Appendix:Veda pronunciation
The Veda language has 28 consonants, 6 vowels, and 2 glides.
Standard Romanization
Letter | IPA | English example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
a | a | father | |
b | b | bog | |
ch | tʃ | chop | |
d | d | dog | |
e | e | bait | |
f | f | food | |
g | g | good | |
gh | ɣ~ʁ | - | Like Arabic gh in maghrab. |
i | i | beet | |
j | dʒ | jet | |
k | k | skill | |
kh | x~χ | - | Like German ch in Buch. |
l | l | left | |
m | m | man | |
n | n | no | |
ng | ŋ | sing | Can occur word-initially. |
ny | ɲ | New York (certain pronunciations) | Like Spanish ñ. |
o | o | coat | |
p | p | span | |
q | q | - | Like a [k] but further back in the mouth. |
r | ɾ | battle | |
s | s | see | |
sh | ʃ | sheep | |
t | t | stop | |
u | u | rude | |
v | v | voice | |
w | w | wet | |
y | j | yawn | |
z | z | zoo | |
zh | ʒ | casual |
Phonetics
Veda uses [ǝ] as a phoneme, with equal status to all the other vowels. It also features word-initial [ŋ].
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | (ny [ɲ]) | ng [ŋ] | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p [p] | t [t], ts [ts] | ch [tʃ] | k [k] | q [q] | ' [ʔ] |
voiced | b [b] | d [d], dz [dz] | j [dʒ] | g [g] | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] | sh [ʃ] | kh [x~χ] | ||
voiced | v [v] | z [z] | zh [ʒ] | gh [ɣ~ʁ] | |||
Lateral | l [l] | ||||||
Approximant | w [w] | r [ɾ] | y [j] |
Vowels
Veda has 6 phonetically distinct vowels:
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i [i] | u [u] | |
Mid | e [e] | ǝ [ǝ] | o [o] |
Open | a [a] |
Diphthongs
Veda has two diphthongs: yu and wi.