Appendix:Gandal orthography: Difference between revisions

From The Languages of David J. Peterson
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
Line 5: Line 5:
==Orthography==
==Orthography==


The Gandal orthography, known as the Shul or "pure" script, directly evolves from [[Appendix:Welqor script|the orthography of Veda]].  
The Gandal alphabet, known as the Shul or "pure" script, directly evolves from [[Veda language|Veda]]'s script, the [[Appendix:Veda orthography|Welqor]] {{wl|abjad}}.  


===Consonants===
Though the script is now an alphabet that indicates every vowel, sound changes resulted in different letters standing for the same sounds and some letters having several possible readings. For instance, Veda's /q/ merged with /k/ in Gandal, so Shul has 2 ways to write /k/, and every doubled consonant is now pronounced like a single one.


The consonant glyphs of Gandal are shown with their Veda source in the following table:
===Letters===
 
The glyphs of Shul are shown with their Welqor source in the following table:


{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Phone !! Glyph !! Source
! Glyph !! Source !! Romanization !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| {{gand-orth|p}} || {{veda-orth|p}} || '''p''' || p ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|b}} || {{veda-orth|b}} || '''b''' || b ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|t}} || {{veda-orth|t}} || '''t''' || t ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|d}} || {{veda-orth|d}} || '''d''' || d ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|th}} || {{veda-orth|ts}} || '''th''' || θ ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|thy}} || {{veda-orth|tsy}} || '''ch''' || tʃ || Used to stand for [tsj], now stands for [tʃ] before other vowels.
|-
| {{gand-orth|thya}} || {{veda-orth|tsya}} || '''cha'''/'''chei''' || tʃɑ, tʃǝ, tʃe || See '''a''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|thyu}} || {{veda-orth|tsyu}} || '''chu'''/'''chaw''' || tʃu, tʃaw || See '''u''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|dh}} || {{veda-orth|dz}} || '''dh''' || ð ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|dhy}} || {{veda-orth|dzy}} || '''j''' || dʒ || Used to stand for [dzj], now stands for [dʒ] before other vowels.
|-
| {{gand-orth|dhya}} || {{veda-orth|dzya}} || '''ja'''/'''jei''' || dʒɑ, dʒǝ, dʒe || See '''a''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|dhyu}} || {{veda-orth|dzyu}} || '''ju'''/'''jaw''' || dʒu, dʒaw || See '''u''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|k}} || {{veda-orth|k}} || '''k''' || k ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|g}} || {{veda-orth|g}} || '''g''' || g ||
|-
|-
| '''p''' || {{gand-orth|p}} || {{veda-orth|p}}
| {{gand-orth|q}} || {{veda-orth|q}} || '''k''' || q || Used to stand for [q], now stands for [k] but causes retraction of a following vowel.
|-
|-
| '''b''' || {{gand-orth|b}} || {{veda-orth|b}}
| {{gand-orth|a}} || {{veda-orth|a}} || '''a'''/'''æ'''/'''ei''' || ɑ, ǝ, æ, e || Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [ɑ], [æ] or [e] depending on the environment.
|-
|-
| '''t''' || {{gand-orth|t}} || {{veda-orth|t}}
| {{gand-orth|e}} || {{veda-orth|e}} || '''e'''/'''a'''/'''i''' || ɛ, ǝ, i || Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [ɛ] or [i] depending on the environment.
|-
|-
| '''d''' || {{gand-orth|d}} || {{veda-orth|d}}
| {{gand-orth|o}} || {{veda-orth|o}} || '''o'''/'''a'''/'''u''' || o, ǝ, u || Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [o] or [u] depending on the environment.
|-
|-
| '''θ (''th'')''' || {{gand-orth|th}} || {{veda-orth|ts}}
| {{gand-orth|f}} || {{veda-orth|f}} || '''f''' || f ||
|-
|-
| '''ð (''dh'')''' || {{gand-orth|dh}} || {{veda-orth|dz}}
| {{gand-orth|v}} || {{veda-orth|v}} || '''v''' || v ||
|-
|-
| '''k''' || {{gand-orth|k}} || {{veda-orth|k}}
| {{gand-orth|s}} || {{veda-orth|s}} || '''s''' || s ||
|-
|-
| '''g''' || {{gand-orth|g}} || {{veda-orth|g}}
| {{gand-orth|sy}} || {{veda-orth|sy}} || '''sh''' || ʃ || Used to stand for [sj], now stands for [ʃ] before other vowels.
|-
|-
| '''k''' || {{gand-orth|q}} || {{veda-orth|q}}
| {{gand-orth|sya}} || {{veda-orth|sya}} || '''sha'''/'''shei''' || ʃɑ, ʃǝ, ʃe || See '''a''' for details about the realizations.
|-
|-
| '''a/æ''' || {{gand-orth|a}} || {{veda-orth|a}}
| {{gand-orth|syu}} || {{veda-orth|syu}} || '''shu'''/'''shaw''' || ʃu, ʃaw || See '''u''' for details about the realizations.
|-
|-
| '''f''' || {{gand-orth|f}} || {{veda-orth|f}}
| {{gand-orth|z}} || {{veda-orth|z}} || '''z''' || z ||
|-
|-
| '''v''' || {{gand-orth|v}} || {{veda-orth|v}}
| {{gand-orth|zh}} || {{veda-orth|zy}} || '''zh''' || ʒ || Used to stand for [zj], now stands for [ʒ] before other vowels.
|-
|-
| '''s''' || {{gand-orth|s}} || {{veda-orth|s}}
| {{gand-orth|zya}} || {{veda-orth|zya}} || '''zha'''/'''zhei''' || ʒɑ, ʒǝ, ʒe || See '''a''' for details about the realizations.
|-
|-
| '''z''' || {{gand-orth|z}} || {{veda-orth|z}}
| {{gand-orth|zyu}} || {{veda-orth|zyu}} || '''zhu'''/'''zhaw''' || ʒu, ʒaw || See '''u''' for details about the realizations.
|-
|-
| '''h''' || {{gand-orth|h}} || {{veda-orth|h}}
| {{gand-orth|h}} || {{veda-orth|kh}} || '''h'''/'''-''' || h, silent || Silent in some environments.
|-
|-
| '''g/h''' || {{gand-orth|gh}} || {{veda-orth|gh}}
| {{gand-orth|gh}} || {{veda-orth|gh}} || '''g'''/'''h'''/'''-''' || g, h, silent || Used to stand for [ɣ], now silent or stands for [g] or [h] or depending on the environment.
|-
|-
| '''w''' || {{gand-orth|w}} || {{veda-orth|w}}
| {{gand-orth|u}} || {{veda-orth|u}} || '''u'''/'''aw'''/'''o''' || u, aw, o || Stands for [u], [aw] or [o] depending on the environment.
|-
|-
| '''j (''y'')''' || {{gand-orth|y}} || {{veda-orth|y}}
| {{gand-orth|w}} || {{veda-orth|w}} || '''w''' || w ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|wa}} || {{veda-orth|wa}} || '''wa'''/'''wei''' || wɑ, wǝ, we || Ligature. See '''a''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|wi}} || {{veda-orth|wi}} || '''wi'''/'''way''' || wi, waj || Ligature. See '''i''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|i}} || {{veda-orth|i}} || '''i'''/'''ay'''/'''ei''' || i, aj, e || Stands for [i], [aj] or [e] depending on the environment.
|-
| {{gand-orth|y}} || {{veda-orth|y}} || '''y''' || j ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|ya}} || {{veda-orth|ya}} || '''ya'''/'''yei''' || jɑ, jǝ, je || Ligature. See '''a''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|yu}} || {{veda-orth|yu}} || '''yu'''/'''yaw'''/'''i''' || ju, jaw, i || Ligature. Realized as [i] word-initially when unstressed, see '''u''' for details about the other realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|r}} || {{veda-orth|r}} || '''r''' || ɹ ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|l}} || {{veda-orth|l}} || '''l''' || l ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|m}} || {{veda-orth|m}} || '''m''' || m ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|n}} || {{veda-orth|n}} || '''n''' || n ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|ny}} || {{veda-orth|ny}} || '''ny''' || ɲ || Used to stand for [nj], now stands for [ɲ] before other vowels.
|-
| {{gand-orth|nya}} || {{veda-orth|nya}} || '''nya'''/'''nyei''' || ɲɑ, ɲǝ, ɲe || See '''a''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|nyu}} || {{veda-orth|nyu}} || '''nyu'''/'''nyaw''' || ɲu, ɲaw || See '''u''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|ng}} || {{veda-orth|ng}} || '''ng''', '''n''' || ŋ, n || Now stands for [n] word-initially.
|}
|}


[[File:S1.png|600px]]
===Ligatures===


In addition to some ligatures inherited from Welqor, Shul has a few more recent ligatures of Shul letters:
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Glyph !! Source !! Romanization !! IPA !! Notes
|-
| {{gand-orth|tho}} || {{gand-orth|th‌o}} || '''tho'''/'''tha'''/'''thu''' || θo, θǝ, θu || See '''o''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|thu}} || {{gand-orth|th‌u}} || '''thu'''/'''thaw''' || θu, θaw || See '''u''' for details about the realizations.
|-
| {{gand-orth|yuyu}} || {{gand-orth|yu‌yu}} || '''yu''' || ju ||
|}


===Punctuation===


The style is Romanesque, with a few notable features, particularly with regards to the representation of Gandal phones (sounds). In this script, Gandal phones replace Veda phones, leading to certain glyphs that represent the same sounds as others in the Veda script. For instance, former Veda "q" now functions as another "k" in Gandal. However, this variant of "k" forces a following back vowel, while the other allows front vowels.
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
 
|-
===Vowels===
! Sign !! Role !! Source
 
|-
A significant shift compared to Veda is observed in Gandal's vowel system, as it introduces a full set of vowels. Some vowels derive from former Veda semi-vowels, and these characters require a dot above them to signify their status as semi-vowels. Additionally, Gandal introduces new characters that make phonological sense within its system. Punctuation marks have been added, with the period and question mark borrowed from Veda, while others are unique to Gandal. These characters are summarized in the table below:
| {{gand-orth|.}} || '''Period''' || {{veda-orth|.}}
 
|-
[[File:S2.png|600px]]
| {{gand-orth|,}} || '''Comma''' || {{veda-orth|,}}
|-
| {{gand-orth|?}} || '''Question mark''' || {{veda-orth|?}}
|-
| {{gand-orth|!}} || '''Exclamation mark''' ||
|-
| {{gand-orth|( )}} || '''Parentheses''' || {{veda-orth|( )}}
|-
| {{gand-orth|-}} || '''Clitic or contraction marker''' ||
|}


===Spelling of paradigms===
===Spelling of paradigms===
Line 71: Line 150:


==Numerals==
==Numerals==
Gandal uses a {{wl|base-10}} number system, which is shown in the following table on the right, with its [[Appendix:Veda orthography#Numerals|Veda]] sources on the left:
Gandal uses a {{wl|base-10}} number system, which is shown in the following table with its [[Appendix:Veda orthography#Numerals|Welqor]] sources:
 
[[File:gand num.png|600px]]


{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Shul !! Welqor !! Latin
|-
| {{gand-orth|0}} || {{veda-orth|0}} || '''0'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|1}} || {{veda-orth|1}} || '''1'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|2}} || {{veda-orth|2}} || '''2'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|3}} || {{veda-orth|3}} || '''3'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|4}} || {{veda-orth|4}} || '''4'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|5}} || {{veda-orth|5}} || '''5'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|6}} || {{veda-orth|6}} || '''6'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|7}} || {{veda-orth|7}} || '''7'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|8}} || {{veda-orth|8}} || '''8'''
|-
| {{gand-orth|9}} || {{veda-orth|9}} || '''9'''
|}
[[Category:Shul script| ]][[Category:Script appendices]]
[[Category:Shul script| ]][[Category:Script appendices]]

Revision as of 15:50, 20 January 2024

Gandal Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Orthography

Shul is an alphabet by David J. Peterson used to write the Gandal language from Tencent Games' Arena of Valor.

Orthography

The Gandal alphabet, known as the Shul or "pure" script, directly evolves from Veda's script, the Welqor abjad.

Though the script is now an alphabet that indicates every vowel, sound changes resulted in different letters standing for the same sounds and some letters having several possible readings. For instance, Veda's /q/ merged with /k/ in Gandal, so Shul has 2 ways to write /k/, and every doubled consonant is now pronounced like a single one.

Letters

The glyphs of Shul are shown with their Welqor source in the following table:

Glyph Source Romanization IPA Notes
p p p p
b b b b
t t t t
d d d d
th ts th θ
thy tsy ch tʃ Used to stand for [tsj], now stands for [tʃ] before other vowels.
thya tsya cha/chei tʃɑ, tʃǝ, tʃe See a for details about the realizations.
thyu tsyu chu/chaw tʃu, tʃaw See u for details about the realizations.
dh dz dh ð
dhy dzy j dʒ Used to stand for [dzj], now stands for [dʒ] before other vowels.
dhya dzya ja/jei dʒɑ, dʒǝ, dʒe See a for details about the realizations.
dhyu dzyu ju/jaw dʒu, dʒaw See u for details about the realizations.
k k k k
g g g g
q q k q Used to stand for [q], now stands for [k] but causes retraction of a following vowel.
a a a/æ/ei ɑ, ǝ, æ, e Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [ɑ], [æ] or [e] depending on the environment.
e e e/a/i ɛ, ǝ, i Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [ɛ] or [i] depending on the environment.
o o o/a/u o, ǝ, u Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [o] or [u] depending on the environment.
f f f f
v v v v
s s s s
sy sy sh ʃ Used to stand for [sj], now stands for [ʃ] before other vowels.
sya sya sha/shei ʃɑ, ʃǝ, ʃe See a for details about the realizations.
syu syu shu/shaw ʃu, ʃaw See u for details about the realizations.
z z z z
zh zy zh ʒ Used to stand for [zj], now stands for [ʒ] before other vowels.
zya zya zha/zhei ʒɑ, ʒǝ, ʒe See a for details about the realizations.
zyu zyu zhu/zhaw ʒu, ʒaw See u for details about the realizations.
h kh h/- h, silent Silent in some environments.
gh gh g/h/- g, h, silent Used to stand for [ɣ], now silent or stands for [g] or [h] or depending on the environment.
u u u/aw/o u, aw, o Stands for [u], [aw] or [o] depending on the environment.
w w w w
wa wa wa/wei wɑ, wǝ, we Ligature. See a for details about the realizations.
wi wi wi/way wi, waj Ligature. See i for details about the realizations.
i i i/ay/ei i, aj, e Stands for [i], [aj] or [e] depending on the environment.
y y y j
ya ya ya/yei jɑ, jǝ, je Ligature. See a for details about the realizations.
yu yu yu/yaw/i ju, jaw, i Ligature. Realized as [i] word-initially when unstressed, see u for details about the other realizations.
r r r ɹ
l l l l
m m m m
n n n n
ny ny ny ɲ Used to stand for [nj], now stands for [ɲ] before other vowels.
nya nya nya/nyei ɲɑ, ɲǝ, ɲe See a for details about the realizations.
nyu nyu nyu/nyaw ɲu, ɲaw See u for details about the realizations.
ng ng ng, n ŋ, n Now stands for [n] word-initially.

Ligatures

In addition to some ligatures inherited from Welqor, Shul has a few more recent ligatures of Shul letters:

Glyph Source Romanization IPA Notes
tho th‌o tho/tha/thu θo, θǝ, θu See o for details about the realizations.
thu th‌u thu/thaw θu, θaw See u for details about the realizations.
yuyu yu‌yu yu ju

Punctuation

Sign Role Source
. Period .
, Comma ,
? Question mark ?
! Exclamation mark
( ) Parentheses ( )
- Clitic or contraction marker

Spelling of paradigms

When examining a noun declension table, it becomes apparent that Gandal's spelling conventions require learning how to use the language separately from learning how to spell the language in the script. This distinction is illustrated by the differences in spelling between V-initial accusative singular and plural forms, both pronounced the same due to their shared initial "u," as seen below:

File:S3.png

Numerals

Gandal uses a base-10 number system, which is shown in the following table with its Welqor sources:

Shul Welqor Latin
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9 9
Retrieved from "https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Appendix:Gandal_orthography&oldid=483667"