Āeksio ondos = Hand of gold

The genitive is used to indicate what a container that is more or less closed, e.g. a jug or a bottle, but sometimes a bowl too, is filled with (the comitative is used in other cases):

Jūlro māvos = A jug of milk

All postpositions take a genitive object:

Dāeri vali pōntālo syt gaomoti iderēbzi = Free men make choices for themselves

The applied object of a verb containing the locative applicatve prefix, u-, will be in the genitive if the verb in question begins with a consonant.

Jemēlo syt ziry mazemagon jemo bēvilza = It is incumbent on you to take it for yourselves

Dative

The dative case means "to" or "for". It is frequently used with verbs of saying or giving as an indirect object:

Voktys Eglie aōt gaomilaksir teptas = The High Priest gave you a mission

The applied object of a verb containing the locative applicatve prefix, u-, will be in the dative if the verb in question begins with a vowel. In addition, certain verbs may take a dative object for other reasons.

Keso glaesot iderēptōt daor = You did not choose this life

Two out of the three prepositions may take a dative case, depending on the meaning.

However, the dative is less common in High Valyrian than one might think since the oblique applicative turns many datives into accusatives.

Locative

The locative is basically used to indicate location:

Olvī voktī Rulloro Qelbriā ūndessun daor = I don’t see many priestesses of R’hllor in the Riverlands

This also includes time:

Kesȳ tubī jemot dāervī tepan = On this day I give you freedom

Additionally all three prepositions may take a locative object:

Va oktio remȳti vale jikās = Send a man to the city gates

Instrumental

The instrumental indicates the instrument or means (may be translated "by" or "with," but critically "with" in the sense of "by means of."):

Quptenkos Ēngoso ȳdrassia? = Do you speak the Common tongue? (i.e. literally "by means of the Common Tongue")

The instrumental is also used to form adverbs:

Mentyri idañe jevi ivestrilātās keskydoso gaomagon = You shall tell your fellow soldiers to do likewise

Aōhoso ziry rijībiā, se ñuhoso ziry rijībin = You worship Him your way, and I’ll worship Him mine

Certain verbs require this case, e.g. mijegon (probably an "instrumental of separation"):

Dōrior dārion udrirzi mijessis = No kingdom lacks a language

It is also used with comparative adjectives, to mean "than":

Davido zaldrīzes aōhos zaldrīzose rovyktys issa = David’s dragon is bigger than your dragon

Comitative

The comitative case mainly indicates accompaniment. May be translated "with" in the sense of "along with". It's worth noting that in some declension types the comitative merges with the instrumental.

Morghor zijomy amāzis = The dead come with it

Zaldrīzesse Daeneromy ēdrusi = The dragons are sleeping with Daenerys.

The comitative is also used to indicate what an object that is more or less open, e.g. a plate, but sometimes a bowl too, has on (or in) it (the genitive is used in other cases):

Havormo tēgriapos = A plate of food

Vocative

The vocative is mainly used when addressing someone directly:

Dovaogēdys! Naejot memēbātās! = Unsullied! Forward march!

Muñus jorrāeliarzus = Dearest mother

It may also occur in adjectives being used predicatively to a vocative noun:

Jaehossas sȳris sātās = Gods be good!

Another particular use of the vocative in High Valyrian is with the infinitive to form a "third person command."

Dohaerirus māzigon! = May a slave come!

Noun Declension

Main article: High Valyrian Noun Declensions

Nouns are divided into different groups according to the patterns of their case endings. These different groups are known as declensions. High Valyrian has six declensions, beginning with the first declension: vala.

First declension

First declension nouns have the stem-vowel a. There are at least two types of first declension nouns, and at least one subtype:

• Those that end in -a (e.g. vala "man"), mostly lunar.
  • A subtype that ends in -ia (e.g. dāria "queen.")
• Those that end in -ar (e.g. embar "water"), mostly aquatic.

The first declension paradigm merges the genitive, dative, and locative plural (as do nearly all nouns), but distinguishes all other forms.

Lunar and -ia Subtype

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective		Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	vala	vali	valun	valar		dāria	dārī	dārȳn	dāriar
Accusative	vale	valī	valuni	valari		dārie		dārȳni	dāriari
Genitive	valo	valoti	valuno	valaro		dārio	dārȳti	dārȳno	dāriaro
Dative	valot		valunta	valarta		dāriot		dārȳnta	dāriarta
Locative	valā		valunna	valarra		dāriā		dārȳnna	dāriarra
Instrumental	valosa	valossi	valussa	valarza		dārȳsa	dārȳssi	dārȳssa	dāriarza
Comitative	valoma	valommi	valumma	valarma		dārȳma	dārȳmmi	dārȳmma	dāriarma
Vocative	valus	valis	valussa	valarza		dārȳs	dārīs	dārȳssa	dāriarza

Aquatic

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	embar	embri	embrun	embrar
Accusative	embri	embrī	embruni	embrari
Genitive	embro	embroti	embruno	embraro
Dative	embrot		embrunta	embrarta
Locative	embār		embrunna	embrarra
Instrumental	embrosa	embrossi	embrussa	embrarza
Comitative	embroma	embrommi	embrumma	embrarma
Vocative	embus	embis	embrussa	embrarza

Second Declension

Second declension nouns have the stem-vowel y. There are two types of second declension nouns:

• Those that end in -y (e.g. egry "knife"), mostly lunar.
• Those that end in -ys (e.g. dārys "king"), mostly solar.

There are not terrestrial- or aquatic-types, so any word whose citation form ends in -yn or -yr can safely assumed to be reanalyzed paucals and collectives respectively.

The second declension merges the locative and instrumental singular; locative and instrumental plural; and the genitive and dative plural. Critically it distinguishes the locative plural from the genitive/dative, and is the only noun class in the language to do so.

Lunar

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	egry	egri	egryn	egryr
Accusative	egri	egrī	egryni	egryri
Genitive	egro	egroti	egryno	egryro
Dative	egrot		egrynty	egryrty
Locative	egrȳ	egrī	egrynny	egryrry
Instrumental	egromy	egrommi	egryssy	egryrzy
Comitative			egrymmy	egryrmy
Vocative	egrys	egrys	egryssy	egryrzy

Solar

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	dārys	dāryssy	dāryn	dāryr
Accusative	dāri	dārī	dāryni	dāryri
Genitive	dāro	dāroti	dāryno	dāryro
Dative	dārot		dārynty	dāryrty
Locative	dārȳ	dārī	dārynny	dāryrry
Instrumental	dāromy	dārommi	dāryssy	dāryrzy
Comitative			dārymmy	dāryrmy
Vocative	dārys	dāryssys	dāryssy	dāryrzy

Third Declension

Third declension nouns have the stem-vowel o. The third declension is very diverse: all four gender-types occur in the third declension, and several subtypes:

• Those that end in -o (e.g. avero "grape"), mostly lunar.
  • A subtype that ends in -io (e.g. āeksio "master.")
• Those that end in -os (e.g. ēngos "tongue"), mostly solar.
  • At least three subtypes, to accommodate such words as rūs "baby," deks "foot," and ȳs "art."
• Those that end in -on (e.g. belmon "chain"), mostly terrestrial.
  • A subtype that ends in -ion (e.g. gēlion "silver.")
• Those that end in -or (e.g. bēgor "trout"), mostly aquatic.
  • A subtype to accommodate Mȳr (and any other words that might be like it).

The third declension merges the nominative and accusative singular, dative and locative singular; the instrumental and comitative singular; the nominative and accusative plural, and the genitive, dative, and locative plural.

Lunar and -io Subtype

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective		Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	avero	avera	averun	averor		āeksio	āeksia	āeksȳn	āeksior
Accusative			averuni	averori				āeksȳni	āeksȳri
Genitive	averō	averoti	averuno	averoro		āeksiō	āeksȳti	āeksȳno	āeksȳro
Dative	averot		averunto	averorto		āeksiot		āeksȳnto	āeksȳrto
Locative			averunno	averorro				āeksȳnno	āeksȳrro
Instrumental	averoso	averossi	averusso	averorzo		āeksȳso	āeksȳssi	āeksȳsso	āeksȳrzo
Comitative			averummo	averormo				āeksȳmmo	āeksȳrmo
Vocative	averos	averas	averusso	averorzo		āeksios	āeksīs	āeksȳsso	āeksȳrzo

Solar and Contracting Subtype

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective		Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective		Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	ēngos	ēngossa	ēngun	ēngor		jaos	jaohossa	jaohun	jaohor		deks	dekossa	dekun	dekor
Accusative			ēnguni	ēngori				jaohuni	jaohori				dekuni	dekori
Genitive	ēngo	ēngoti	ēnguno	ēngoro		jaoho	jaohoti	jaohuno	jaohoro		deko	dekoti	dekuno	dekoro
Dative	ēngot		ēngunto	ēngorto		jaohot		jaohunto	jaohorto		dekot		dekunto	dekorto
Locative			ēngunno	ēngorro				jaohunno	jaohorro				dekunno	dekorro
Instrumental	ēngoso	ēngossi	ēngusso	ēngorzo		jaoso	jaohossi	jaohusso	jaohorzo		dekso	dekossi	dekusso	dekorzo
Comitative			ēngummo	ēngormo				jaohummo	jaohormo				dekummo	dekormo
Vocative	ēngos	ēngossas	ēngusso	ēngorzo		jaos	jaohossas	jaohusso	jaohorzo		deks	dekossas	dekusso	dekorzo

Terrestrial

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	belmon	belma	belmun	belmor
Accusative			belmuni	belmondi
Genitive	belmo	belmoti	belmuno	belmondo
Dative	belmot		belmunto
Locative			belmunno	belmorro
Instrumental	belmoso	belmossi	belmusso	belmorzo
Comitative			belmummo	belmormo
Vocative	belmos	belmas	belmusso	belmorzo

-ion Subtype

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	gēlion	gēlia	gēlȳn	gēlior
Accusative			gēlȳni	gēlȳndi
Genitive	gēlio	gēlȳti	gēlȳno	gēlȳndo
Dative	gēliot		gēlȳnto
Locative			gēlȳnno	gēlȳrro
Instrumental	gēlȳso	gēlȳssi	gēlȳsso	gēlȳrzo
Comitative			gēlȳmmo	gēlȳrmo
Vocative	gēlios	gēlīs	gēlȳsso	gēlȳrzo

Aquatic and Mȳr Subtype

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective		Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	bēgor	bēgra	bēgrun	bēgror		Mȳr	Mȳra	Mȳryn	Mȳror
Accusative			bēgruni	bēgrori				Mȳryni	Mȳrori
Genitive	bēgro	bēgroti	bēgruno	bēgroro		Mȳro	Mȳroti	Mȳryno	Mȳroro
Dative	bēgrot		bēgrunto	bēgrorto		Mȳrot		Mȳrynto	Mȳrorto
Locative			bēgrunno	bēgrorro				Mȳrynno	Mȳrorro
Instrumental	bēgroso	bēgrossi	bēgrusso	bēgrorzo		Mȳroso	Mȳrossi	Mȳrysso	Mȳrorzo
Comitative			bēgrummo	bēgrormo				Mȳrymmo	Mȳrormo
Vocative	bēgos	bēgas	bēgrusso	bēgrorzo		Mȳs	Mȳras	Mȳrysso	Mȳrorzo

Fourth Declension

Fourth declension nouns have the stem-vowel e. There are at least three types of fourth declension nouns:

• Those that end in -e (e.g. gelte "helmet"), mostly lunar.
• Those that end in -es (e.g. zaldrīzes "dragon"), mostly solar.
• Those that end in -en (only known example at this time is Targārien "Targaryen"), mostly terrestrial.

No aquatic-type fourth declension nouns attested so far. The fourth declension does not appear to merge any cases, other than the usual genitive, dative, and locative plural.

Lunar

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	gelte	gelti	geltin	gelter
Accusative	geltī	geltī	geltini	gelteri
Genitive	gelto	geltoti	geltino	geltero
Dative	geltot		geltinte	gelterte
Locative	geltē		geltinne	gelterre
Instrumental	geltose	geltossi	geltisse	gelterze
Comitative	geltome	geltommi	geltimme	gelterme
Vocative	geltys	geltīs	geltisse	gelterze

Solar

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	zaldrīzes	zaldrīzesse	zaldrīzin	zaldrīzer
Accusative	zaldrīzī	zaldrīzī	zaldrīzini	zaldrīzeri
Genitive	zaldrīzo	zaldrīzoti	zaldrīzino	zaldrīzero
Dative	zaldrīzot		zaldrīzinte	zaldrīzerte
Locative	zaldrīzē		zaldrīzinne	zaldrīzerre
Instrumental	zaldrīzose	zaldrīzossi	zaldrīzisse	zaldrīzerze
Comitative	zaldrīzome	zaldrīzommi	zaldrīzimme	zaldrīzerme
Vocative	zaldrīzys	zaldrīzesses	zaldrīzisse	zaldrīzerze

Terrestrial

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	Targārien	Targārī	Targārȳn	Targārior
Accusative	Targārī	Targārī	Targārȳni	Targārȳndi
Genitive	Targārio	Targārȳti	Targārȳno	Targārȳndo
Dative	Targāriot		Targārȳnte	Targārȳnde
Locative	Targāriēn		Targārȳnne	Targārȳrre
Instrumental	Targārȳse	Targārȳssi	Targārȳsse	Targārȳrze
Comitative	Targārȳme	Targārȳmmi	Targārȳmme	Targārȳrme
Vocative	Targāries	Targārīs	Targārȳsse	Targārȳrze

Fifth Declension

Fifth declension nouns have the stem-vowel i. There are at least two types of fifth declension nouns:

• Those that end in -i (e.g. brōzi "name"), mostly lunar.
• Those that end in -is (e.g. tubis "day"), mostly solar
• Those that end in -ir (e.g. rōbir "fig"), mostly aquatic.

There does not appear to be a terrestrial (*-in) type.

It is known that the fifth declension merges the nominative and accusative singular; the nominative and accusative plural; and the usual genitive, dative, and locative plural.

Lunar

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	brōzi	brōza	brōzin	brōzir
Accusative			brōzini	brōziri
Genitive	brōzio	brōzȳti	brōzino	brōziro
Dative	brōziot		brōzinti	brōzirti
Locative	brōzī		brōzinni	brōzirri
Instrumental	brōzȳsi	brōzȳssi	brōzissi	brōzirzi
Comitative	brōzȳmi	brōzȳmmi	brōzimmi	brōzirmi
Vocative	brōzys	brōzas	brōzissi	brōzirzi

Solar

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	tubis	tubissa	tubin	tubir
Accusative			tubini	tubiri
Genitive	tubio	tubȳti	tubino	tubiro
Dative	tubiot		tubinti	tubirti
Locative	tubī		tubinni	tubirri
Instrumental	tubȳsi	tubȳssi	tubissi	tubirzi
Comitative	tubȳmi	tubȳmmi	tubimmi	tubirmi
Vocative	tubys	tubissas	tubissi	tubirzi

Aquatic

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	rōbir	rōbra	rōbrin	rōbrir
Accusative			rōbrini	rōbriri
Genitive	rōbrio	rōbrȳti	rōbrino	rōbriro
Dative	rōbriot		rōbrinti	rōbrirti
Locative	rōbīr		rōbrinni	rōbrirri
Instrumental	rōbrȳsi	rōbrȳssi	rōbrissi	rōbrirzi
Comitative	rōbrȳmi	rōbrȳmmi	rōbrimmi	rōbrirmi
Vocative	rōbys	rōbas	rōbrissi	rōbrirzi

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	vestriarzir	vestriarja	vestriarjin	vestriarjir
Accusative			vestriarjini	vestriarjiri
Genitive	vestriarjio	vestriarjȳti	vestriarjino	vestriarjiro
Dative	vestriarjiot		vestriarjinti	vestriarjirti
Locative	vestriarzīr		vestriarjinni	vestriarjirri
Instrumental	vestriarjȳsi	vestriarjȳssi	vestriarjissi	vestriarjirzi
Comitative	vestriarjȳmi	vestriarjȳmmi	vestriarjimmi	vestriarjirmi
Vocative	vestriarzys	vestriarzas	vestriarjissi	vestriarjirzi

Sixth Declension

The sixth declension is used for miscellaneous nouns. It includes borrowings such as foreign words especially those that have not been fully accepted into the language (e.g. buzdari), are mostly lumped into this paradigm. In the nominative singular the final -i is optional. It is mandatory in the accusative singular and plural forms.

If a borrowed word already ends in a vowel, it can still be borrowed into this declension by keeping the final vowel in the nominative singular, in place of the optional -i, but dropping it in favor of the case-endings elsewhere, e.g. nom.s. mhysa, acc.s. mhysi, voc.s. mhysis etc. There is also the possibility of adding -h- to the stem, analogously to the third declension contracting subtype: Yunkai, dat. Yunkaihot.

The accusative singular, nominative plural, and optionally the nominative singular of this paradigm all end in -i. It has the usual genitive, dative, locative plural merger. Other than that, all forms are distinct.

Borrowing or Foreign Type

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	buzdari	buzdari	buzdarin	buzdarir
Accusative		buzdari	buzdarī	buzdarini	buzdariri
Genitive	buzdaro	buzdaroti	buzdarino	buzdariro
Dative	buzdarot		buzdarinti	buzdarirti
Locative	buzdarī		buzdarinni	buzdarirri
Instrumental	buzdarisi	buzdarissi	buzdarissi	buzdarirzi
Comitative	buzdarimi	buzdarimmi	buzdarimmi	buzdarirmi
Vocative	buzdaris	buzdarissis	buzdarissi	buzdarirzi

Rare Subtype

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	Jaqen	Jaqeni	Jaqenin	Jaqenir
Accusative	Jaqeni	Jaqenī	Jaqenini	Jaqeniri
Genitive	Jaqeno	Jaqenoti	Jaqenino	Jaqeniro
Dative	Jaqenti		Jaqeninti	Jaqenirti
Locative	Jaqenni		Jaqeninni	Jaqenirri
Instrumental	Jaqessi		Jaqessi	Jaqenissi	Jaqenirzi
Comitative	Jaqemmi		Jaqemmi	Jaqenimmi	Jaqenirmi
Vocative	Jaqessi	Jaqessis	Jaqenissi	Jaqenirzi

Reanalyzed Collectives

Sometimes a collective acquires so specific a meaning that it begins to be thought of as a separate word (e.g. azantyr "army," originally the collective of azantys "soldier.") At this point, a way to pluralize them becomes necessary, which puts them into the sixth declension. Reanalyzed collectives retain the gender of the original word, and therefore can be any gender.

Reanalyzed collectives merge the instrumental and vocative singular (like regular collectives) as well as the genitive, dative, and locative plural. The singular keeps its usual collective declension (e.g. azantyrmy "along with an army," udrirzi "in a language.") If a reanalyzed collective were ever to be itself placed in the collective or paucal, the first declension paradigms (-ar, -un) would probably be used. However, it is uncertain if this ever happens.

	Collective	Collective Plural
Nominative	ābrar	ābrari
Accusative	ābrari	ābrarī
Genitive	ābraro	ābraroti
Dative	ābrarta
Locative	ābrarra
Instrumental	ābrarza	ābrarzi
Comitative	ābrarma	ābrarmi
Vocative	ābrarza	ābrarzis

Reanalyzed Paucals

Sometimes a paucal acquires so specific a meaning that it begins to be thought of as a separate word (e.g. tīkun "wing," originally the paucal of tīkos "feather"). At this point, a way to pluralize them becomes necessary, which puts them into the sixth declension. Reanalyzed paucals retain the gender of the original word, and therefore can be any gender.

Reanalyzed paucals merge the instrumental and vocative singular (like regular paucals) as well as the genitive, dative, and locative plural. The singular keeps its usual paucal declension (e.g. tīkusso "by wing."). If a reanalyzed plural were ever to be itself placed in the paucal or collective, the first declension paradigms (-un, -ar) would probably be used. However, it is uncertain that this ever happens.

	Paucal	Paucal Plural
Nominative	tegun	teguni
Accusative	teguni	tegunī
Genitive	teguno	tegunoti
Dative	tegunto
Locative	tegunno
Instrumental	tegusso	tegussi
Comitative	tegummo	tegummi
Vocative	tegusso	tegussis

Noun Derivation

Main article: High Valyrian Derivational Affixes

Derivational affixes are prefixes and suffixes used to form a new word, as opposed to inflectional affixes, which are used to inflect an existing word. In some cases it is debatable whether a particular affix is inflectional or derivational. High Valyrian shows the usage of several affixes for word formation, not unlike other flexive languages such as English, Latin or Greek.

A negative prefix takes the form do-, dor- used in a similar fashion to English un-:

zālty "burnt", Dorzālty "Unburnt".

vaogēdy "sullied", Dovaogēdy "Unsullied".

There's also another negative prefix nā-, which seems to be more derivational, being used to form the negative concept of the word it prefixes:

morghūlilaros "mortal", nāmorghūlilaros "immortal".

pāsiros "believer", nāpāsiros "nonbeliever, unbeliever".

Notice, however, that even when these seem to use the same in- or un- prefix in the translation, the meaning is "the contrary of", hence:

kostōba "strong", nākostōba "weak".

A very well-known suffix for nouns is the suffix -āzma, an augmentative:

brāedāzma "bronze", compare brāedion "copper".

jelmāzma "storm", compare jelmio "wind".

The suffix -ītsos is a diminutive:

riñītsos "little child, little girl", compare riña "child".

zoklītsos "little wolf", compare zokla "wolf".

And another very well-known one is the suffix -tys, especially frequent in the names of professions:

azan·tys "soldier"

lok·tys "sailer"

men·tys "soldier "

vok·tys "priest"

Pronouns

Main article: High Valyrian Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are used to refer to referents (nouns) which have been previously mentioned or are known to the listener, for example "I" and "you" in English. Personal pronouns in High Valyrian exist for first person ("I"/"we", speaker), second person ("you"/"you all", listener) and third person ("he"/"she"/"it"/"they") which each has singular and plural forms. Third person pronouns have different forms for animate and inanimate referents. This is similar to English distinction "he/she" vs. "it". Personal pronouns inflect for all cases as follows (the table includes possessive and reflexive pronouns as well, although they are not strictly inflected forms of the personal pronouns):

High Valyrian Personal Pronouns Singular Plural 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Nominative nyke ao ziry ūja īlon jeme pōnta Accusative yne avy ūī īlōn jemī pōnte Genitive yno aō zijo ūō īlo jemo pōnto Dative ynot aōt zijot ūjot īlot jemot pōntot Locative nykē aō zirȳ ūjā īlō jemē pōntā Instrumental ynoma aōma zijosy josa īloma jemme pōntosa Comitative zijomy joma pōntoma Vocative nykys aōs zirys ūjus īlos jemys pōntus Reflexive/Emphatic nykēla aōla zirȳla jāla īlōnda jemēla pōntāla Possessive ñuhon aōhon zȳhon jāhon īlvon jevon pōjon

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to refer to nouns which are possessed or belong to someone or something, like "mine" or "yours" in English. As with other adjectives in High Valyrian, possessive adjectives cannot stand on their own without a head noun. Instead, a substantive (noun) form is used. The possessive pronouns do not have the substantive forms in -y and -ir as would be expected for first class adjectives (to which possessive adjectives belong), but instead end in -on and so decline like third declension nouns. For example, ñuhon "mine":

	Singular	Plural	Paucal	Collective
Nominative	ñuhon	ñuha	ñuhun	ñuhor
Accusative			ñuhuni	ñuhondi
Genitive	ñuho	ñuhoti	ñuhuno	ñuhondo
Dative	ñuhot		ñuhunto
Locative			ñuhunno	ñuhorro
Instrumental	ñuhoso	ñuhossi	ñuhusso	ñuhorzo
Comitative			ñuhummo	ñuhormo
Vocative	ñuhos	ñuhas	ñuhusso	ñuhorzo

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives are adjectives used to describe nouns attributively according to who they belong to, such as "my" and "your" in English. For example, ñuha "my":

Positive declension of ñuha Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative ñuha ñuhi ñuhys ñuhyz/
ñuhys ñuhon ñuha ñuhor ñurha Accusative ñuhe ñuhī ñuhi ñuhī Genitive ñuho ñuho ñuho ñuho ñuho ñuho ñurho ñurho Dative ñuho/
ñuhot ñuho/
ñuhot ñuho/
ñuhot ñurho/
ñurhot Locative ñuhā ñuhȳ ñuhī Instrumental ñuhos ñuhos ñuhos ñurhos Comitative ñuhom ñuhom ñuhom ñurhom Vocative ñuhus ñuhis ñuhys ñuhyz/
ñuhys ñuhos ñuhas ñuhos ñuhas Adverbial — Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative ñuha ñuhi ñuhys ñuhyzy ñuhon ñuha ñuhor ñurha Accusative ñuhe ñuhī ñuhi ñuhī Genitive ñuho ñuhoti ñuho ñuhoti ñuho ñuhoti ñurho ñurhoti Dative ñuhot ñuhot ñuhot ñurhot Locative ñuhā ñuhȳ ñuhī Instrumental ñuhosa ñuhossi ñuhosy ñuhossi ñuhoso ñuhossi ñurhoso ñurhossi Comitative ñuhoma ñuhommi ñuhomy ñuhommi ñuhomo ñuhommi ñurhomo ñurhommi Vocative ñuhus ñuhis ñuhys ñuhyzys ñuhos ñuhas ñuhos ñuhas

Synopsis

An overview of the different pronouns, or more generally pro-forms, used in High Valyrian collected in a so-called table of correlatives:

High Valyrian table of correlatives Interrogative Demonstrative Relative Indefinite/Quantifier Proximal Distal Universal Existential Negative Alternative Adjective Animate spare bisa bona lua tolvie mirre dōre tolie Inanimate skore kesa kona Pronoun Animate Specific sparos bisy bony lȳ tolvys mirtys daorys tolys Generic sparion bisir bonir līr Inanimate Specific skoros kesy kony lȳ tolvȳn mirros daorun tolion Generic skorion kesir konir līr

Adjectives

Main article: High Valyrian Adjectives

Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number and case and decline accordingly. There are no separate paucal and collective forms of adjectives; paucal nouns take plural agreement and collective nouns singular agreement. Adjectives decline according to their declension class and can also be inflected for comparison. Adjectives most commonly precede the noun they modify, and in those cases take a prepositive form, although they may follow it, and then take a postpositive form. The postpositive form is the more original, with more elaborate endings and fewer case mergers, while the prepositive has shortened endings and merges more cases compared to the postpositive forms, and also displays some phonological assimilation to the following word in certain forms.

Comparison

There are four degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative and equative. For an adjective "X", the positive form is the bare (or dictionary) form, and conveys the basic meaning of the adjective. Below, the other degrees of comparison are detailed.

Comparative

The comparative form means "more X" or "X-er" and is a class I adjective formed with a suffix ending in -kta or similar. To say "more X than Y", the noun Y takes the instrumental case.

Superlative

The superlative form means "most X" or "X-est" and is a class II adjective formed with a suffix ending in -je.

Equative

The equative means "as X" or "equally X" and is a class I adjective formed with a suffix ending in -pa. To say "(as) X as Y", the noun Y takes the instrumental case:

Sȳndroso lykāpa, myrdomy aderpa, iēdrosa gīdāpa. — "Quiet as a shadow, swift as a deer, calm as still water."

The preposition hae may also be used, with the noun or pronoun being compared to taking the dative case:

Hae skorot vala bōsāpa issa? — "How tall is the man?" (literally "The man is as tall as what?")

To say "as X a Y as any" or "as X as any Y", one can also use hen, with the noun Y in the dative:

Yn kesys tubis hen mirro tubiot sȳrpys issa. — "But today is as good a day as any."

The differences between and exact conditions for the constructions mentioned above are unclear at present.

Adjective Declension

Adjectives fall into one of three classes: class I (first declension class), class II (second declension class), and class III (third declension class). These should not be confused with the similarly named declension classes of nouns.

Class I

Main article: High Valyrian Adjectives § Class I

Generic type

Positive declension of kasta Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kasta kasti kastys kastyz/
kastys kaston kasta kastor kastra Accusative kaste kastī kasti kastī Genitive kasto kasto kasto kasto kasto kasto kastro kastro Dative kasto/
kastot kasto/
kastot kasto/
kastot kastro/
kastrot Locative kastā kastȳ kastī Instrumental kastos kastos kastos kastros Comitative kastom kastom kastom kastrom Vocative kastus kastis kastys kastyz/
kastys kastos kastas kastos kastas Adverbial kastirī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kasta kasti kastys kastyzy kaston kasta kastor kastra Accusative kaste kastī kasti kastī Genitive kasto kastoti kasto kastoti kasto kastoti kastro kastroti Dative kastot kastot kastot kastrot Locative kastā kastȳ kastī Instrumental kastosa kastossi kastosy kastossi kastoso kastossi kastroso kastrossi Comitative kastoma kastommi kastomy kastommi kastomo kastommi kastromo kastrommi Vocative kastus kastis kastys kastyzys kastos kastas kastos kastas

Equative declension of kasta Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kastāpa kastāpi kastāpys kastāpyz/
kastāpys kastāpon kastāpa kastāpor kastāpra Accusative kastāpe kastāpī kastāpi kastāpī Genitive kastāpo kastāpo kastāpo kastāpo kastāpo kastāpo kastāpro kastāpro Dative kastāpo/
kastāpot kastāpo/
kastāpot kastāpo/
kastāpot kastāpro/
kastāprot Locative kastāpā kastāpȳ kastāpī Instrumental kastāpos kastāpos kastāpos kastāpros Comitative kastāpom kastāpom kastāpom kastāprom Vocative kastāpus kastāpis kastāpys kastāpyz/
kastāpys kastāpos kastāpas kastāpos kastāpas Adverbial kastāprī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kastāpa kastāpi kastāpys kastāpyzy kastāpon kastāpa kastāpor kastāpra Accusative kastāpe kastāpī kastāpi kastāpī Genitive kastāpo kastāpoti kastāpo kastāpoti kastāpo kastāpoti kastāpro kastāproti Dative kastāpot kastāpot kastāpot kastāprot Locative kastāpā kastāpȳ kastāpī Instrumental kastāposa kastāpossi kastāposy kastāpossi kastāposo kastāpossi kastāproso kastāprossi Comitative kastāpoma kastāpommi kastāpomy kastāpommi kastāpomo kastāpommi kastāpromo kastāprommi Vocative kastāpus kastāpis kastāpys kastāpyzys kastāpos kastāpas kastāpos kastāpas

Comparative declension of kasta Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kastykta kastykti kastyktys kastyktyz/
kastyktys kastykton kastykta kastyktor kastȳtra Accusative kastykte kastyktī kastykti kastyktī Genitive kastykto kastykto kastykto kastykto kastykto kastykto kastȳtro kastȳtro Dative kastykto/
kastyktot kastykto/
kastyktot kastykto/
kastyktot kastȳtro/
kastȳtrot Locative kastyktā kastyktȳ kastyktī Instrumental kastyktos kastyktos kastyktos kastȳtros Comitative kastyktom kastyktom kastyktom kastȳtrom Vocative kastyktus kastyktis kastyktys kastyktyz/
kastyktys kastyktos kastyktas kastyktos kastyktas Adverbial kastȳtrī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kastykta kastykti kastyktys kastyktyzy kastykton kastykta kastyktor kastȳtra Accusative kastykte kastyktī kastykti kastyktī Genitive kastykto kastyktoti kastykto kastyktoti kastykto kastyktoti kastȳtro kastȳtroti Dative kastyktot kastyktot kastyktot kastȳtrot Locative kastyktā kastyktȳ kastyktī Instrumental kastyktosa kastyktossi kastyktosy kastyktossi kastyktoso kastyktossi kastȳtroso kastȳtrossi Comitative kastyktoma kastyktommi kastyktomy kastyktommi kastyktomo kastyktommi kastȳtromo kastȳtrommi Vocative kastyktus kastyktis kastyktys kastyktyzys kastyktos kastyktas kastyktos kastyktas

Superlative declension of kasta Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kastāje kastāji kastājor kastājar Accusative Genitive kastājo kastājo kastājȳr kastājȳ Dative kastājo/
kastājot Locative kastājē Instrumental kastājos kastājȳs Comitative kastājom kastājȳm Vocative kastājes kastājis kastājos kastājīs Adverbial kastājī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kastāje kastāji kastājor kastājar Accusative Genitive kastājo kastājoti kastājȳro kastājȳti Dative kastājot kastājȳrot Locative kastājē Instrumental kastājose kastājossi kastājȳso kastājȳssi Comitative kastājome kastājommi kastājȳmo kastājȳmmi Vocative kastājes kastājis kastājos kastājīs

Aquatic type

Positive declension of endīha Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative endīha endīhi endīhys endīhyz/
endīhys endīhon endīha endīhor endīrha Accusative endīhe endīhī endīhi endīhī Genitive endīho endīho endīho endīho endīho endīho endīrho endīrho Dative endīho/
endīhot endīho/
endīhot endīho/
endīhot endīrho/
endīrhot Locative endīhā endīhȳ endīhī Instrumental endīhos endīhos endīhos endīrhos Comitative endīhom endīhom endīhom endīrhom Vocative endīhus endīhis endīhys endīhyz/
endīhys endīhos endīhas endīhos endīhas Adverbial endīhirī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative endīha endīhi endīhys endīhyzy endīhon endīha endīhor endīrha Accusative endīhe endīhī endīhi endīhī Genitive endīho endīhoti endīho endīhoti endīho endīhoti endīrho endīrhoti Dative endīhot endīhot endīhot endīrhot Locative endīhā endīhȳ endīhī Instrumental endīhosa endīhossi endīhosy endīhossi endīhoso endīhossi endīrhoso endīrhossi Comitative endīhoma endīhommi endīhomy endīhommi endīhomo endīhommi endīrhomo endīrhommi Vocative endīhus endīhis endīhys endīhyzys endīhos endīhas endīhos endīhas

Equative declension of endīha Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative endīhāpa endīhāpi endīhāpys endīhāpyz/
endīhāpys endīhāpon endīhāpa endīhāpor endīhāpra Accusative endīhāpe endīhāpī endīhāpi endīhāpī Genitive endīhāpo endīhāpo endīhāpo endīhāpo endīhāpo endīhāpo endīhāpro endīhāpro Dative endīhāpo/
endīhāpot endīhāpo/
endīhāpot endīhāpo/
endīhāpot endīhāpro/
endīhāprot Locative endīhāpā endīhāpȳ endīhāpī Instrumental endīhāpos endīhāpos endīhāpos endīhāpros Comitative endīhāpom endīhāpom endīhāpom endīhāprom Vocative endīhāpus endīhāpis endīhāpys endīhāpyz/
endīhāpys endīhāpos endīhāpas endīhāpos endīhāpas Adverbial endīhāprī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative endīhāpa endīhāpi endīhāpys endīhāpyzy endīhāpon endīhāpa endīhāpor endīhāpra Accusative endīhāpe endīhāpī endīhāpi endīhāpī Genitive endīhāpo endīhāpoti endīhāpo endīhāpoti endīhāpo endīhāpoti endīhāpro endīhāproti Dative endīhāpot endīhāpot endīhāpot endīhāprot Locative endīhāpā endīhāpȳ endīhāpī Instrumental endīhāposa endīhāpossi endīhāposy endīhāpossi endīhāposo endīhāpossi endīhāproso endīhāprossi Comitative endīhāpoma endīhāpommi endīhāpomy endīhāpommi endīhāpomo endīhāpommi endīhāpromo endīhāprommi Vocative endīhāpus endīhāpis endīhāpys endīhāpyzys endīhāpos endīhāpas endīhāpos endīhāpas

Comparative declension of endīha Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative endīhykta endīhykti endīhyktys endīhyktyz/
endīhyktys endīhykton endīhykta endīhyktor endīhȳtra Accusative endīhykte endīhyktī endīhykti endīhyktī Genitive endīhykto endīhykto endīhykto endīhykto endīhykto endīhykto endīhȳtro endīhȳtro Dative endīhykto/
endīhyktot endīhykto/
endīhyktot endīhykto/
endīhyktot endīhȳtro/
endīhȳtrot Locative endīhyktā endīhyktȳ endīhyktī Instrumental endīhyktos endīhyktos endīhyktos endīhȳtros Comitative endīhyktom endīhyktom endīhyktom endīhȳtrom Vocative endīhyktus endīhyktis endīhyktys endīhyktyz/
endīhyktys endīhyktos endīhyktas endīhyktos endīhyktas Adverbial endīhȳtrī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative endīhykta endīhykti endīhyktys endīhyktyzy endīhykton endīhykta endīhyktor endīhȳtra Accusative endīhykte endīhyktī endīhykti endīhyktī Genitive endīhykto endīhyktoti endīhykto endīhyktoti endīhykto endīhyktoti endīhȳtro endīhȳtroti Dative endīhyktot endīhyktot endīhyktot endīhȳtrot Locative endīhyktā endīhyktȳ endīhyktī Instrumental endīhyktosa endīhyktossi endīhyktosy endīhyktossi endīhyktoso endīhyktossi endīhȳtroso endīhȳtrossi Comitative endīhyktoma endīhyktommi endīhyktomy endīhyktommi endīhyktomo endīhyktommi endīhȳtromo endīhȳtrommi Vocative endīhyktus endīhyktis endīhyktys endīhyktyzys endīhyktos endīhyktas endīhyktos endīhyktas

Superlative declension of endīha Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative endīhāje endīhāji endīhājor endīhājar Accusative Genitive endīhājo endīhājo endīhājȳr endīhājȳ Dative endīhājo/
endīhājot Locative endīhājē Instrumental endīhājos endīhājȳs Comitative endīhājom endīhājȳm Vocative endīhājes endīhājis endīhājos endīhājīs Adverbial endīhājī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative endīhāje endīhāji endīhājor endīhājar Accusative Genitive endīhājo endīhājoti endīhājȳro endīhājȳti Dative endīhājot endīhājȳrot Locative endīhājē Instrumental endīhājose endīhājossi endīhājȳso endīhājȳssi Comitative endīhājome endīhājommi endīhājȳmo endīhājȳmmi Vocative endīhājes endīhājis endīhājos endīhājīs

J-final subtype

Positive declension of dija Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative dija diji dijys dijyz/
dijys dijon dija dijor dija Accusative dije dijī diji dijī Genitive dijo dijo dijo dijo dijo dijo dijo dijo Dative dijo/
dijot dijo/
dijot dijo/
dijot dijo/
dijot Locative dijā dijȳ dijī Instrumental dijos dijos dijos dijos Comitative dijom dijom dijom dijom Vocative dijus dijis dijys dijyz/
dijys dijos dijas dijos dijas Adverbial dijirī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative dija diji dijys dijyzy dijon dija dijor dija Accusative dije dijī diji dijī Genitive dijo dijoti dijo dijoti dijo dijoti dijo dijoti Dative dijot dijot dijot dijot Locative dijā dijȳ dijī Instrumental dijosa dijossi dijosy dijossi dijoso dijossi dijoso dijossi Comitative dijoma dijommi dijomy dijommi dijomo dijommi dijomo dijommi Vocative dijus dijis dijys dijyzys dijos dijas dijos dijas

Equative declension of dija Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative dijāpa dijāpi dijāpys dijāpyz/
dijāpys dijāpon dijāpa dijāpor dijāpra Accusative dijāpe dijāpī dijāpi dijāpī Genitive dijāpo dijāpo dijāpo dijāpo dijāpo dijāpo dijāpro dijāpro Dative dijāpo/
dijāpot dijāpo/
dijāpot dijāpo/
dijāpot dijāpro/
dijāprot Locative dijāpā dijāpȳ dijāpī Instrumental dijāpos dijāpos dijāpos dijāpros Comitative dijāpom dijāpom dijāpom dijāprom Vocative dijāpus dijāpis dijāpys dijāpyz/
dijāpys dijāpos dijāpas dijāpos dijāpas Adverbial dijāprī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative dijāpa dijāpi dijāpys dijāpyzy dijāpon dijāpa dijāpor dijāpra Accusative dijāpe dijāpī dijāpi dijāpī Genitive dijāpo dijāpoti dijāpo dijāpoti dijāpo dijāpoti dijāpro dijāproti Dative dijāpot dijāpot dijāpot dijāprot Locative dijāpā dijāpȳ dijāpī Instrumental dijāposa dijāpossi dijāposy dijāpossi dijāposo dijāpossi dijāproso dijāprossi Comitative dijāpoma dijāpommi dijāpomy dijāpommi dijāpomo dijāpommi dijāpromo dijāprommi Vocative dijāpus dijāpis dijāpys dijāpyzys dijāpos dijāpas dijāpos dijāpas

Comparative declension of dija Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative dijykta dijykti dijyktys dijyktyz/
dijyktys dijykton dijykta dijyktor dijȳtra Accusative dijykte dijyktī dijykti dijyktī Genitive dijykto dijykto dijykto dijykto dijykto dijykto dijȳtro dijȳtro Dative dijykto/
dijyktot dijykto/
dijyktot dijykto/
dijyktot dijȳtro/
dijȳtrot Locative dijyktā dijyktȳ dijyktī Instrumental dijyktos dijyktos dijyktos dijȳtros Comitative dijyktom dijyktom dijyktom dijȳtrom Vocative dijyktus dijyktis dijyktys dijyktyz/
dijyktys dijyktos dijyktas dijyktos dijyktas Adverbial dijȳtrī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative dijykta dijykti dijyktys dijyktyzy dijykton dijykta dijyktor dijȳtra Accusative dijykte dijyktī dijykti dijyktī Genitive dijykto dijyktoti dijykto dijyktoti dijykto dijyktoti dijȳtro dijȳtroti Dative dijyktot dijyktot dijyktot dijȳtrot Locative dijyktā dijyktȳ dijyktī Instrumental dijyktosa dijyktossi dijyktosy dijyktossi dijyktoso dijyktossi dijȳtroso dijȳtrossi Comitative dijyktoma dijyktommi dijyktomy dijyktommi dijyktomo dijyktommi dijȳtromo dijȳtrommi Vocative dijyktus dijyktis dijyktys dijyktyzys dijyktos dijyktas dijyktos dijyktas

Superlative declension of dija Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative dijāje dijāji dijājor dijājar Accusative Genitive dijājo dijājo dijājȳr dijājȳ Dative dijājo/
dijājot Locative dijājē Instrumental dijājos dijājȳs Comitative dijājom dijājȳm Vocative dijājes dijājis dijājos dijājīs Adverbial dijājī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative dijāje dijāji dijājor dijājar Accusative Genitive dijājo dijājoti dijājȳro dijājȳti Dative dijājot dijājȳrot Locative dijājē Instrumental dijājose dijājossi dijājȳso dijājȳssi Comitative dijājome dijājommi dijājȳmo dijājȳmmi Vocative dijājes dijājis dijājos dijājīs

Class II

Main article: High Valyrian Adjectives § Class II

Generic type

Positive declension of kirine Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kirine kirini kirinior kiriniar Accusative Genitive kirino kirino kirinȳr kirinȳ Dative kirino/
kirinot Locative kirinē Instrumental kirinos kirinȳs Comitative kirinom kirinȳm Vocative kirines kirinis kirinios kirinīs Adverbial kirinī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kirine kirini kirinior kiriniar Accusative Genitive kirino kirinoti kirinȳro kirinȳti Dative kirinot kirinȳrot Locative kirinē Instrumental kirinose kirinossi kirinȳso kirinȳssi Comitative kirinome kirinommi kirinȳmo kirinȳmmi Vocative kirines kirinis kirinios kirinīs

Equative declension of kirine Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kirimpa kirimpi kirimpys kirimpyz/
kirimpys kirimpon kirimpa kirimpor kirimpra Accusative kirimpe kirimpī kirimpi kirimpī Genitive kirimpo kirimpo kirimpo kirimpo kirimpo kirimpo kirimpro kirimpro Dative kirimpo/
kirimpot kirimpo/
kirimpot kirimpo/
kirimpot kirimpro/
kirimprot Locative kirimpā kirimpȳ kirimpī Instrumental kirimpos kirimpos kirimpos kirimpros Comitative kirimpom kirimpom kirimpom kirimprom Vocative kirimpus kirimpis kirimpys kirimpyz/
kirimpys kirimpos kirimpas kirimpos kirimpas Adverbial kirimprī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kirimpa kirimpi kirimpys kirimpyzy kirimpon kirimpa kirimpor kirimpra Accusative kirimpe kirimpī kirimpi kirimpī Genitive kirimpo kirimpoti kirimpo kirimpoti kirimpo kirimpoti kirimpro kirimproti Dative kirimpot kirimpot kirimpot kirimprot Locative kirimpā kirimpȳ kirimpī Instrumental kirimposa kirimpossi kirimposy kirimpossi kirimposo kirimpossi kirimproso kirimprossi Comitative kirimpoma kirimpommi kirimpomy kirimpommi kirimpomo kirimpommi kirimpromo kirimprommi Vocative kirimpus kirimpis kirimpys kirimpyzys kirimpos kirimpas kirimpos kirimpas

Comparative declension of kirine Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kirinkta kirinkti kirinktys kirinktyz/
kirinktys kirinkton kirinkta kirinktor kirintra Accusative kirinkte kirinktī kirinkti kirinktī Genitive kirinkto kirinkto kirinkto kirinkto kirinkto kirinkto kirintro kirintro Dative kirinkto/
kirinktot kirinkto/
kirinktot kirinkto/
kirinktot kirintro/
kirintrot Locative kirinktā kirinktȳ kirinktī Instrumental kirinktos kirinktos kirinktos kirintros Comitative kirinktom kirinktom kirinktom kirintrom Vocative kirinktus kirinktis kirinktys kirinktyz/
kirinktys kirinktos kirinktas kirinktos kirinktas Adverbial kirintrī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kirinkta kirinkti kirinktys kirinktyzy kirinkton kirinkta kirinktor kirintra Accusative kirinkte kirinktī kirinkti kirinktī Genitive kirinkto kirinktoti kirinkto kirinktoti kirinkto kirinktoti kirintro kirintroti Dative kirinktot kirinktot kirinktot kirintrot Locative kirinktā kirinktȳ kirinktī Instrumental kirinktosa kirinktossi kirinktosy kirinktossi kirinktoso kirinktossi kirintroso kirintrossi Comitative kirinktoma kirinktommi kirinktomy kirinktommi kirinktomo kirinktommi kirintromo kirintrommi Vocative kirinktus kirinktis kirinktys kirinktyzys kirinktos kirinktas kirinktos kirinktas

Superlative declension of kirine Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kirinje kirinji kirinjor kirinjar Accusative Genitive kirinjo kirinjo kirinjȳr kirinjȳ Dative kirinjo/
kirinjot Locative kirinjē Instrumental kirinjos kirinjȳs Comitative kirinjom kirinjȳm Vocative kirinjes kirinjis kirinjos kirinjīs Adverbial kirinjī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative kirinje kirinji kirinjor kirinjar Accusative Genitive kirinjo kirinjoti kirinjȳro kirinjȳti Dative kirinjot kirinjȳrot Locative kirinjē Instrumental kirinjose kirinjossi kirinjȳso kirinjȳssi Comitative kirinjome kirinjommi kirinjȳmo kirinjȳmmi Vocative kirinjes kirinjis kirinjos kirinjīs

Palatal-final type

Positive declension of drāñe Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative drāñe drāñi drāñor drāñar Accusative Genitive drāño drāño drāñȳr drāñȳ Dative drāño/
drāñot Locative drāñē Instrumental drāños drāñȳs Comitative drāñom drāñȳm Vocative drāñes drāñis drāños drāñīs Adverbial drāñī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative drāñe drāñi drāñor drāñar Accusative Genitive drāño drāñoti drāñȳro drāñȳti Dative drāñot drāñȳrot Locative drāñē Instrumental drāñose drāñossi drāñȳso drāñȳssi Comitative drāñome drāñommi drāñȳmo drāñȳmmi Vocative drāñes drāñis drāños drāñīs

Equative declension of drāñe Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative drāmpa drāmpi drāmpys drāmpyz/
drāmpys drāmpon drāmpa drāmpor drāmpra Accusative drāmpe drāmpī drāmpi drāmpī Genitive drāmpo drāmpo drāmpo drāmpo drāmpo drāmpo drāmpro drāmpro Dative drāmpo/
drāmpot drāmpo/
drāmpot drāmpo/
drāmpot drāmpro/
drāmprot Locative drāmpā drāmpȳ drāmpī Instrumental drāmpos drāmpos drāmpos drāmpros Comitative drāmpom drāmpom drāmpom drāmprom Vocative drāmpus drāmpis drāmpys drāmpyz/
drāmpys drāmpos drāmpas drāmpos drāmpas Adverbial drāmprī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative drāmpa drāmpi drāmpys drāmpyzy drāmpon drāmpa drāmpor drāmpra Accusative drāmpe drāmpī drāmpi drāmpī Genitive drāmpo drāmpoti drāmpo drāmpoti drāmpo drāmpoti drāmpro drāmproti Dative drāmpot drāmpot drāmpot drāmprot Locative drāmpā drāmpȳ drāmpī Instrumental drāmposa drāmpossi drāmposy drāmpossi drāmposo drāmpossi drāmproso drāmprossi Comitative drāmpoma drāmpommi drāmpomy drāmpommi drāmpomo drāmpommi drāmpromo drāmprommi Vocative drāmpus drāmpis drāmpys drāmpyzys drāmpos drāmpas drāmpos drāmpas

Comparative declension of drāñe Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative drānkta drānkti drānktys drānktyz/
drānktys drānkton drānkta drānktor drāntra Accusative drānkte drānktī drānkti drānktī Genitive drānkto drānkto drānkto drānkto drānkto drānkto drāntro drāntro Dative drānkto/
drānktot drānkto/
drānktot drānkto/
drānktot drāntro/
drāntrot Locative drānktā drānktȳ drānktī Instrumental drānktos drānktos drānktos drāntros Comitative drānktom drānktom drānktom drāntrom Vocative drānktus drānktis drānktys drānktyz/
drānktys drānktos drānktas drānktos drānktas Adverbial drāntrī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative drānkta drānkti drānktys drānktyzy drānkton drānkta drānktor drāntra Accusative drānkte drānktī drānkti drānktī Genitive drānkto drānktoti drānkto drānktoti drānkto drānktoti drāntro drāntroti Dative drānktot drānktot drānktot drāntrot Locative drānktā drānktȳ drānktī Instrumental drānktosa drānktossi drānktosy drānktossi drānktoso drānktossi drāntroso drāntrossi Comitative drānktoma drānktommi drānktomy drānktommi drānktomo drānktommi drāntromo drāntrommi Vocative drānktus drānktis drānktys drānktyzys drānktos drānktas drānktos drānktas

Superlative declension of drāñe Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative drānje drānji drānjor drānjar Accusative Genitive drānjo drānjo drānjȳr drānjȳ Dative drānjo/
drānjot Locative drānjē Instrumental drānjos drānjȳs Comitative drānjom drānjȳm Vocative drānjes drānjis drānjos drānjīs Adverbial drānjī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative drānje drānji drānjor drānjar Accusative Genitive drānjo drānjoti drānjȳro drānjȳti Dative drānjot drānjȳrot Locative drānjē Instrumental drānjose drānjossi drānjȳso drānjȳssi Comitative drānjome drānjommi drānjȳmo drānjȳmmi Vocative drānjes drānjis drānjos drānjīs

Sȳz type

Positive declension of sȳz Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative sȳz sȳri sȳrior sȳriar Accusative Genitive sȳro sȳro sȳrȳr sȳrȳ Dative sȳro/
sȳrot Locative sȳrē Instrumental sȳros sȳrȳs Comitative sȳrom sȳrȳm Vocative sȳres sȳris sȳrios sȳrīs Adverbial sȳrī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative sȳz sȳri sȳrior sȳriar Accusative Genitive sȳro sȳroti sȳrȳro sȳrȳti Dative sȳrot sȳrȳrot Locative sȳrē Instrumental sȳrose sȳrossi sȳrȳso sȳrȳssi Comitative sȳrome sȳrommi sȳrȳmo sȳrȳmmi Vocative sȳres sȳris sȳrios sȳrīs

Equative declension of sȳz Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative sȳrpa sȳrpi sȳrpys sȳrpyz/
sȳrpys sȳrpon sȳrpa sȳrpor sȳrpra Accusative sȳrpe sȳrpī sȳrpi sȳrpī Genitive sȳrpo sȳrpo sȳrpo sȳrpo sȳrpo sȳrpo sȳrpro sȳrpro Dative sȳrpo/
sȳrpot sȳrpo/
sȳrpot sȳrpo/
sȳrpot sȳrpro/
sȳrprot Locative sȳrpā sȳrpȳ sȳrpī Instrumental sȳrpos sȳrpos sȳrpos sȳrpros Comitative sȳrpom sȳrpom sȳrpom sȳrprom Vocative sȳrpus sȳrpis sȳrpys sȳrpyz/
sȳrpys sȳrpos sȳrpas sȳrpos sȳrpas Adverbial sȳrprī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative sȳrpa sȳrpi sȳrpys sȳrpyzy sȳrpon sȳrpa sȳrpor sȳrpra Accusative sȳrpe sȳrpī sȳrpi sȳrpī Genitive sȳrpo sȳrpoti sȳrpo sȳrpoti sȳrpo sȳrpoti sȳrpro sȳrproti Dative sȳrpot sȳrpot sȳrpot sȳrprot Locative sȳrpā sȳrpȳ sȳrpī Instrumental sȳrposa sȳrpossi sȳrposy sȳrpossi sȳrposo sȳrpossi sȳrproso sȳrprossi Comitative sȳrpoma sȳrpommi sȳrpomy sȳrpommi sȳrpomo sȳrpommi sȳrpromo sȳrprommi Vocative sȳrpus sȳrpis sȳrpys sȳrpyzys sȳrpos sȳrpas sȳrpos sȳrpas

Comparative declension of sȳz Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative sȳrkta sȳrkti sȳrktys sȳrktyz/
sȳrktys sȳrkton sȳrkta sȳrktor sȳrtra Accusative sȳrkte sȳrktī sȳrkti sȳrktī Genitive sȳrkto sȳrkto sȳrkto sȳrkto sȳrkto sȳrkto sȳrtro sȳrtro Dative sȳrkto/
sȳrktot sȳrkto/
sȳrktot sȳrkto/
sȳrktot sȳrtro/
sȳrtrot Locative sȳrktā sȳrktȳ sȳrktī Instrumental sȳrktos sȳrktos sȳrktos sȳrtros Comitative sȳrktom sȳrktom sȳrktom sȳrtrom Vocative sȳrktus sȳrktis sȳrktys sȳrktyz/
sȳrktys sȳrktos sȳrktas sȳrktos sȳrktas Adverbial sȳrtrī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative sȳrkta sȳrkti sȳrktys sȳrktyzy sȳrkton sȳrkta sȳrktor sȳrtra Accusative sȳrkte sȳrktī sȳrkti sȳrktī Genitive sȳrkto sȳrktoti sȳrkto sȳrktoti sȳrkto sȳrktoti sȳrtro sȳrtroti Dative sȳrktot sȳrktot sȳrktot sȳrtrot Locative sȳrktā sȳrktȳ sȳrktī Instrumental sȳrktosa sȳrktossi sȳrktosy sȳrktossi sȳrktoso sȳrktossi sȳrtroso sȳrtrossi Comitative sȳrktoma sȳrktommi sȳrktomy sȳrktommi sȳrktomo sȳrktommi sȳrtromo sȳrtrommi Vocative sȳrktus sȳrktis sȳrktys sȳrktyzys sȳrktos sȳrktas sȳrktos sȳrktas

Superlative declension of sȳz Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative sȳrje sȳrji sȳrjor sȳrjar Accusative Genitive sȳrjo sȳrjo sȳrjȳr sȳrjȳ Dative sȳrjo/
sȳrjot Locative sȳrjē Instrumental sȳrjos sȳrjȳs Comitative sȳrjom sȳrjȳm Vocative sȳrjes sȳrjis sȳrjos sȳrjīs Adverbial sȳrjī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative sȳrje sȳrji sȳrjor sȳrjar Accusative Genitive sȳrjo sȳrjoti sȳrjȳro sȳrjȳti Dative sȳrjot sȳrjȳrot Locative sȳrjē Instrumental sȳrjose sȳrjossi sȳrjȳso sȳrjȳssi Comitative sȳrjome sȳrjommi sȳrjȳmo sȳrjȳmmi Vocative sȳrjes sȳrjis sȳrjos sȳrjīs

Class III

Main article: High Valyrian Adjectives § Class III

Positive declension of eglie Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative eglie eglī eglior egliar Accusative Genitive eglio eglio eglȳr eglȳ Dative eglio/
egliot Locative egliē Instrumental eglios eglȳs Comitative egliom eglȳm Vocative eglies eglīs eglios eglīs Adverbial eglī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative eglie eglī eglior egliar Accusative Genitive eglio eglȳti eglȳro eglȳti Dative egliot eglȳrot Locative egliē Instrumental eglȳse eglȳssi eglȳso eglȳssi Comitative eglȳme eglȳmmi eglȳmo eglȳmmi Vocative eglies eglīs eglios eglīs

Equative declension of eglie Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative eglipa eglipi eglipys eglipyz/
eglipys eglipon eglipa eglipor eglipra Accusative eglipe eglipī eglipi eglipī Genitive eglipo eglipo eglipo eglipo eglipo eglipo eglipro eglipro Dative eglipo/
eglipot eglipo/
eglipot eglipo/
eglipot eglipro/
egliprot Locative eglipā eglipȳ eglipī Instrumental eglipos eglipos eglipos eglipros Comitative eglipom eglipom eglipom egliprom Vocative eglipus eglipis eglipys eglipyz/
eglipys eglipos eglipas eglipos eglipas Adverbial egliprī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative eglipa eglipi eglipys eglipyzy eglipon eglipa eglipor eglipra Accusative eglipe eglipī eglipi eglipī Genitive eglipo eglipoti eglipo eglipoti eglipo eglipoti eglipro egliproti Dative eglipot eglipot eglipot egliprot Locative eglipā eglipȳ eglipī Instrumental egliposa eglipossi egliposy eglipossi egliposo eglipossi egliproso egliprossi Comitative eglipoma eglipommi eglipomy eglipommi eglipomo eglipommi eglipromo egliprommi Vocative eglipus eglipis eglipys eglipyzys eglipos eglipas eglipos eglipas

Comparative declension of eglie Prepositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative eglikta eglikti egliktys egliktyz/
egliktys eglikton eglikta egliktor eglitra Accusative eglikte egliktī eglikti egliktī Genitive eglikto eglikto eglikto eglikto eglikto eglikto eglitro eglitro Dative eglikto/
egliktot eglikto/
egliktot eglikto/
egliktot eglitro/
eglitrot Locative egliktā egliktȳ egliktī Instrumental egliktos egliktos egliktos eglitros Comitative egliktom egliktom egliktom eglitrom Vocative egliktus egliktis egliktys egliktyz/
egliktys egliktos egliktas egliktos egliktas Adverbial eglitrī Postpositive Lunar Solar Terrestrial Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative eglikta eglikti egliktys egliktyzy eglikton eglikta egliktor eglitra Accusative eglikte egliktī eglikti egliktī Genitive eglikto egliktoti eglikto egliktoti eglikto egliktoti eglitro eglitroti Dative egliktot egliktot egliktot eglitrot Locative egliktā egliktȳ egliktī Instrumental egliktosa egliktossi egliktosy egliktossi egliktoso egliktossi eglitroso eglitrossi Comitative egliktoma egliktommi egliktomy egliktommi egliktomo egliktommi eglitromo eglitrommi Vocative egliktus egliktis egliktys egliktyzys egliktos egliktas egliktos egliktas

Superlative declension of eglie Prepositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative eglije egliji eglijor eglijar Accusative Genitive eglijo eglijo eglijȳr eglijȳ Dative eglijo/
eglijot Locative eglijē Instrumental eglijos eglijȳs Comitative eglijom eglijȳm Vocative eglijes eglijis eglijos eglijīs Adverbial eglijī Postpositive Lunar/Solar Terrestrial/Aquatic Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Singular/
Collective Plural/
Paucal Nominative eglije egliji eglijor eglijar Accusative Genitive eglijo eglijoti eglijȳro eglijȳti Dative eglijot eglijȳrot Locative eglijē Instrumental eglijose eglijossi eglijȳso eglijȳssi Comitative eglijome eglijommi eglijȳmo eglijȳmmi Vocative eglijes eglijis eglijos eglijīs

Adverbs

Adverbs are regularly formed from adjectives with suffixes (equivalent to -ly in English): -irī/-rī for class I adjectives as well as equatives, comparatives and superlatives, and -ī for class II and class III adjectives. Dative, locative and instrumental forms of nouns are also commonly used as adverbs.

Adpositions

Main article: High Valyrian Adpositions

Adposition is a general term to refer to both prepositions (which precede their object) and postpositions (which follow their object.) High Valyrian utilizes both kinds.

Prepositions

There are only three prepositions in the High Valyrian language. Hae only occurs with the locative, but hen and va can also take a dative.

hae (→loc.): as, like. (cf. Astapori Valyrian he)
hen (→loc.): from, of; (→dat.) out of, on account of, thanks to, because of, for. (cf. Astapori Valyrian hin)
va (→loc.): towards, at, near; (→dat.) to, all the way up to, into. (cf. Astapori Valyrian va)

Postpostions

All known postpositions take a genitive object. This makes sense, as they all seem to have evolved from nouns in the locative, dative, or instrumental case.

bē (→gen): on, on top of, upon; on (the subject of), about.
gō (→gen): under, beneath, below; before.
hēdrȳ (→gen): from amongst, from the midst of.
iemnȳ {→gen): within.
naejot (→gen): in front of. (cf. Astapori Valyrian nejo)
ondoso (→gen): by. (cf. Astapori Valyrian dos, which, however, means "with")
rȳ (→gen): between, through, across, throughout
syt (→gen): for. (cf. Astapori Valyrian zy)
toliot (→gen): over; after.
mijiot (→gen): without.

Verbs

Verbs conjugate according to tense, voice and mood. Finite verb forms agree with the subject in person and number.

Tense

Main article: Verb Conjugation, by Tense

High Valyrian has seven tenses: present, aorist, future, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect and past habitual.

Present

The present tense is used for events that are happening at the current moment, and can often be translated into English as "is X-ing".

Aorist

The aorist tense is used for statements about general truths or facts and events that usually or always occur.

Future

The future tense is used for things that will happen or are going to occur.

Imperfect

The imperfect tense is used to indicate events that were ongoing in the past, and can generally be translated by "was X-ing" in English.

Perfect

The perfect tense is used to discuss events completed prior to the present moment. It can be translated as either "has X-ed" or "X-ed" in English, depending on context.

Pluperfect

The pluperfect tense is used to talk about prior events from the perspective of a past point in time. In general, it can be translated as "had X-ed" in English.

Past Habitual

The past habitual tense is used for things that occured generally or repeatedly over some period in the past, and can often be translated as "used to X" in English.

Voice

There are two voices of transitive verbs in High Valyrian: active and passive.

Active

In the active voice, the subject of a transitive verb is the one acting upon the object (the agent), e.g. "The woman ate the apple". This is the unmarked of the two voices.

Passive

In the passive voice, the subject of a transitive verb is the one being acted upon (the patient). The agent (the "old" subject) can be left out ("The apple was eaten"). It can also be expressed with the genitive case or a prepositional phrase.

The passive voice is almost always indicated through morphology in High Valyrian, and contains the affix -ks(-) for most finite verb forms, or -iarza in the case of some participles. There is one example of an analytically formed almost-passive in the phrase keliton issa "it is ended", with the perfect participle and the copula being used. This does not seem, however, to be a common construction. Some transitive verbs, such as henujagon and jokorigon, formed off the irregular intransitive verb jagon, lack passive forms for morphological reasons. Also, they would not form their passives through a keliton issa-type construction.

Mood

High Valyrian has three verb moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

Indicative

The indicative mood is used to for statements that are considered true, certain or factual, and is the unmarked mood.

Subjunctive

Main article: Uses of the Subjunctive

The subjunctive mood is used to speak about hypothetical, uncertain or otherwise non-real events. One of its most common uses is in negative statements using daor (“not”).

Imperative

The imperative mood is used for commands and instructions. It exists only in second-person forms, i.e. those which refer to the listener. Commands for other persons are formed through other constructions. They inflect for three tenses: present, aorist and future. The active imperatives have separate singular and plural forms, while the passive imperatives merge the two.

Non-finite Verb Forms

Non-finite verb forms are those that do not inflect for person or number of the subject. On their own, they lack a subject, and so cannot consititute a main clause on their own, but are instead used to complete the meaning of other clauses. However, if used together with pronouns in particular constructions, the infinitive can be used as the verb of a main clause.

Infinitive

Main article: Uses of the Infinitive

The infinitive form (specifically the present active infinitive) is the dictionary form in High Valyrian. It can be translated into English as "(to) X" or "X-ing". The infinitive can take the role of a noun, either as a complement or as the subject to another verb. Infinitives exist for several voice and tense combinations, although not all.

Participles

Participles are verb forms which are adjectives in form, and so modify nouns as part of a participial phrase. Participles exist for several voice and tense combinations, although not all.

Verb Conjugation

Main article: Verb Conjugation, by Tense

Main article: Verb Tables, by Stem Type

There are two main conjugation groups in High Valyrian, based on the final phoneme of the verb stem: consonant-final and vowel-final. There are also the irregular verbs, which have unpredictable patterns of conjugation.

Consonant-Final Verbs

Liquid Stems

Conjugation of zālagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present zālan zālā zālza zāli zālāt zālzi Aorist zālin zālia zālis zāliti zāliat zālisi Future zālinna zālilā zālilza zālili zālilāt zālilzi Imperfect zālilen zālilē zāliles zālilin zālilēt zālilis Perfect zāltan zāltā zāltas zālti zāltāt zāltis Pluperfect zālten zāltē zāltes zāltin zāltēt Past Habitual zāltin zāltia zāltis zāltiti zāltiat zāltisi Passive Present zālaks zālāks zālaks zālaksi zālāks zālaksi Aorist zāliks zāliaks zāliks zāliksi zāliaks zāliksi Future zālilaks zālilāks zālilaks zāliliks zālilāks zāliliks Imperfect zālileks zālilēks zālileks zālilēks Perfect zāltaks zāltāks zāltaks zāltaksi zāltāks zāltaksi Pluperfect zālteks zāltēks zālteks zāltiks zāltēks zāltiks Past Habitual zāltiks zāltiaks zāltiks zāltiksi zāltiaks zāltiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present zālon zālō zālos zāloty zālōt zālosy Aorist zālun zālua zālus zāluty zāluat zālusy Future zālilun zālilū zālilus zāliluty zālilūt zālilusy Imperfect zālilon zālilō zālilos zāliloty zālilōt zālilosy Perfect zālton zāltō zāltos zāltoty zāltōt zāltosy Pluperfect Past Habitual zāltun zāltua zāltus zāltuty zāltuat zāltusy Passive Present zāloks zālōks zāloks zāloksy zālōks zāloksy Aorist zāluks zāluaks zāluks zāluksy zāluaks zāluksy Future zāliluks zālilūks zāliluks zāliluksy zālilūks zāliluksy Imperfect zāliloks zālilōks zāliloks zāliloksy zālilōks zāliloksy Perfect zāltoks zāltōks zāltoks zāltoksy zāltōks zāltoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual zāltuks zāltuaks zāltuks zāltuksy zāltuaks zāltuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present zālās zālātās Aorist zāliās zāliātās Future zālilās zālilātās Passive Present zālāks Aorist zāliāks Future zālilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present zālare zālagon Aorist zālire zāligon Future zālilare — Perfect — zāltagon Past Habitual zāltre — Passive Present — zālakson Aorist zāliarza zāliakson Future zālilaksa — Perfect zālta zāltakson Past Habitual zāltiarza —

Nasal Stems

Conjugation of jemagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present jeman jemā jemas jemi jemāt jemis Aorist jemin jemia jemis jemiti jemiat jemisi Future jeminna jemilā jemilza jemili jemilāt jemilzi Imperfect jemilen jemilē jemiles jemilin jemilēt jemilis Perfect jentan jentā jentas jenti jentāt jentis Pluperfect jenten jentē jentes jentin jentēt Past Habitual jentin jentia jentis jentiti jentiat jentisi Passive Present jemaks jemāks jemaks jemaksi jemāks jemaksi Aorist jemiks jemiaks jemiks jemiksi jemiaks jemiksi Future jemilaks jemilāks jemilaks jemiliks jemilāks jemiliks Imperfect jemileks jemilēks jemileks jemilēks Perfect jentaks jentāks jentaks jentaksi jentāks jentaksi Pluperfect jenteks jentēks jenteks jentiks jentēks jentiks Past Habitual jentiks jentiaks jentiks jentiksi jentiaks jentiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present jemon jemō jemos jemoty jemōt jemosy Aorist jemun jemua jemus jemuty jemuat jemusy Future jemilun jemilū jemilus jemiluty jemilūt jemilusy Imperfect jemilon jemilō jemilos jemiloty jemilōt jemilosy Perfect jenton jentō jentos jentoty jentōt jentosy Pluperfect Past Habitual jentun jentua jentus jentuty jentuat jentusy Passive Present jemoks jemōks jemoks jemoksy jemōks jemoksy Aorist jemuks jemuaks jemuks jemuksy jemuaks jemuksy Future jemiluks jemilūks jemiluks jemiluksy jemilūks jemiluksy Imperfect jemiloks jemilōks jemiloks jemiloksy jemilōks jemiloksy Perfect jentoks jentōks jentoks jentoksy jentōks jentoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual jentuks jentuaks jentuks jentuksy jentuaks jentuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present jemās jemātās Aorist jemiās jemiātās Future jemilās jemilātās Passive Present jemāks Aorist jemiāks Future jemilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present jemare jemagon Aorist jemire jemigon Future jemilare — Perfect — jentagon Past Habitual jentre — Passive Present — jemakson Aorist jemiarza jemiakson Future jemilaksa — Perfect jenta jentakson Past Habitual jentiarza —

Voiced-Stop Stems

Conjugation of rȳbagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present rȳban rȳbā rȳbas,
rȳbza rȳbi rȳbāt rȳbis,
rȳbzi Aorist rȳbin rȳbia rȳbis rȳbiti rȳbiat rȳbisi Future rȳbinna rȳbilā rȳbilza rȳbili rȳbilāt rȳbilzi Imperfect rȳbilen rȳbilē rȳbiles rȳbilin rȳbilēt rȳbilis Perfect ryptan ryptā ryptas rypti ryptāt ryptis Pluperfect rypten ryptē ryptes ryptin ryptēt Past Habitual ryptin ryptia ryptis ryptiti ryptiat ryptisi Passive Present rȳbaks rȳbāks rȳbaks rȳbaksi rȳbāks rȳbaksi Aorist rȳbiks rȳbiaks rȳbiks rȳbiksi rȳbiaks rȳbiksi Future rȳbilaks rȳbilāks rȳbilaks rȳbiliks rȳbilāks rȳbiliks Imperfect rȳbileks rȳbilēks rȳbileks rȳbilēks Perfect ryptaks ryptāks ryptaks ryptaksi ryptāks ryptaksi Pluperfect rypteks ryptēks rypteks ryptiks ryptēks ryptiks Past Habitual ryptiks ryptiaks ryptiks ryptiksi ryptiaks ryptiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present rȳbon rȳbō rȳbos rȳboty rȳbōt rȳbosy Aorist rȳbun rȳbua rȳbus rȳbuty rȳbuat rȳbusy Future rȳbilun rȳbilū rȳbilus rȳbiluty rȳbilūt rȳbilusy Imperfect rȳbilon rȳbilō rȳbilos rȳbiloty rȳbilōt rȳbilosy Perfect rypton ryptō ryptos ryptoty ryptōt ryptosy Pluperfect Past Habitual ryptun ryptua ryptus ryptuty ryptuat ryptusy Passive Present rȳboks rȳbōks rȳboks rȳboksy rȳbōks rȳboksy Aorist rȳbuks rȳbuaks rȳbuks rȳbuksy rȳbuaks rȳbuksy Future rȳbiluks rȳbilūks rȳbiluks rȳbiluksy rȳbilūks rȳbiluksy Imperfect rȳbiloks rȳbilōks rȳbiloks rȳbiloksy rȳbilōks rȳbiloksy Perfect ryptoks ryptōks ryptoks ryptoksy ryptōks ryptoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual ryptuks ryptuaks ryptuks ryptuksy ryptuaks ryptuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present rȳbās rȳbātās Aorist rȳbiās rȳbiātās Future rȳbilās rȳbilātās Passive Present rȳbāks Aorist rȳbiāks Future rȳbilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present rȳbare rȳbagon Aorist rȳbire rȳbigon Future rȳbilare — Perfect — ryptagon Past Habitual ryptre — Passive Present — rȳbakson Aorist rȳbiarza rȳbiakson Future rȳbilaksa — Perfect rypta ryptakson Past Habitual ryptiarza —

Voiceless-Stop Stems

Conjugation of epagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present epan epā epsa,
epas epi epāt epsi,
epis Aorist epin epia epis epiti epiat episi Future epinna epilā epilza epili epilāt epilzi Imperfect epilen epilē epiles epilin epilēt epilis Perfect eptan eptā eptas epti eptāt eptis Pluperfect epten eptē eptes eptin eptēt Past Habitual eptin eptia eptis eptiti eptiat eptisi Passive Present epaks epāks epaks epaksi epāks epaksi Aorist epiks epiaks epiks epiksi epiaks epiksi Future epilaks epilāks epilaks epiliks epilāks epiliks Imperfect epileks epilēks epileks epilēks Perfect eptaks eptāks eptaks eptaksi eptāks eptaksi Pluperfect epteks eptēks epteks eptiks eptēks eptiks Past Habitual eptiks eptiaks eptiks eptiksi eptiaks eptiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present epon epō epos epoty epōt eposy Aorist epun epua epus eputy epuat epusy Future epilun epilū epilus epiluty epilūt epilusy Imperfect epilon epilō epilos epiloty epilōt epilosy Perfect epton eptō eptos eptoty eptōt eptosy Pluperfect Past Habitual eptun eptua eptus eptuty eptuat eptusy Passive Present epoks epōks epoks epoksy epōks epoksy Aorist epuks epuaks epuks epuksy epuaks epuksy Future epiluks epilūks epiluks epiluksy epilūks epiluksy Imperfect epiloks epilōks epiloks epiloksy epilōks epiloksy Perfect eptoks eptōks eptoks eptoksy eptōks eptoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual eptuks eptuaks eptuks eptuksy eptuaks eptuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present epās epātās Aorist epiās epiātās Future epilās epilātās Passive Present epāks Aorist epiāks Future epilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present epare epagon Aorist epire epigon Future epilare — Perfect — eptagon Past Habitual eptre — Passive Present — epakson Aorist epiarza epiakson Future epilaksa — Perfect epta eptakson Past Habitual eptiarza —

Palatal-Resonant Stems

Conjugation of ūñagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ūñan ūñā ūñas ūni ūñāt ūnis Aorist ūnin ūnia ūnis ūniti ūniat ūnisi Future ūninna ūnilā ūnilza ūnili ūnilāt ūnilzi Imperfect ūnilen ūnilē ūniles ūnilin ūnilēt ūnilis Perfect ūntan ūntā ūntas ūnti ūntāt ūntis Pluperfect ūnten ūntē ūntes ūntin ūntēt Past Habitual ūntin ūntia ūntis ūntiti ūntiat ūntisi Passive Present ūñaks ūñāks ūñaks ūñaksi ūñāks ūñaksi Aorist ūniks ūniaks ūniks ūniksi ūniaks ūniksi Future ūnilaks ūnilāks ūnilaks ūniliks ūnilāks ūniliks Imperfect ūnileks ūnilēks ūnileks ūnilēks Perfect ūntaks ūntāks ūntaks ūntaksi ūntāks ūntaksi Pluperfect ūnteks ūntēks ūnteks ūntiks ūntēks ūntiks Past Habitual ūntiks ūntiaks ūntiks ūntiksi ūntiaks ūntiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ūñon ūñō ūños ūñoty ūñōt ūñosy Aorist ūñun ūñua ūñus ūñuty ūñuat ūñusy Future ūnilun ūnilū ūnilus ūniluty ūnilūt ūnilusy Imperfect ūnilon ūnilō ūnilos ūniloty ūnilōt ūnilosy Perfect ūnton ūntō ūntos ūntoty ūntōt ūntosy Pluperfect Past Habitual ūntun ūntua ūntus ūntuty ūntuat ūntusy Passive Present ūñoks ūñōks ūñoks ūñoksy ūñōks ūñoksy Aorist ūñuks ūñuaks ūñuks ūñuksy ūñuaks ūñuksy Future ūniluks ūnilūks ūniluks ūniluksy ūnilūks ūniluksy Imperfect ūniloks ūnilōks ūniloks ūniloksy ūnilōks ūniloksy Perfect ūntoks ūntōks ūntoks ūntoksy ūntōks ūntoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual ūntuks ūntuaks ūntuks ūntuksy ūntuaks ūntuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present ūñās ūñātās Aorist ūniās ūniātās Future ūnilās ūnilātās Passive Present ūñāks Aorist ūniāks Future ūnilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present ūñare ūñagon Aorist ūnire ūnigon Future ūnilare — Perfect — ūntagon Past Habitual ūntre — Passive Present — ūñakson Aorist ūniarza ūniakson Future ūnilaksa — Perfect ūnta ūntakson Past Habitual ūntiarza —

Other Stems

This conjugation includes stems that end in fricatives and consonant clusters.

Conjugation of pāsagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present pāsan pāsā pāsas pāsi pāsāt pāsis Aorist pāsin pāsia pāsis pāsiti pāsiat pāsisi Future pāsinna pāsilā pāsilza pāsili pāsilāt pāsilzi Imperfect pāsilen pāsilē pāsiles pāsilin pāsilēt pāsilis Perfect pāstan pāstā pāstas pāsti pāstāt pāstis Pluperfect pāsten pāstē pāstes pāstin pāstēt Past Habitual pāstin pāstia pāstis pāstiti pāstiat pāstisi Passive Present pāsaks pāsāks pāsaks pāsaksi pāsāks pāsaksi Aorist pāsiks pāsiaks pāsiks pāsiksi pāsiaks pāsiksi Future pāsilaks pāsilāks pāsilaks pāsiliks pāsilāks pāsiliks Imperfect pāsileks pāsilēks pāsileks pāsilēks Perfect pāstaks pāstāks pāstaks pāstaksi pāstāks pāstaksi Pluperfect pāsteks pāstēks pāsteks pāstiks pāstēks pāstiks Past Habitual pāstiks pāstiaks pāstiks pāstiksi pāstiaks pāstiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present pāson pāsō pāsos pāsoty pāsōt pāsosy Aorist pāsun pāsua pāsus pāsuty pāsuat pāsusy Future pāsilun pāsilū pāsilus pāsiluty pāsilūt pāsilusy Imperfect pāsilon pāsilō pāsilos pāsiloty pāsilōt pāsilosy Perfect pāston pāstō pāstos pāstoty pāstōt pāstosy Pluperfect Past Habitual pāstun pāstua pāstus pāstuty pāstuat pāstusy Passive Present pāsoks pāsōks pāsoks pāsoksy pāsōks pāsoksy Aorist pāsuks pāsuaks pāsuks pāsuksy pāsuaks pāsuksy Future pāsiluks pāsilūks pāsiluks pāsiluksy pāsilūks pāsiluksy Imperfect pāsiloks pāsilōks pāsiloks pāsiloksy pāsilōks pāsiloksy Perfect pāstoks pāstōks pāstoks pāstoksy pāstōks pāstoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual pāstuks pāstuaks pāstuks pāstuksy pāstuaks pāstuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present pāsās pāsātās Aorist pāsiās pāsiātās Future pāsilās pāsilātās Passive Present pāsāks Aorist pāsiāks Future pāsilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present pāsare pāsagon Aorist pāsire pāsigon Future pāsilare — Perfect — pāstagon Past Habitual pāstre — Passive Present — pāsakson Aorist pāsiarza pāsiakson Future pāsilaksa — Perfect pāsta pāstakson Past Habitual pāstiarza —

Gh-Final Subtype

This conjugation subtype has an alternate third-person present active indicative in -za/-zi with fortition of the stem-final gh to g.

Conjugation of heghagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present heghan heghā heghas,
hegza heghi heghāt heghis,
hegzi Aorist heghin heghia heghis heghiti heghiat heghisi Future heghinna heghilā heghilza heghili heghilāt heghilzi Imperfect heghilen heghilē heghiles heghilin heghilēt heghilis Perfect hēdan hēdā hēdas hēdi hēdāt hēdis Pluperfect hēden hēdē hēdes hēdin hēdēt Past Habitual hēdin hēdia hēdis hēditi hēdiat hēdisi Passive Present heghaks heghāks heghaks heghaksi heghāks heghaksi Aorist heghiks heghiaks heghiks heghiksi heghiaks heghiksi Future heghilaks heghilāks heghilaks heghiliks heghilāks heghiliks Imperfect heghileks heghilēks heghileks heghilēks Perfect hēdaks hēdāks hēdaks hēdaksi hēdāks hēdaksi Pluperfect hēdeks hēdēks hēdeks hēdiks hēdēks hēdiks Past Habitual hēdiks hēdiaks hēdiks hēdiksi hēdiaks hēdiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present heghon heghō heghos heghoty heghōt heghosy Aorist heghun heghua heghus heghuty heghuat heghusy Future heghilun heghilū heghilus heghiluty heghilūt heghilusy Imperfect heghilon heghilō heghilos heghiloty heghilōt heghilosy Perfect hēdon hēdō hēdos hēdoty hēdōt hēdosy Pluperfect Past Habitual hēdun hēdua hēdus hēduty hēduat hēdusy Passive Present heghoks heghōks heghoks heghoksy heghōks heghoksy Aorist heghuks heghuaks heghuks heghuksy heghuaks heghuksy Future heghiluks heghilūks heghiluks heghiluksy heghilūks heghiluksy Imperfect heghiloks heghilōks heghiloks heghiloksy heghilōks heghiloksy Perfect hēdoks hēdōks hēdoks hēdoksy hēdōks hēdoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual hēduks hēduaks hēduks hēduksy hēduaks hēduksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present heghās heghātās Aorist heghiās heghiātās Future heghilās heghilātās Passive Present heghāks Aorist heghiāks Future heghilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present heghare heghagon Aorist heghire heghigon Future heghilare — Perfect — hēdagon Past Habitual hēdre — Passive Present — heghakson Aorist heghiarza heghiakson Future heghilaksa — Perfect hēda hēdakson Past Habitual hēdiarza —

Vowel-Final Verbs

A-Stems

Conjugation of ellagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ellan ellā ellas ellī ellāt ellasi Aorist ellassin ellassia ellassis ellassiti ellassiat ellassi Future ellēnna ellēlā ellēlza ellēli ellēlāt ellēlzi Imperfect ellēlen ellēlē ellēles ellēlin ellēlēt ellēlis Perfect ellatan ellatā ellatas ellati ellatāt ellatis Pluperfect ellaten ellatē ellates ellatin ellatēt Past Habitual ellatin ellatia ellatis ellatiti ellatiat ellatisi Passive Present ellaks ellāks ellaks ellaksi ellāks ellaksi Aorist ellassiks ellassiaks ellassiks ellassiksi ellassiaks ellassiksi Future ellēlaks ellēlāks ellēlaks ellēliks ellēlāks ellēliks Imperfect ellēleks ellēlēks ellēleks ellēlēks Perfect ellataks ellatāks ellataks ellataksi ellatāks ellataksi Pluperfect ellateks ellatēks ellateks ellatiks ellatēks ellatiks Past Habitual ellatiks ellatiaks ellatiks ellatiksi ellatiaks ellatiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ellaon ellaō ellaos ellaoty ellaōt ellaosy Aorist ellassun ellassua ellassus ellassuty ellassuat ellassusy Future ellēlun ellēlū ellēlus ellēluty ellēlūt ellēlusy Imperfect ellēlon ellēlō ellēlos ellēloty ellēlōt ellēlosy Perfect ellaton ellatō ellatos ellatoty ellatōt ellatosy Pluperfect Past Habitual ellatun ellatua ellatus ellatuty ellatuat ellatusy Passive Present ellaoks ellaōks ellaoks ellaoksy ellaōks ellaoksy Aorist ellassuks ellassuaks ellassuks ellassuksy ellassuaks ellassuksy Future ellēluks ellēlūks ellēluks ellēluksy ellēlūks ellēluksy Imperfect ellēloks ellēlōks ellēloks ellēloksy ellēlōks ellēloksy Perfect ellatoks ellatōks ellatoks ellatoksy ellatōks ellatoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual ellatuks ellatuaks ellatuks ellatuksy ellatuaks ellatuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present ellās ellātās Aorist ellassiās ellassiātās Future ellēlās ellēlātās Passive Present ellāks Aorist ellassiāks Future ellēlāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present ellare ellagon Aorist ellaje ellassigon Future ellēlare — Perfect — ellatagon Past Habitual ellatre — Passive Present — ellakson Aorist ellassiarza ellassiakson Future ellēlaksa — Perfect ellata ellatakson Past Habitual ellatiarza —

E-Stems

Conjugation of ōregon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ōren ōrē ōres ōrī ōrēt ōresi Aorist ōressin ōressia ōressis ōressiti ōressiat ōressi Future ōrīnna ōrīlā ōrīlza ōrīli ōrīlāt ōrīlzi Imperfect ōrīlen ōrīlē ōrīles ōrīlin ōrīlēt ōrīlis Perfect ōretan ōretā ōretas ōreti ōretāt ōretis Pluperfect ōreten ōretē ōretes ōretin ōretēt Past Habitual ōretin ōretia ōretis ōretiti ōretiat ōretisi Passive Present ōreks ōrēks ōreks ōreksi ōrēks ōreksi Aorist ōressiks ōressiaks ōressiks ōressiksi ōressiaks ōressiksi Future ōrīlaks ōrīlāks ōrīlaks ōrīliks ōrīlāks ōrīliks Imperfect ōrīleks ōrīlēks ōrīleks ōrīlēks Perfect ōretaks ōretāks ōretaks ōretaksi ōretāks ōretaksi Pluperfect ōreteks ōretēks ōreteks ōretiks ōretēks ōretiks Past Habitual ōretiks ōretiaks ōretiks ōretiksi ōretiaks ōretiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ōrion ōriō ōrios ōrioty ōriōt ōriosy Aorist ōressun ōressua ōressus ōressuty ōressuat ōressusy Future ōrīlun ōrīlū ōrīlus ōrīluty ōrīlūt ōrīlusy Imperfect ōrīlon ōrīlō ōrīlos ōrīloty ōrīlōt ōrīlosy Perfect ōreton ōretō ōretos ōretoty ōretōt ōretosy Pluperfect Past Habitual ōretun ōretua ōretus ōretuty ōretuat ōretusy Passive Present ōrioks ōriōks ōrioks ōrioksy ōriōks ōrioksy Aorist ōressuks ōressuaks ōressuks ōressuksy ōressuaks ōressuksy Future ōrīluks ōrīlūks ōrīluks ōrīluksy ōrīlūks ōrīluksy Imperfect ōrīloks ōrīlōks ōrīloks ōrīloksy ōrīlōks ōrīloksy Perfect ōretoks ōretōks ōretoks ōretoksy ōretōks ōretoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual ōretuks ōretuaks ōretuks ōretuksy ōretuaks ōretuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present ōrēs ōrētēs Aorist ōressiās ōressiātās Future ōrīlās ōrīlātās Passive Present ōrēks Aorist ōressiāks Future ōrīlāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present ōrere ōregon Aorist ōreje ōressigon Future ōrīlare — Perfect — ōretagon Past Habitual ōretre — Passive Present — ōrekson Aorist ōressiarza ōressiakson Future ōrīlaksa — Perfect ōreta ōretakson Past Habitual ōretiarza —

Perfect Stem Subtype

Conjugation of urnegon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present urnen urnē urnes urnī urnēt urnesi Aorist urnessin urnessia urnessis urnessiti urnessiat urnessi Future urnīnna urnīlā urnīlza urnīli urnīlāt urnīlzi Imperfect urnīlen urnīlē urnīles urnīlin urnīlēt urnīlis Perfect ūndan ūndā ūndas ūndi ūndāt ūndis Pluperfect ūnden ūndē ūndes ūndin ūndēt Past Habitual ūndin ūndia ūndis ūnditi ūndiat ūndisi Passive Present urneks urnēks urneks urneksi urnēks urneksi Aorist urnessiks urnessiaks urnessiks urnessiksi urnessiaks urnessiksi Future urnīlaks urnīlāks urnīlaks urnīliks urnīlāks urnīliks Imperfect urnīleks urnīlēks urnīleks urnīlēks Perfect ūndaks ūndāks ūndaks ūndaksi ūndāks ūndaksi Pluperfect ūndeks ūndēks ūndeks ūndiks ūndēks ūndiks Past Habitual ūndiks ūndiaks ūndiks ūndiksi ūndiaks ūndiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present urnion urniō urnios urnioty urniōt urniosy Aorist urnessun urnessua urnessus urnessuty urnessuat urnessusy Future urnīlun urnīlū urnīlus urnīluty urnīlūt urnīlusy Imperfect urnīlon urnīlō urnīlos urnīloty urnīlōt urnīlosy Perfect ūndon ūndō ūndos ūndoty ūndōt ūndosy Pluperfect Past Habitual ūndun ūndua ūndus ūnduty ūnduat ūndusy Passive Present urnioks urniōks urnioks urnioksy urniōks urnioksy Aorist urnessuks urnessuaks urnessuks urnessuksy urnessuaks urnessuksy Future urnīluks urnīlūks urnīluks urnīluksy urnīlūks urnīluksy Imperfect urnīloks urnīlōks urnīloks urnīloksy urnīlōks urnīloksy Perfect ūndoks ūndōks ūndoks ūndoksy ūndōks ūndoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual ūnduks ūnduaks ūnduks ūnduksy ūnduaks ūnduksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present urnēs urnētēs Aorist urnessiās urnessiātās Future urnīlās urnīlātās Passive Present urnēks Aorist urnessiāks Future urnīlāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present urnere urnegon Aorist urneje urnessigon Future urnīlare — Perfect — ūndagon Past Habitual ūndre — Passive Present — urnekson Aorist urnessiarza urnessiakson Future urnīlaksa — Perfect ūnda ūndakson Past Habitual ūndiarza —

I-Stems

Conjugation of vūjigon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present vūjin vūjī vūjis vūjī vūjīt vūjisi Aorist vūjissin vūjissia vūjissis vūjissiti vūjissiat vūjissi Future vūjīnna vūjīlā vūjīlza vūjīli vūjīlāt vūjīlzi Imperfect vūjīlen vūjīlē vūjīles vūjīlin vūjīlēt vūjīlis Perfect vūjitan vūjitā vūjitas vūjiti vūjitāt vūjitis Pluperfect vūjiten vūjitē vūjites vūjitin vūjitēt Past Habitual vūjitin vūjitia vūjitis vūjititi vūjitiat vūjitisi Passive Present vūjiks vūjīks vūjiks vūjiksi vūjīks vūjiksi Aorist vūjissiks vūjissiaks vūjissiks vūjissiksi vūjissiaks vūjissiksi Future vūjīlaks vūjīlāks vūjīlaks vūjīliks vūjīlāks vūjīliks Imperfect vūjīleks vūjīlēks vūjīleks vūjīlēks Perfect vūjitaks vūjitāks vūjitaks vūjitaksi vūjitāks vūjitaksi Pluperfect vūjiteks vūjitēks vūjiteks vūjitiks vūjitēks vūjitiks Past Habitual vūjitiks vūjitiaks vūjitiks vūjitiksi vūjitiaks vūjitiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present vūjion vūjiō vūjios vūjioty vūjiōt vūjiosy Aorist vūjissun vūjissua vūjissus vūjissuty vūjissuat vūjissusy Future vūjīlun vūjīlū vūjīlus vūjīluty vūjīlūt vūjīlusy Imperfect vūjīlon vūjīlō vūjīlos vūjīloty vūjīlōt vūjīlosy Perfect vūjiton vūjitō vūjitos vūjitoty vūjitōt vūjitosy Pluperfect Past Habitual vūjitun vūjitua vūjitus vūjituty vūjituat vūjitusy Passive Present vūjioks vūjiōks vūjioks vūjioksy vūjiōks vūjioksy Aorist vūjissuks vūjissuaks vūjissuks vūjissuksy vūjissuaks vūjissuksy Future vūjīluks vūjīlūks vūjīluks vūjīluksy vūjīlūks vūjīluksy Imperfect vūjīloks vūjīlōks vūjīloks vūjīloksy vūjīlōks vūjīloksy Perfect vūjitoks vūjitōks vūjitoks vūjitoksy vūjitōks vūjitoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual vūjituks vūjituaks vūjituks vūjituksy vūjituaks vūjituksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present vūjīs vūjītīs Aorist vūjissiās vūjissiātās Future vūjīlās vūjīlātās Passive Present vūjīks Aorist vūjissiāks Future vūjīlāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present vūjire vūjigon Aorist vūjije vūjissigon Future vūjīlare — Perfect — vūjitagon Past Habitual vūjitre — Passive Present — vūjikson Aorist vūjissiarza vūjissiakson Future vūjīlaksa — Perfect vūjita vūjitakson Past Habitual vūjitiarza —

Perfect Stem Subtype

Conjugation of laodigon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present laodin laodī laodis laodī laodīt laodisi Aorist laodissin laodissia laodissis laodissiti laodissiat laodissi Future laodīnna laodīlā laodīlza laodīli laodīlāt laodīlzi Imperfect laodīlen laodīlē laodīles laodīlin laodīlēt laodīlis Perfect lāettan lāettā lāettas lāetti lāettāt lāettis Pluperfect lāetten lāettē lāettes lāettin lāettēt Past Habitual lāettin lāettia lāettis lāettiti lāettiat lāettisi Passive Present laodiks laodīks laodiks laodiksi laodīks laodiksi Aorist laodissiks laodissiaks laodissiks laodissiksi laodissiaks laodissiksi Future laodīlaks laodīlāks laodīlaks laodīliks laodīlāks laodīliks Imperfect laodīleks laodīlēks laodīleks laodīlēks Perfect lāettaks lāettāks lāettaks lāettaksi lāettāks lāettaksi Pluperfect lāetteks lāettēks lāetteks lāettiks lāettēks lāettiks Past Habitual lāettiks lāettiaks lāettiks lāettiksi lāettiaks lāettiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present laodion laodiō laodios laodioty laodiōt laodiosy Aorist laodissun laodissua laodissus laodissuty laodissuat laodissusy Future laodīlun laodīlū laodīlus laodīluty laodīlūt laodīlusy Imperfect laodīlon laodīlō laodīlos laodīloty laodīlōt laodīlosy Perfect lāetton lāettō lāettos lāettoty lāettōt lāettosy Pluperfect Past Habitual lāettun lāettua lāettus lāettuty lāettuat lāettusy Passive Present laodioks laodiōks laodioks laodioksy laodiōks laodioksy Aorist laodissuks laodissuaks laodissuks laodissuksy laodissuaks laodissuksy Future laodīluks laodīlūks laodīluks laodīluksy laodīlūks laodīluksy Imperfect laodīloks laodīlōks laodīloks laodīloksy laodīlōks laodīloksy Perfect lāettoks lāettōks lāettoks lāettoksy lāettōks lāettoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual lāettuks lāettuaks lāettuks lāettuksy lāettuaks lāettuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present laodīs laodītīs Aorist laodissiās laodissiātās Future laodīlās laodīlātās Passive Present laodīks Aorist laodissiāks Future laodīlāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present laodire laodigon Aorist laodije laodissigon Future laodīlare — Perfect — lāettagon Past Habitual lāettre — Passive Present — laodikson Aorist laodissiarza laodissiakson Future laodīlaksa — Perfect lāetta lāettakson Past Habitual lāettiarza —

O-Stems

Conjugation of pilogon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present pilon pilō pilos pilī pilōt pilosi Aorist pilossin pilossia pilossis pilossiti pilossiat pilossi Future pilēnna pilēlā pilēlza pilēli pilēlāt pilēlzi Imperfect pilēlen pilēlē pilēles pilēlin pilēlēt pilēlis Perfect pilotan pilotā pilotas piloti pilotāt pilotis Pluperfect piloten pilotē pilotes pilotin pilotēt Past Habitual pilotin pilotia pilotis pilotiti pilotiat pilotisi Passive Present piloks pilōks piloks piloksi pilōks piloksi Aorist pilossiks pilossiaks pilossiks pilossiksi pilossiaks pilossiksi Future pilēlaks pilēlāks pilēlaks pilēliks pilēlāks pilēliks Imperfect pilēleks pilēlēks pilēleks pilēlēks Perfect pilotaks pilotāks pilotaks pilotaksi pilotāks pilotaksi Pluperfect piloteks pilotēks piloteks pilotiks pilotēks pilotiks Past Habitual pilotiks pilotiaks pilotiks pilotiksi pilotiaks pilotiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present pilvon pilvō pilvos pilvoty pilvōt pilvosy Aorist pilossun pilossua pilossus pilossuty pilossuat pilossusy Future pilēlun pilēlū pilēlus pilēluty pilēlūt pilēlusy Imperfect pilēlon pilēlō pilēlos pilēloty pilēlōt pilēlosy Perfect piloton pilotō pilotos pilototy pilotōt pilotosy Pluperfect Past Habitual pilotun pilotua pilotus pilotuty pilotuat pilotusy Passive Present pilvoks pilvōks pilvoks pilvoksy pilvōks pilvoksy Aorist pilossuks pilossuaks pilossuks pilossuksy pilossuaks pilossuksy Future pilēluks pilēlūks pilēluks pilēluksy pilēlūks pilēluksy Imperfect pilēloks pilēlōks pilēloks pilēloksy pilēlōks pilēloksy Perfect pilotoks pilotōks pilotoks pilotoksy pilotōks pilotoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual pilotuks pilotuaks pilotuks pilotuksy pilotuaks pilotuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present pilōs pilōtōs Aorist pilossiās pilossiātās Future pilēlās pilēlātās Passive Present pilōks Aorist pilossiāks Future pilēlāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present pilore pilogon Aorist piloje pilossigon Future pilēlare — Perfect — pilotagon Past Habitual pilotre — Passive Present — pilokson Aorist pilossiarza pilossiakson Future pilēlaksa — Perfect pilota pilotakson Past Habitual pilotiarza —

U-Stems

Conjugation of lurugon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present lurun lurū lurus lurī lurūt lurusi Aorist lurussin lurussia lurussis lurussiti lurussiat lurussi Future lurīnna lurīlā lurīlza lurīli lurīlāt lurīlzi Imperfect lurīlen lurīlē lurīles lurīlin lurīlēt lurīlis Perfect lurutan lurutā lurutas luruti lurutāt lurutis Pluperfect luruten lurutē lurutes lurutin lurutēt Past Habitual lurutin lurutia lurutis lurutiti lurutiat lurutisi Passive Present luruks lurūks luruks luruksi lurūks luruksi Aorist lurussiks lurussiaks lurussiks lurussiksi lurussiaks lurussiksi Future lurīlaks lurīlāks lurīlaks lurīliks lurīlāks lurīliks Imperfect lurīleks lurīlēks lurīleks lurīlēks Perfect lurutaks lurutāks lurutaks lurutaksi lurutāks lurutaksi Pluperfect luruteks lurutēks luruteks lurutiks lurutēks lurutiks Past Habitual lurutiks lurutiaks lurutiks lurutiksi lurutiaks lurutiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present lurvon lurvō lurvos lurvoty lurvōt lurvosy Aorist lurussun lurussua lurussus lurussuty lurussuat lurussusy Future lurīlun lurīlū lurīlus lurīluty lurīlūt lurīlusy Imperfect lurīlon lurīlō lurīlos lurīloty lurīlōt lurīlosy Perfect luruton lurutō lurutos lurutoty lurutōt lurutosy Pluperfect Past Habitual lurutun lurutua lurutus lurututy lurutuat lurutusy Passive Present lurvoks lurvōks lurvoks lurvoksy lurvōks lurvoksy Aorist lurussuks lurussuaks lurussuks lurussuksy lurussuaks lurussuksy Future lurīluks lurīlūks lurīluks lurīluksy lurīlūks lurīluksy Imperfect lurīloks lurīlōks lurīloks lurīloksy lurīlōks lurīloksy Perfect lurutoks lurutōks lurutoks lurutoksy lurutōks lurutoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual lurutuks lurutuaks lurutuks lurutuksy lurutuaks lurutuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present lurūs lurūtūs Aorist lurussiās lurussiātās Future lurīlās lurīlātās Passive Present lurūks Aorist lurussiāks Future lurīlāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present lurure lurugon Aorist luruje lurussigon Future lurīlare — Perfect — lurutagon Past Habitual lurutre — Passive Present — lurukson Aorist lurussiarza lurussiakson Future lurīlaksa — Perfect luruta lurutakson Past Habitual lurutiarza —

Subjunctive Stem Subtype

Conjugation of nehugon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present nehun nehū nehus nehī nehūt nehusi Aorist nehussin nehussia nehussis nehussiti nehussiat nehussi Future nehīnna nehīlā nehīlza nehīli nehīlāt nehīlzi Imperfect nehīlen nehīlē nehīles nehīlin nehīlēt nehīlis Perfect nehutan nehutā nehutas nehuti nehutāt nehutis Pluperfect nehuten nehutē nehutes nehutin nehutēt Past Habitual nehutin nehutia nehutis nehutiti nehutiat nehutisi Passive Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Past Habitual Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present nēvon nēvō nēvos nēvoty nēvōt nēvosy Aorist nehussun nehussua nehussus nehussuty nehussuat nehussusy Future nehīlun nehīlū nehīlus nehīluty nehīlūt nehīlusy Imperfect nehīlon nehīlō nehīlos nehīloty nehīlōt nehīlosy Perfect nehuton nehutō nehutos nehutoty nehutōt nehutosy Pluperfect Past Habitual nehutun nehutua nehutus nehututy nehutuat nehutusy Passive Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Past Habitual Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present nehūs nehūtūs Aorist nehussiās nehussiātās Future nehīlās nehīlātās Passive Present Aorist Future Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present nehure nehugon Aorist nehuje nehussigon Future nehīlare — Perfect nehuta nehutagon Past Habitual nehutre — Passive Present — Aorist Future — Perfect Past Habitual —

Irregular Verbs

Emagon

Conjugation of emagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present eman emā ēza emi emāt ēzi Aorist emin emia emis emiti emiat emisi Future eminna emilā emilza emili emilāt emilzi Imperfect emilen emilē emiles emilin emilēt emilis Perfect ēdan ēdā ēdas ēdi ēdāt ēdis Pluperfect ēden ēdē ēdes ēdin ēdēt Past Habitual ēdin ēdia ēdis ēditi ēdiat ēdisi Passive Present emaks emāks emaks emaksi emāks emaksi Aorist emiks emiaks emiks emiksi emiaks emiksi Future emilaks emilāks emilaks emiliks emilāks emiliks Imperfect emileks emilēks emileks emilēks Perfect ēdaks ēdāks ēdaks ēdaksi ēdāks ēdaksi Pluperfect ēdeks ēdēks ēdeks ēdiks ēdēks ēdiks Past Habitual ēdiks ēdiaks ēdiks ēdiksi ēdiaks ēdiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present emon emō emos emoty emōt emosy Aorist emun emua emus emuty emuat emusy Future emilun emilū emilus emiluty emilūt emilusy Imperfect emilon emilō emilos emiloty emilōt emilosy Perfect ēdon ēdō ēdos ēdoty ēdōt ēdosy Pluperfect Past Habitual ēdun ēdua ēdus ēduty ēduat ēdusy Passive Present emoks emōks emoks emoksy emōks emoksy Aorist emuks emuaks emuks emuksy emuaks emuksy Future emiluks emilūks emiluks emiluksy emilūks emiluksy Imperfect emiloks emilōks emiloks emiloksy emilōks emiloksy Perfect ēdoks ēdōks ēdoks ēdoksy ēdōks ēdoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual ēduks ēduaks ēduks ēduksy ēduaks ēduksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present emās emātās Aorist emiās emiātās Future emilās emilātās Passive Present emāks Aorist emiāks Future emilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present emare emagon Aorist emire emigon Future emilare — Perfect — ēdagon Past Habitual ēdre — Passive Present — emakson Aorist emiarza emiakson Future emilaksa — Perfect ēda ēdakson Past Habitual ēdiarza —

Gaomagon

Conjugation of gaomagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present gaoman gaomā gaomas,
gōza gaomi gaomāt gaomis,
gōzi Aorist gaomin gaomia gaomis gaomiti gaomiat gaomisi Future gaominna gaomilā gaomilza gaomili gaomilāt gaomilzi Imperfect gaomilen gaomilē gaomiles gaomilin gaomilēt gaomilis Perfect gōntan gōntā gōntas gōnti gōntāt gōntis Pluperfect gōnten gōntē gōntes gōntin gōntēt Past Habitual gōntin gōntia gōntis gōntiti gōntiat gōntisi Passive Present gaomaks gaomāks gaomaks gaomaksi gaomāks gaomaksi Aorist gaomiks gaomiaks gaomiks gaomiksi gaomiaks gaomiksi Future gaomilaks gaomilāks gaomilaks gaomiliks gaomilāks gaomiliks Imperfect gaomileks gaomilēks gaomileks gaomilēks Perfect gōntaks gōntāks gōntaks gōntaksi gōntāks gōntaksi Pluperfect gōnteks gōntēks gōnteks gōntiks gōntēks gōntiks Past Habitual gōntiks gōntiaks gōntiks gōntiksi gōntiaks gōntiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present gaomon gaomō gaomos gaomoty gaomōt gaomosy Aorist gaomun gaomua gaomus gaomuty gaomuat gaomusy Future gaomilun gaomilū gaomilus gaomiluty gaomilūt gaomilusy Imperfect gaomilon gaomilō gaomilos gaomiloty gaomilōt gaomilosy Perfect gōnton gōntō gōntos gōntoty gōntōt gōntosy Pluperfect Past Habitual gōntun gōntua gōntus gōntuty gōntuat gōntusy Passive Present gaomoks gaomōks gaomoks gaomoksy gaomōks gaomoksy Aorist gaomuks gaomuaks gaomuks gaomuksy gaomuaks gaomuksy Future gaomiluks gaomilūks gaomiluks gaomiluksy gaomilūks gaomiluksy Imperfect gaomiloks gaomilōks gaomiloks gaomiloksy gaomilōks gaomiloksy Perfect gōntoks gōntōks gōntoks gōntoksy gōntōks gōntoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual gōntuks gōntuaks gōntuks gōntuksy gōntuaks gōntuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present gaomās gaomātās Aorist gaomiās gaomiātās Future gaomilās gaomilātās Passive Present gaomāks Aorist gaomiāks Future gaomilāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present gaomare gaomagon Aorist gaomire gaomigon Future gaomilare — Perfect — gōntagon Past Habitual gōntre — Passive Present — gaomakson Aorist gaomiarza gaomiakson Future gaomilaksa — Perfect gōnta gōntakson Past Habitual gōntiarza —

Sagon

Conjugation of sagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present iksan iksā issa iksi iksāt issi Aorist iksin sia iksis siti siat sisi Future kesan kesā kessa kesi kesāt kessi Imperfect īlen īlē īles īlin īlēt īlis Perfect istan istā istas isti istāt istis Pluperfect isten istē istes istin istēt Past Habitual istin istia istis istiti istiat istisi Passive Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Past Habitual Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ikson iksō iksos soty iksōt sosy Aorist iksun sua iksus suty suat susy Future keson kesō kesos kesoty kesōt kesosy Imperfect īlon īlō īlos īloty īlōt īlosy Perfect iston istō istos istoty istōt istosy Pluperfect Past Habitual istun istua istus istuty istuat istusy Passive Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Past Habitual Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present sās sātās Aorist siās siātās Future kesās kesātās Passive Present Aorist Future Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present issare sagon Aorist issire sigon Future kesare — Perfect ista istagon Past Habitual istre — Passive Present — Aorist Future — Perfect Past Habitual —

Jagon

Conjugation of jagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present jān jā is jī jāt isi Aorist jin ja jis jiti jat jisi Future īnna īlā īlza īli īlāt īlzi Imperfect īlen īlē īles īlin īlēt īlis Perfect istan istā istas isti istāt istis Pluperfect isten istē istes istin istēt Past Habitual idin idia idis iditi idiat idisi Passive Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Past Habitual Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present jon jō jos joty jōt josy Aorist jun jua jus juty juat jusy Future īlun īlū īlus īluty īlūt īlusy Imperfect īlon īlō īlos īloty īlōt īlosy Perfect iston istō istos istoty istōt istosy Pluperfect Past Habitual idun idua idus iduty iduat idusy Passive Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Past Habitual Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present jās jātās Aorist jās jātās Future īlās īlātās Passive Present Aorist Future Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present jare jagon Aorist jire jigon Future īlare — Perfect ista istagon Past Habitual idre — Passive Present — Aorist Future — Perfect Past Habitual —

Ilagon

Conjugation of ilagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ilan ilā ilza ili ilāt ilzi Aorist ilin ilia ilis iliti iliat ilisi Future unna ulā ulza uli ulāt ulzi Imperfect ulen ulē ules ulin ulēt ulis Perfect iltan iltā iltas ilti iltāt iltis Pluperfect ilten iltē iltes iltin iltēt Past Habitual iltin iltia iltis iltiti iltiat iltisi Passive Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Past Habitual Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present ilon ilō ilos iloty ilōt ilosy Aorist ilun ilua ilus iluty iluat ilusy Future ulun ulū ulus uluty ulūt ulusy Imperfect ulon ulō ulos uloty ulōt ulosy Perfect ilton iltō iltos iltoty iltōt iltosy Pluperfect Past Habitual iltun iltua iltus iltuty iltuat iltusy Passive Present Aorist Future Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Past Habitual Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present ilās ilātās Aorist iliās iliātās Future ulās ulātās Passive Present Aorist Future Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present ilare ilagon Aorist ilire iligon Future ulare — Perfect ilta iltagon Past Habitual iltre — Passive Present — Aorist Future — Perfect Past Habitual —

Sahagon

Conjugation of sahagon Indicative Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present sān sā sas sē sāt sēs Aorist sīn saja sēs sēti sajat sēsi Future sīnna sīlā sīlza sīli sīlāt sīlzi Imperfect sīlen sīlē sīles sīlin sīlēt sīlis Perfect sētan sētā sētas sēti sētāt sētis Pluperfect sēten sētē sētes sētin sētēt Past Habitual sētin sētia sētis sētiti sētiat sētisi Passive Present sāks sāks sāks sāksi sāks sāksi Aorist sēks sajaks sēks sēksi sajaks sēksi Future sīlaks sīlāks sīlaks sīliks sīlāks sīliks Imperfect sīleks sīlēks sīleks sīlēks Perfect sētaks sētāks sētaks sētaksi sētāks sētaksi Pluperfect sēteks sētēks sēteks sētiks sētēks sētiks Past Habitual sētiks sētiaks sētiks sētiksi sētiaks sētiksi Subjunctive Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal First Person Second Person Third Person First Person Second Person Third Person Active Present sahon sahō sahos sahoty sahōt sahosy Aorist sahun sahua sahus sahuty sahuat sahusy Future sīlun sīlū sīlus sīluty sīlūt sīlusy Imperfect sīlon sīlō sīlos sīloty sīlōt sīlosy Perfect sēton sētō sētos sētoty sētōt sētosy Pluperfect Past Habitual sētun sētua sētus sētuty sētuat sētusy Passive Present sahoks sahōks sahoks sahoksy sahōks sahoksy Aorist sahuks sahuaks sahuks sahuksy sahuaks sahuksy Future sīluks sīlūks sīluks sīluksy sīlūks sīluksy Imperfect sīloks sīlōks sīloks sīloksy sīlōks sīloksy Perfect sētoks sētōks sētoks sētoksy sētōks sētoksy Pluperfect Past Habitual sētuks sētuaks sētuks sētuksy sētuaks sētuksy Imperative Second Person Singular/Collective Plural/Paucal Active Present sās sātās Aorist sajās sajātās Future sīlās sīlātās Passive Present sāks Aorist sajāks Future sīlāks Non-finite Participle Infinitive Active Present sāre sahagon Aorist sahire sahigon Future sīlare — Perfect — sētagon Past Habitual sētre — Passive Present — sahakson Aorist sajarza sajakson Future sīlaksa — Perfect sēta sētakson Past Habitual sētiarza —

Verb Derivation

Main article: Verbal Prefixes

Instrumental Passive

The instrumental passive form of a verb describe actions directed from inanimate grammatical subjects, such as instruments and inanimate objects. The instrumental passive promotes an instrument (a noun in the instrumental case) to the subject. For some (but not all) verbs, the instrumental passive form is also mandatory if the subject is inanimate, even if it is not, strictly, an instrument. It is formed with the prefix a- (which may also take the forms h-, s- and z-, depending on the phonological structure of the word).

Oblique Applicative

The oblique applicative promotes an indirect object (a noun in the dative case) to the direct object (which takes the accusative). It is formed with the prefix i- (which may take the form j-, depending on the phonological structure of the word). The prefixed form may take additional adpositional prefixes.

Locative Applicative

The locative applicative promotes the object of an adpositional phrase to a type of indirect object, which is in the dative case, or genitive if the noun is singular and the verb, which the noun must immediately precede, begins with a vowel. It is formed with the prefix u- (which may take the form v-, depending on the phonological structure of the word). The prefixed form may take additional adpositional prefixes, which may alter the form of the applicative prefix (for example, hemb- and vao-).

Numerals

Main article: Appendix:High Valyrian numerals

For grammatical number, see above.

High Valyrian has both cardinal and ordinal numerals. Cardinal numerals are used for counting items (e.g. one, two, three etc.). In High Valyrian, they can be declinable adjectives of any class, indeclinable adjectives, as well as nouns, and combinations thereof. Ordinal numerals describe the position of an item in a sequence (e.g. first, second, third etc.). In High Valyrian, they are all class III adjectives. Known numerals are listed as follows:

	Cardinal	Ordinal
1	mēre, -ior	ēlie, -ior
2	lanta, -ys, -on, -or	tȳne, -ior
3	hāre, -ior	saelie, -ior
4	izula, -ys, -on, -or	izunnie, -ior
5	tōma, -ys, -on, -or	tōmelie, -ior
6	bȳre, -ior	byllie, -ior
7	sīkuda, -ys, -on, -or	sīglie, -ior
8	jēnqa, -ys, -on, -or	jēnqelie, -ior
9	vōre, -ior	vollie, -ior
10	ampa	amplie, -ior
11	mēre ampā	kūrie, -ior
12	lanta ampā	ñallie, -ior
13	hāre ampā	saelie ampā
14	izula ampā	izunnie ampā
15	tōma ampā	tōmelie ampā
16	bȳre ampā	byllie ampā
17	sīkuda ampā	sīglie ampā
18	jēnqa ampā	jēnqelie ampā
19	vōre ampā	vollie ampā
20	lantēpsa	lantīblie, -ior
30	hārēpsa	hārīblie, -ior
40	izulēpsa	izulīblie, -ior
50	tōmēpsa	tōmīblie, -ior
60	bȳrēpsa	bȳrīblie, -ior
70	sīkudēpsa	sīkudīblie, -ior
80	jēnqēpsa	jēnqīblie, -ior
90	vōrēpsa	vōrīblie, -ior
100	gār	gallie, -ior
200	langār	langallie, -ior
300	hārgār	hārgallie, -ior
400	zūgār	zūgallie, -ior
500	tōngār	tōngallie, -ior
600	bȳrgār	bȳrgallie, -ior
700	sīgār