Zemeni Grammar

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Zemeni is an agglutinative language.

Phonology

Main page: Appendix:Zemeni pronunciation

An important phonetic rule is that high vowels lower after glides, which plays a role in many of the inflectional paradigms.

Nouns

Nouns inflect only for singular and plural number. The plural marker is a prefix which comes from an historic word *is- ("all"), which also gave rise to the plural pronouns. The following table shows examples of singular and plural forms for noun roots with different initials:

Initial	Singular	Plural
Vowel, Voiceless Stop/Affricate	ara	isara
Voiced Stop/Affricate	gambo	iskambo
Nasal	neri	izneri
Liquid	remba	izhremba
Glide	yavi	ishavi
Fricative	khaze	ikkhaze
Glottal	hon	ison

Pronouns

Pronouns decline for case, number and person. The cases are nominative and accusative, and the numbers singular and plural. In addition to first, second and third-person pronouns, there is also an inclusive dual pronoun, with no number and case distinctions. The pronouns decline as follows:

	Singular		Plural
	Nominative	Accusative	Nominative	Accusative
First Person	avi	av	isi	ek
Second Person	o		iso	is
Third Person	ene	en
Inclusive Dual	avo

Verbs

The infinitive form of a verb is marked with bes ("do") followed by a verbal noun, for example adawa ("fight") in the infinitive bes adawa ("to fight"). The forms adawe ("fight!") and adawesi ("we fight") are formed from the verb root adaw-, which goes against the common cross-linguistic tendency for roots to seldom end in a glide. Verbal nouns for verbs with roots ending in a glide are formed by copying the final vowel of the root as a suffix. Historically, bes being used with verbal nouns, which were zero-derived from the verb root, paired with the fact that roots ending in a glide required the addition of a copy vowel, resulted in the generalization that the addition of a copy vowel to the root forms a verbal noun.

The conjugation of adawa (vowel-initial, glide-final root) is depicted in the following chart:

		Active			Passive
		Non-Past	Perfect	Imperfect	Non-Past	Perfect	Imperfect
Singular	1st	adawa	kyadawa	inadawa	ezadawa	kyezadawa	inezadawa
	2nd	adawo	kyadawo	inadawo	ezadawo	kyezadawo	inezadawo
	3rd	adawene	kyadawene	inadawene	ezadawene	kyezadawene	inezadawene
Plural	1st	adawesi	kyadawesi	inadawesi	ezadawesi	kyezadawesi	inezadawesi
	2nd	adaweso	kyadaweso	inadaweso	ezadaweso	kyezadaweso	inezadaweso
	3rd
Infinitive		bes adawa	kibes adawa	imbes adawa	bes ezadawa	kibes ezadawa	imbes ezadawa
Imperative		adawe			ezadawe