User:Najahho/High Valyrian Derivational Affixes: Difference between revisions
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*''cf. AV ''{{AVlex|nagostovave|na·gostovave}} "weakness" | *''cf. AV ''{{AVlex|nagostovave|na·gostovave}} "weakness" | ||
'''- | '''-ōñe'''{{ID|-ōña}} ''adj. II'': | ||
* {{HVlex| | * {{HVlex|embōñe|emb·ōñe}} "aquatic" | ||
* {{HVlex| | * {{HVlex|tegōñe|teg·ōñe}} '"terrestrial" | ||
'''-sīha'''{{ID|-sīha}}, '''-īha'''{{ID|-īha}} ''adj. I'': ''probably forms gentilics, like English ''-ian''. | '''-sīha'''{{ID|-sīha}}, '''-īha'''{{ID|-īha}} ''adj. I'': ''probably forms gentilics, like English ''-ian''. | ||
Revision as of 12:42, 13 June 2021
Derivational affixes are prefixes and suffixes used to create a new word, as opposed to inflectional affixes, which are used to inflect an existing word. In some cases it is debatable whether a particular affix is inflectional or derivational; in general, such questionable affixes are included here just in case.
Adjectives
do-, dor- forms negatives:
- dor·olvie "few"
- Dor·zalty "Unburnt", substantivized form of *dorzalta "unburnt" < do- + zalta
- Do·vaogēdy "Unsullied", substantivized form of *dovaogēda "unsullied" < do- + *vaogemagon
-enka adj. I:
- gēl·enka "silver"
- hūr·enka "lunar"
- nēd·enka "brave"
- qupt·enka "Common" prob. literally "pagan."
- vez·enka "solar"
- poss. hēnka "the same"
-lie adj. III, allophones -rie, -nie.
- tōme·lie "fifth"
- (See High Valyrian Number System for other examples.)
nā- forms negatives (also used for other parts of speech):
- nā·morghūlilare -ior "immortal"[1]
- cf. AV na·gostovave "weakness"
-ōñe adj. II:
-sīha, -īha adj. I: probably forms gentilics, like English -ian.
- *Vestero·sīha: "Westerosi"[2]
- *Valyr·īha: "Valyrian"
Adverbs
-ī (for class II and III adjectives), -irī (for class I): basic adverbial suffix.
- ader·ī: "soon"
- arl·ī: "back, again"
- hēnk·irī: "together"
- mēr·ī: "only, alone"
- mor·ī: "finally" (if this is not better analyzed as a locative)
- rōvēg·rī (irreg.): "greatly"
- sȳr·ī: "well"
- tol·ī: "above; afterwards"
- trūm·irī: "deeply"
-kydoso: forms adverbs. (Cf. AV -kydho.)
- kes·kydoso: "in this way," "thusly," "similarly"
- skor·kydoso: "in what way?" "How?"
Nouns
-albar 1lun.: augmentive.
-āzma 1lun.: augmentive.[3] Seems to form nouns from verbs, somewhat like English -ing, -tion.
- brāed·āzma "bronze."
- jelm·āzma "storm."
- nūm·āzma "meaning."
- vīlīb·āzma "war."
-illa 1aq° (note anomalous gender)[4]: Meaning uncertain
- aver·illa "wine."
-io 3lun.: augmentative, that is, specifically the opposite of the diminutive.
- kēl·io "lion ('great cat.')"
- poss. nūm·io "pearl ('great seed.')"
- poss. ōdr·io "wound ('great damage.')"
- possibly also the source of Low Valyrian names like Syrio, Daario.
-ītsos 2sol.: diminutive.
- riñ·ītsos "little child, little girl"
- zokl·ītsos "little wolf"
-lion (for V-fin), -ion (for C-fin), 3ter. Generally indicates a place where something is done.
- limalion "crying place." A nonce word, which DJP coined as an example.
- urnēb·ion "watch." Not a place, but seems to be an example of this suffix.
-non 3ter.: used to form nouns from verbs.
- hep·non "climb."
- ideren·non "choice."
- vaorez·non "favor."
-tys 2Sol.: a common noun ending, possibly originating from the perfect participle. Seems to be especially frequent in the names of professions.
- azan·tys "soldier"
- belmur·tys "slaver"
- jen·tys "leader"
- lok·tys "sailer"
- men·tys "soldier "
- qup·tys "heathen"
- vok·tys "priest"
-ves 4Sol.: forms abstract nouns out of adjectives, like English -ness.
- biar·ves: "jubilation"
- dāer·ves: "freedom."
- *kirim·ves: "happiness," presupposed by HV kirim·vose "thank you," which appears to literally mean with happiness.
- *ader·ves: "swiftness," presupposed by AV adhir·ve.
- cf. AV nagostova·ve "weakness"
Verbs
- See also High Valyrian Verbal Prefixes
a-, h-, s-, z-: instrumental-passive.[5] Promotes an instrument to the subject of the sentence.
- a·jomemēbagon "to rage on."
- h·ezīmagon "to split."
bē-: upon. Identical to the postposition bē.
- bē·vilagon "to be incumbent on."
-ēbagon, -ībagon, -ūbagon v.C-fin (vowel appears to echo the last in the verb stem if C-fin., or combine with the final vowel if V-fin.): Probably has no meaning in itself,[6] but rather is used to create verbs.
- ajomem·ēb·agon "to rage on."
- mem·ēb·agon "to advance."
- dekur·ūb·agon "to walk."
- der·ēb·agon "to gather."
- ider·ēb·agon "to choose."
- pik·ībagon "to read."
- sytilīb·agon "to belong."
- sytivīl·īb·agon "to fight for"
- urn·ēb·agon "to watch."
-emagon v.C-fin.: Factitive. In combination with an adjectival root means "to give something a certain quality." Appears to derive from emagon, but it is uncertain if verbs of this type share its irregularities.
- qan·emagon "to sharpen" (cf. qana)
- *qub·emagon "to worsen"? (presupposed by AV quvemagho.)
- *vaog·emagon "to dirty" (presupposed by dovaogēdy, cf. also vaogenka.)
gō-: under, beneath. Identical to the postposition gō.
- gō·vilagon "to lie beneath"
h-, an allomorph of a-
i-, j-: oblique applicative. Causes a verb that might otherwise have an argument in some other case to take an accusative object instead[7]
- i·derēbagon "to choose" (but takes a genitive or dative object!)
- i·vestragon "to say to," "to tell"
- syt·i·vīlībagon "to fight for"
- syt·i·lībagon "to belong to"
- j·iōragon "to accept"
- *i·limagon (thus far unattested, but presupposed by AV ilimagho).
-ībagon, see -ēbagon.
j-: An allomorph of i-.
jo-: "continue."
- a·jo·memēbagon "to rage on."
- jo·mōzugon "to keep getting drunk."
- jo·hegagon "to keep slaughtering."
maz-: "come," from the verb māzigon.
- maz·emagon "to take"
- maz·ōregon "to receive"
nā-: negates or reverse the action. Identical to the adjectival prefix:
- nā·dīnagon "to remove."
- *nā·rijagon, presupposed by na·rijagho "to shame."
oz-, os-: an intensifier, without much meaning of its own.
- os·sēnagaon "to slay" (cf. AV senagho.)
qrin-, qrim- , qrī-: "pejorative," indicates something done improperly, somewhat like English "mis-."
- qrī·drughagon "to throw away."
- qrim·brōzagon "to curse."
- qrin·gaomagon "to fail."
s-, an allomorph of a-
syt-: "for," from the postposition syt. Often followed by i-.
- syt·ivīlībagon "to fight for"
- syt·ilībagon "to belong to"
- Cf. AV syd·livagho "to have to"
u-, v-, b-: Locative applicative. Causes a verb that might otherwise have an argument in some other case to take a dative or genitive object instead, generally with spatial reference.
- bē·vilagon "to be incumbent on."
- gō·v·ilagon "to lie beneath"
- hen·u·jagon "to go from, leave, exit"
- u·nektogon "to slice out"
- *u·māzigon (thus far unattested, but presupposed by AV umazigho "to find.")
-ūljagon v. C-fin.: Inchoative, with an adjective root indicates entering a state.
- morgh·ūljagon "to die."
- rāp·ūljagon "to soften."
- *ob·ūljagon "to surrender" (presupposed by obūljarion.)
- Cf. AV lod·uli "we make certain."
z-, an allomorph of a-
Notes
- ↑ http://dedalvs.tumblr.com/post/51979081366/i-must-say-i-love-your-work-is-there-a-translation
- ↑ "Nope. There is another possibility here, and it has to do with the ending -zia (or, in High Valyrian proper, -sīha)." —DJP, regarding the AV word Vesterozia
- ↑ http://www.dothraki.com/2013/04/sesir-urnebion-z%C8%B3hon-keliton-issa/#comment-3267
- ↑ https://twitter.com/Dedalvs/status/451761993121161216
- ↑ https://twitter.com/Dedalvs/status/373584938353717248
- ↑ Cf. "Also, it might help to know that, even though not all the affixes have any meaning, but the second word segments as syt-i-vīl-īb-il-āt. —DJP
- ↑ So, for instance, Yne ivestrās means more or less the same thing as ynot vestrās. There are some, rare exceptions to this rule, such as iderēbagon, which takes a dative or genitive object, in spite of the i- prefix.