Vōv Grammar: Difference between revisions

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==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Nouns decline for case and number. The cases include nominative (unmarked), accusative (marked with ''s-'', from a root meaning "touch"), dative (''n-''/''m-'', "give"), and genitive (''gi-'', "come"). Plural number can be marked by reduplication, for example ''nah'' "way, path" ́~ ''nanah'' "ways, paths".
Nouns decline for case and number. The cases include nominative (unmarked), accusative (marked with ''s-'', from a root meaning "touch"), dative (''n-''/''m-'', "give"), genitive (''gi-'', "come"), and locative (''v-'', "stay"). Plural number is marked by partial reduplication, for example ''nah'' "way" ́~ ''nanah'' "ways".


===Possession===
===Possession===
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! !! First Person !! Second Person !! Third Person
! !! First Person !! Second Person  
|-
|-
! Singular
! Singular
| -um || -vā ||
| -(h)um || -vā
|-
|-
! Plural
! Plural
| -loi ||  ||  
| -loi ||  
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | Singular !! colspan=3 | Plural
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
|-
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person  !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| hum || vā ||  || lō ||  ||
| hum || vā || lō/loi ||   
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| || svā ||  || slō || sǝsǝr ||
| sum || svā || slō || sǝsǝr  
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| nhum || mvā ||  ||  ||  ||
| nhum || mvā ||  ||   
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
|  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
| gihum ||  ||  ||   
|-
! Locative
|  || ||  || 
|}
|}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
The demonstrative pronouns include the proximal demonstratives ''mem'' "this" and ''qen'' "these," as well as the distal ''ruk'' "that" and ''tōn'' "those." The demonstratives are used in place of third-person pronouns.


===Interrogative pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
The interrogative pronoun ''sik'' can be translated as both "what" and "who." It can also be used as a determiner in constructions like ''ginah sik'' "how," literally "of what way."
The interrogative pronoun ''sik'' can be translated as both "what" and "who." It can also be used as a determiner in constructions like ''ginah sik'' "how," literally "by what way."
'


==Determiners==
==Determiners==
Vōv has demonstratives, for example the proximal demonstrative ''mem'' "this."
Demonstrative determiners are mostly the same as the demonstrative pronouns. When used attributively, they can suffix to the nouns they modify.


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
Adjectives used predicatively work like stative verbs in Vōv, and inflect accordingly.  
Adjectives used predicatively work like stative verbs in Vōv, and inflect accordingly, such as in ''hīnimik'' "I am happy" or "I will be happy." When used attributively, they can suffix to the nouns they modify, such as in ''kailī'' "sweet voice" (with ''lī'' meaning "sweet.")


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! !! First Person !! Second Person !! Third Person
! !! First Person !! Second Person  
|-
|-
! Singular
! Singular
| -(u)m || -v(ā) ||
| -um/-m || -vā/-va/-v
|-
|-
! Plural
! Plural
| -l(ō) ||  ||  
| -loi/-lō/-l || -s
|}  
|}  


Verbs are also marked for tense. The tenses include present (unmarked), past (marked with ''-aur'', from a root meaning "die,") and future (''-ik''/''-īk'', "straight.")
Verbs are also marked for tense. The tenses include present (unmarked), past (marked with ''-aur'', from a root meaning "die"), and two future tenses (''-ik''/''-īk'', "straight" as well as ''-ūv''/''-uv'', "long").


===Negation===
===Negation===


Negation is marked with the negative verb ''ul(l)-'', which takes the agreement in person and number, with the verb being negated following it uninflected.  
Negation is marked with the negative verb ''ul'', which takes the tense and agreement marking, with the verb being negated following it uninflected.  




[[Category:Vōv language|Grammar]]
[[Category:Vōv language|Grammar]]
[[Category:Grammar pages]]
[[Category:Grammar pages]]

Latest revision as of 22:51, 27 March 2024

Vōv Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Lyrics

Vōv is an agglutinative language. The language is mostly head-initial. Adjectives and determiners follow the nouns they modify.

Nouns

Nouns decline for case and number. The cases include nominative (unmarked), accusative (marked with s-, from a root meaning "touch"), dative (n-/m-, "give"), genitive (gi-, "come"), and locative (v-, "stay"). Plural number is marked by partial reduplication, for example nah "way" ́~ nanah "ways".

Possession

Possession in nouns is marked by possessive suffixes:

First Person Second Person
Singular -(h)um -vā
Plural -loi

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns decline for case and number. The personal pronouns of Vōv are shown in the following table:

Singular Plural
1st Person 2nd Person 1st Person 2nd Person
Nominative hum vā lō/loi
Accusative sum svā slō sǝsǝr
Dative nhum mvā
Genitive gihum
Locative

Demonstrative pronouns

The demonstrative pronouns include the proximal demonstratives mem "this" and qen "these," as well as the distal ruk "that" and tōn "those." The demonstratives are used in place of third-person pronouns.

Interrogative pronouns

The interrogative pronoun sik can be translated as both "what" and "who." It can also be used as a determiner in constructions like ginah sik "how," literally "by what way."

Determiners

Demonstrative determiners are mostly the same as the demonstrative pronouns. When used attributively, they can suffix to the nouns they modify.

Adjectives

Adjectives used predicatively work like stative verbs in Vōv, and inflect accordingly, such as in hīnimik "I am happy" or "I will be happy." When used attributively, they can suffix to the nouns they modify, such as in kailī "sweet voice" (with lī meaning "sweet.")

Verbs

Verbs in Vōv agree with their subjects in person and number. This is marked by suffixes:

First Person Second Person
Singular -um/-m -vā/-va/-v
Plural -loi/-lō/-l -s

Verbs are also marked for tense. The tenses include present (unmarked), past (marked with -aur, from a root meaning "die"), and two future tenses (-ik/-īk, "straight" as well as -ūv/-uv, "long").

Negation

Negation is marked with the negative verb ul, which takes the tense and agreement marking, with the verb being negated following it uninflected.

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