Appendix:Kinuk'aaz orthography: Difference between revisions

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{{LangBar|Kinuk'aaz|Defiance|Zaduusel}}
{{LangBar|Kinuk'aaz|Defiance|Zaduusel}}


'''Zaduusel''' is the script used to write [[Kinuk'aaz language|Kinuk'aaz]], the language of the [[Omec]] from [[Syfy]]'s  ''[[Defiance]]''. The word itself in Kinuk'aaz translates to "writing". In contrast to other Votan writing systems, it is fully alphabetic, with some distinct features.
'''Zaduusel''' is an alphabet created by [[David J. Peterson]] and used to write [[Kinuk'aaz language|Kinuk'aaz]], the language of the [[Omec]] from [[Syfy]]'s  ''[[Defiance]]''.


==Background==
==Design concept==
===External history===
Peterson made Zaduusel suited for writing with an edged pen. Unlike the other Votan scripts, Zaduusel is alphabetic, first in order to highlight the distinctiveness of the Omec, second because of time constraints. Although its letters share a noticeable horizontal line on top, they do not connect.
[[David J. Peterson]], the creator of the [[Kinuk'aaz language]] and the Zaduusel script, designed three writing systems for three other Votan languages ([[Irathient]], [[Castithan]], and [[Indojisnen]]). These were employed extensively by the art department of ''[[Defiance]]''. Peterson was informed early on by production of the third season that they did not have need for a writing system for Kinuk'aaz. He was well into developing the language, and had already begun translating the script, when Suki Parker of the show's art department contacted him via email and asked if he was creating a writing system for the Omec. Peterson replied saying that he had previously been informed that such a system would not be necessary, but if the art department were of a different opinion, they were welcome to try to get approval from show management. Peterson had largely forgotten about this correspondence when some months later he received another email from Parker confirming that the creation of the Omec writing system had been approved. Even though the writing system was created and introduced at a relatively advanced stage of production, it was featured already in the first episode of the season.


===Initial design considerations===
Interestingly, Zaduusel is partly featural, as many of its phonemes are represented by adding strokes to letters standing for phonemes with similar articulation, for instance the letters {{kinu-orth|form=ts'}} (/ts’/) and {{kinu-orth|form=dz}} (/dz/) are both derived from {{kinu-orth|form=ts}} (/ts/) by adding a glottalization marker to the former and a voicing marker to the latter.


In the initial stages of designing the Omec writing system, Peterson reached out to Parker for interior shots of the Omec ship to serve as a source of inspiration. He then experimented with various shapes, as seen in the sketch below. In his view, it is suited for writing with an edged pen, which is also seen in the sketch:
==Orthography==
With the exception of some irregularly-spelt words, the pronunciation of a Kinuk'aaz word can generally be deduced from its Zaduusel spelling, but the opposite is not true due to various sound changes that created multiple ways to spell some phonemes. Most notably, many former diphthongs have merged with others or become monophthongs but retain their original spellings, the former implosive consonants are still distinguished from their plain counterparts in writing even though they are no longer pronounced differently, and consonants are spelt differently depending on whether they are underlying or the result of mutation.


[[File:Z6e.png|400px]]
==Direction and order==
 
Zaduusel is usually written horizontally from left to right but may also be written vertically. Its alphabetical order is the following (the letters marked with an asterisk have specific pronunciations that will be detailed in the characters' section):
====Type of script====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
The Zaduusel script is an alphabet. The choice to make it so was driven by two primary considerations.
|-
 
! h
Firstly, Peterson sought to underscore the distinctiveness of the Omec culture in contrast to other Votan groups. While other Votan languages had palatals, the Omec language would lack them entirely. The other Votans count using a base-20 numerical system, whereas the Omec would use base-10. Syllabic writing systems were the rule in other Votan languages, but the Omec were to use an alphabet. These distinctions reinforced the idea of the Omec's detachment from the broader Votan community.
! '
 
! o
Secondly, Peterson was mindful of the time constraints. Alphabets have a smaller set of characters, reducing the workload for font creation and coding. Additionally, he aimed to expedite the project as a token of gratitude to Suki Parker and the art department who had made the writing system's creation possible. In this context, an alphabet presented the most practical solution. However, the script would still include some additional complexities.
! *oo
 
! a
====Direction of writing====
! aa
 
! *ae
The Zaduusel alphabet primarily follows a left-to-right writing orientation, largely due to the constraints imposed by certain computer programs. However, Peterson ensured that Zaduusel could effectively be written from top-to-bottom as well, a feature unique among the Votan writing systems. This flexibility was introduced to the orthography at the request of the art department.
! r
! *b'
! p
! b
! e
! *ee
! m
! n
! i
! ii
! q'
! k'
! k
! g
! u
! *uu
! v
! s
! *d'
! t'
! t
! d
! ts'
! ts
! dz
! z
! l
! ö
! ü
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=h}}
| {{kinu-orth|form='}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=o}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=oo}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=a}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=aa}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ae}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=r}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=b'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=p}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=b}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=e}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ee}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=m}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=n}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=i}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ii}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=q'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=k'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=k}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=g}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=u}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=uu}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=v}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=s}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=d'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=t'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=t}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=d}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=dz}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=z}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=l}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ö}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ü}}
|}


==Characters==
==Characters==
==Vowels==
One of the main complications of Kinuk'aaz's orthography is the representation of the vowels due to various sound changes. While the short vowels's spellings are mostly consistent, the diphthongs and the long vowels often have multiple possible spellings depending on etymology, and some rounded vowels have merged with /v/.
===Letters===
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Zaduusel || colspan="2"| IPA || rowspan="2"| Romanization|| rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! <small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=o}} || /o/ || /o/ || '''''o'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=oo}} || /oː/ || /uː/ || '''''uu'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=a}} || /a/ || /a/ || '''''a'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=aa}} || /aː/ || /aː/ || '''''aa'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ae}} || /aɛ/ || /ai/ || '''''ai'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=e}} || /ɛ/ || /ɛ/ || '''''e'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ee}} || /ɛː/ || /iː/ || '''''ii'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=i}} || /i/ || /i/, /ɛ/ || '''''i''''', '''''e'''''|| Stands for /ɛ/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ii}} || /iː/ ||/iː/, /ai/, /i/ || '''''ii''''', '''''ai''''', '''''i'''''|| Stands for /ai/ after /q’/ or a former implosive, or for /i/ in some rare cases where /i/ did not lower after /q’/ or an implosive.
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=u}} || /u/ || /u/, /o/ || '''''u''''', '''''o'''''||Stands for /o/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uu}} || /uː/ || /yː/, /oy/, /u/ || '''''üü''''', '''''oü''''', '''''u'''''||Stands for /oy/ after /q’/ or a former implosive, or for /u/ in some rare cases where /u/ did not lower after /q’/ or an implosive.
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ö}} || /œ/ ||/œ/ || '''''ö'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ü}} || /y/ || /y/, /œ/ || '''''ü''''', '''''ö'''''||Stands for /œ/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
|}


The table below follows Zaduusel's alphabetical order. Importantly, each consonant exhibits four distinct forms: plain, imperfect, perfect and geminate. These forms are typically represented distinctly in writing, even though they may not always result in different pronunciation.
===Digraphs===
 
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| Orthography || colspan="2"| IPA || rowspan="2"| Romanization || rowspan="2"| Notes
! rowspan="2"| Zaduusel || colspan="2"| IPA || rowspan="2"| Romanization || rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! <small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>
|-
|-
! <small>Plain</small>|| <small>Imperfect</small>|| <small>Perfect</small>|| <small>Geminate</small>|| <small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>
| {{kinu-orth|form=oa}} || /oa/ || /va/ || '''''va''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=h}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nh}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =h}} || {{kinu-orth|form=hh}} || colspan="2"| /h/ || '''''h''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=oe}} || /oɛ/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form='}} || {{kinu-orth|form=n'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= ='}} || {{kinu-orth|form= &apos;&apos;}}  || colspan="2"| /ʔ/ || ''''' ' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=oi}} || /oi/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=o}} || || || || colspan="2"| /o/ || '''''o''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ou}} || /ou/ || /uː/, /ov/ || '''''uu''''', '''''ov''''' || /ov/ word-finally, /uː/ elsewhere
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=oo}} || || || || */oː/ || /uː/ || '''''uu''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=oö}} || /oœ/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=a}} || || || || colspan="2"| /a/ || '''''a''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=oü}} || /oy/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=aa}} || || || || colspan="2"| /aː/ || '''''aa''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ao}} || /ao/ || /av/ || '''''av''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ae}} || || || || */ae/ || /ai/ || '''''ai''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ai}} || /ai/ || /ɛ/ || '''''e''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=r}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nr}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =r}} || {{kinu-orth|form=rr}} || colspan="2"| /ʀ/ || '''''r''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=au}} || /au/ || /av/ || '''''av''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=b'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=mb'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =b'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=bb'}} || */ɓ/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=aö}} || /aœ/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=p}} || {{kinu-orth|form=mp}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =p}} || {{kinu-orth|form=pp}} || colspan="2"| /p/ || '''''p''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=aü}} || /ay/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=eo}} || /ɛo/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ea}} || /ɛa/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ei}} || /ɛi/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=eu}} || /ɛu/ || /ɛv/ || '''''ev''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=eö}} || /ɛœ/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=eü}} || /ɛy/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=io}} || /io/ || /yo/ || '''''üo''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ia}} || /ia/ || /ia/ || '''''ia''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ie}} || /iɛ/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=iu}} || /iu/ || /yː/, /iv/ || '''''üü''''', '''''iv''''' || /iv/ word-finally, /yː/ elsewhere
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=iö}} || /iœ/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=iü}} || /iy/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uo}} || /uo/ || /vo/ || '''''vo''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ua}} || /ua/ || /va/ || '''''va''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ue}} || /uɛ/ || /vɛ/ || '''''ve''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ui}} || /ui/ || /yː/, /vi/ || '''''üü''''', '''''vi''''' || /vi/ after a vowel, /yː/ elsewhere
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uö}} || /uœ/ || /vœ/ || '''''vö''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uü}} || /uy/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öo}} || /œo/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öa}} || /œa/ || /va/ || '''''va''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öe}} || /œɛ/ || /œy/ || '''''öü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öi}} || /œi/ || /œy/ || '''''öü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öu}} || /œu/ || /œv/ || '''''öv''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öü}} || /œy/ || /œy/ || '''''öü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üo}} || /yo/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üa}} || /ya/ || /yo/ || '''''üo''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üe}} || /yɛ/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üi}} || /yi/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üu}} || /yu/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üö}} || /yœ/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|}
 
==Consonants==
Each consonant exhibits four distinct forms: plain, imperfect (which is used in case of N-mutation), perfect (which is used in case of V-mutation) and geminate. These forms may not always result in different pronunciation.
 
Word-initially, the imperfect forms stand for the mutated consonants alone, but elsewhere, they stand for the mutated consonants preceded by homorganic nasals, for instance {{kinu-orth|form=nts}} stands for /dz/ word-initially but for /ndz/ elsewhere.
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=b}} || {{kinu-orth|form=mb}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =b}} || {{kinu-orth|form=bb}} || colspan="2"| /b/ || '''''b''''' ||
! colspan="4"| Plain || colspan="4"| Imperfect || colspan="4"| Perfect || colspan="4"| Geminate || rowspan="3"| Notes
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=e}} || || || || colspan="2"| /e/ || '''''e''''' ||
! rowspan="2"| <small>Zaduusel</small>|| colspan="2"| <small>IPA</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Romanization</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Zaduusel</small>|| colspan="2"| <small>IPA</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Romanization</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Zaduusel</small>|| colspan="2"| <small>IPA</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Romanization</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Zaduusel</small>|| colspan="2"| <small>IPA</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Romanization</small>
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ee}} || || || || */eː/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
! <small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>||<small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>||<small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>||<small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=m}} || {{huge|valign=normal|(}}{{kinu-orth|form=µ}}{{huge|valign=normal|)}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =m}} || {{kinu-orth|form=mm}} || colspan="2"| /m/ || '''''m''''' || The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
| {{kinu-orth|form=h}} || /h/ || /h/ || '''''h''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nh}} || /(n)h/ || /(n)∅/ || '''''n''''' or none || {{kinu-orth|form==h}} || /h/ || /h/ || '''''h''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=hh}} || /hh/ || /hh/ || '''''hh''''' ||  
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=n}} || {{huge|valign=normal|(}}{{kinu-orth|form=ñ}}{{huge|valign=normal|)}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =n}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nn}} || colspan="2"| /n/ || '''''n''''' || The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
| {{kinu-orth|form='}} || /ʔ/ || /ʔ/ || '''''&apos;''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=n'}} || /(n)ʔ/ || /(n)∅/ || '''''n''''' or none || {{kinu-orth|form=='}} || /ʔ/ || /ʔ/, /∅/ || '''''&apos;''''' or none ||  {{kinu-orth|form=&apos;&apos;}} || /ʔʔ/ || /ʔʔ/ || '''''&apos;&apos;''''' || Generally unwritten word-initially, except in some irregularly-spelt words
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=i}} || || || || colspan="2"| /i/ || '''''i''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=r}} || /ʀ/ || /ʀ/ || '''''r''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nr}} || /(ɴ)ʀ/ || /(ŋ)g/ || '''''(n)g''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==r}} || /ʀ/ || /ʀ/ || '''''r''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=rr}} || /ʀʀ/ || /ʀʀ/ || '''''rr''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ii}} || || || || colspan="2"| /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=b'}} || /ɓ/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=mb'}} || /(m)ɓ/ || /(m)b/ || '''''(m)b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==b'}} || /ɓ/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=bb'}} || /ɓɓ/ || /bb/ || '''''bb''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=q'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nq'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =q'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=qq'}} || colspan="2"| /q’/ || ''''' q' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=p}} || /p/ || /p/ || '''''p''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=mp}} || /(m)p/ || /(m)b/ || '''''(m)b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==p}} || /p/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=pp}} || /pp/ || /pp/ || '''''pp''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=k'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nk'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =k'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=kk'}} || colspan="2"| /k’/ || ''''' k' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=b}} || /b/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=mb}} || /(m)b/ || /(m)b/ || '''''(m)b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==b}} || /b/ || /v/ || '''''v''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=bb}} || /bb/ || /bb/ || '''''bb''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=k}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nk}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =k}} || {{kinu-orth|form=kk}} || colspan="2"| /k/ || '''''k''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=m}} || /m/ || /m/ || '''''m''''' || ({{kinu-orth|form=µ}}) || /(m)m/ || /(m)m/ || '''''(m)m''''' || {{kinu-orth|form==m}} || /m/ || /m/ || '''''m''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=mm}} || /mm/ || /mm/ || '''''mm''''' || The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=g}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ng}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =g}} || {{kinu-orth|form=gg}} || colspan="2"| /g/ || '''''g''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=n}} || /n/ || /n/ || '''''n''''' || ({{kinu-orth|form=ñ}}) || /(n)n/ || /(n)n/ || '''''(n)n''''' || {{kinu-orth|form==n}} || /n/ || /n/ || '''''n''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=nn}} || /nn/ || /nn/ || '''''nn''''' || The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=u}} || || || || colspan="2"| /u/ || '''''u''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=q}} || /q’/ || /q’/ || '''''q'''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nq}} || /(ɴ)q’/ || /(ɴ)q’/ || '''''(n)q'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==q}} || /q’/ || /ʔ/ || '''''&apos;''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=qq}} || /qq’/ || /qq’/ || '''''qq'''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uu}} || || || || */uː/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=k'}} || /k’/ || /k’/ || '''''k'''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nk'}} || /(ŋ)k’/ || /(ŋ)k’/ || '''''(n)k'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==k'}} || /k’/ || /k’/ || '''''k'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=kk'}} || /kk’/ || /kk’/ || '''''kk'''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=v}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nv}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =v}} || {{kinu-orth|form=vv}} || colspan="2"| /v/ || '''''v''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=k}} || /k/ || /k/ || '''''k''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nk}} || /(ŋ)k/ || /(ŋ)g/ || '''''(n)g''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==k}} || /k/ || /g/ || '''''g''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=kk}} || /kk/ || /kk/ || '''''kk''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=s}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ns}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =s}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ss}} || colspan="2"| /s/ || '''''s''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=g}} || /g/ || /g/ || '''''g''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=ng}} || /(ŋ)g/ || /(ŋ)g/ || '''''(n)g''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==g}} || /g/ || /h/ || '''''h''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=gg}} || /gg/ || /gg/ || '''''gg''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=d'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nd'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =d'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=dd'}} || */ɗ/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=v}} || /v/ || /v/ || '''''v''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=mv}} || /(m)v/ || /(m)b/ || '''''(m)b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==v}} || /v/ || /v/ || '''''v''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=vv}} || /vv/ || /vv/ || '''''vv''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=t'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nt'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =t'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=tt'}} || colspan="2"| /t’/ || ''''' t' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=s}} || /s/ || /s/ || '''''s''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=ns}} || /(n)s/ || /(n)dz/ || '''''(n)dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==s}} || /s/ || /z/ || '''''z''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=ss}} || /ss/ || /ss/ || '''''ss''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=t}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nt}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =t}} || {{kinu-orth|form=tt}} || colspan="2"| /t/ || '''''t''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=d'}} || /ɗ/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nd'}} || /(n)ɗ/ || /(n)d/ || '''''(n)d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==d'}} || /ɗ/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=dd'}} || /ɗɗ/ || /dd/ || '''''dd''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=d}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nd}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =d}} || {{kinu-orth|form=dd}} || colspan="2"| /d/ || '''''d''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=t'}} || /t’/ || /t’/ || '''''t'''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nt'}} || /(n)t’/ || /(n)t’/ || '''''(n)t'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==t'}} || /t’/ || /t’/ || '''''t'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=tt’}} || /tt’/ || /tt’/ || '''''tt'''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nts'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =ts'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=tts'}} || colspan="2"| /ts’/ || ''''' ts' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=t}} || /t/ || /t/ || '''''t''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nt}} || /(n)t/ || /(n)d/ || '''''(n)d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==t}} || /t/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=tt}} || /tt/ || /tt/ || '''''tt''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nts}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =ts}} || {{kinu-orth|form=tts}} || colspan="2"| /ts/ || '''''ts''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=d}} || /d/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nd}} || /(n)d/ || /(n)d/ || '''''(n)d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==d}} || /d/ || /z/ || '''''z''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=dd}} || /dd/ || /dd/ || '''''dd''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=dz}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ndz}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =dz}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ddz}} || colspan="2"| /dz/ || '''''dz''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts'}} || /ts’/ || /ts’/ || '''''ts'''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nts'}} || /(n)ts’/ || /(n)ts’/ || '''''(n)ts'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==ts'}} || /ts’/ || /ts’/ || '''''ts'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=tts’}} || /tts’/ || /tts’/ || '''''tts'''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=z}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nz}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =z}} || {{kinu-orth|form=zz}} || colspan="2"| /z/ || '''''z''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts}} || /ts/ || /ts/ || '''''ts''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nts}} || /(n)ts/ || /(n)dz/ || '''''(n)dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==ts}} || /ts/ || /dz/ || '''''dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=tts}} || /tts/ || /tts/ || '''''tts''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=l}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nl}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =l}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ll}} || colspan="2"| /l/ || '''''l''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=dz}} || /dz/ || /dz/ || '''''dz''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=ndz}} || /(n)dz/ || /(n)dz/ || '''''(n)dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==dz}} || /dz/ || /dz/ || '''''dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=ddz}} || /ddz/ || /ddz/ || '''''ddz''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ö}} || || || || colspan="2"| /ø/ || '''''ö''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=z}} || /z/ || /z/ || '''''z''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nz}} || /(n)z/ || /(n)dz/ || '''''(n)dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==z}} || /z/ || /z/ || '''''z''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=zz}} || /zz/ || /zz/ || '''''zz''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ü}} || || || || colspan="2"| /y/ || '''''ü''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=l}} || /l/ || /l/ || '''''l''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nl}} || /(n)l/ || /(n)n/ || '''''(n)n''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==l}} || /l/ || /l/ || '''''l''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=ll}} || /ll/ || /ll/ || '''''ll''''' ||
|}
|}


===Numerals===
==Numerals==
The number system, which uses {{wl|base-10}}, is described in the following table:
The number system, which uses {{wl|base-10}}, is described in the following table:


Line 136: Line 305:
The plain forms are all shown here with a leading zero. Numbers are written in three number segments with a comma separating each segment. The first number in a segment is receives a type of diacritical mark in the form of a curl on the left, and the following two numbers are written in their plain form.
The plain forms are all shown here with a leading zero. Numbers are written in three number segments with a comma separating each segment. The first number in a segment is receives a type of diacritical mark in the form of a curl on the left, and the following two numbers are written in their plain form.


===Punctuation===
==Punctuation==
In the table below the punctuation marks of Zaduusel can be seen:
In the table below the punctuation marks of Zaduusel can be seen:
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"

Latest revision as of 11:44, 20 October 2024

Kinuk'aaz Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Orthography, Dialogue

Zaduusel is an alphabet created by David J. Peterson and used to write Kinuk'aaz, the language of the Omec from Syfy's Defiance.

Design concept

Peterson made Zaduusel suited for writing with an edged pen. Unlike the other Votan scripts, Zaduusel is alphabetic, first in order to highlight the distinctiveness of the Omec, second because of time constraints. Although its letters share a noticeable horizontal line on top, they do not connect.

Interestingly, Zaduusel is partly featural, as many of its phonemes are represented by adding strokes to letters standing for phonemes with similar articulation, for instance the letters ts' (/ts’/) and dz (/dz/) are both derived from ts (/ts/) by adding a glottalization marker to the former and a voicing marker to the latter.

Orthography

With the exception of some irregularly-spelt words, the pronunciation of a Kinuk'aaz word can generally be deduced from its Zaduusel spelling, but the opposite is not true due to various sound changes that created multiple ways to spell some phonemes. Most notably, many former diphthongs have merged with others or become monophthongs but retain their original spellings, the former implosive consonants are still distinguished from their plain counterparts in writing even though they are no longer pronounced differently, and consonants are spelt differently depending on whether they are underlying or the result of mutation.

Direction and order

Zaduusel is usually written horizontally from left to right but may also be written vertically. Its alphabetical order is the following (the letters marked with an asterisk have specific pronunciations that will be detailed in the characters' section):

h ' o *oo a aa *ae r *b' p b e *ee m n i ii q' k' k g u *uu v s *d' t' t d ts' ts dz z l ö ü
h ' o oo a aa ae r b' p b e ee m n i ii q' k' k g u uu v s d' t' t d ts' ts dz z l ö ü

Characters

Vowels

One of the main complications of Kinuk'aaz's orthography is the representation of the vowels due to various sound changes. While the short vowels's spellings are mostly consistent, the diphthongs and the long vowels often have multiple possible spellings depending on etymology, and some rounded vowels have merged with /v/.

Letters

Zaduusel IPA Romanization Notes
Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz
o /o/ /o/ o
oo /oː/ /uː/ uu
a /a/ /a/ a
aa /aː/ /aː/ aa
ae /aɛ/ /ai/ ai
e /ɛ/ /ɛ/ e
ee /ɛː/ /iː/ ii
i /i/ /i/, /ɛ/ i, e Stands for /ɛ/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
ii /iː/ /iː/, /ai/, /i/ ii, ai, i Stands for /ai/ after /q’/ or a former implosive, or for /i/ in some rare cases where /i/ did not lower after /q’/ or an implosive.
u /u/ /u/, /o/ u, o Stands for /o/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
uu /uː/ /yː/, /oy/, /u/ üü, oü, u Stands for /oy/ after /q’/ or a former implosive, or for /u/ in some rare cases where /u/ did not lower after /q’/ or an implosive.
ö /œ/ /œ/ ö
ü /y/ /y/, /œ/ ü, ö Stands for /œ/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.

Digraphs

Zaduusel IPA Romanization Notes
Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz
oa /oa/ /va/ va
oe /oɛ/ /oy/ oü
oi /oi/ /oy/ oü
ou /ou/ /uː/, /ov/ uu, ov /ov/ word-finally, /uː/ elsewhere
oö /oœ/ /oy/ oü
oü /oy/ /oy/ oü
ao /ao/ /av/ av
ai /ai/ /ɛ/ e
au /au/ /av/ av
aö /aœ/ /oy/ oü
aü /ay/ /oy/ oü
eo /ɛo/ /yː/ üü
ea /ɛa/ /iː/ ii
ei /ɛi/ /iː/ ii
eu /ɛu/ /ɛv/ ev
eö /ɛœ/ /yː/ üü
eü /ɛy/ /yː/ üü
io /io/ /yo/ üo
ia /ia/ /ia/ ia
ie /iɛ/ /iː/ ii
iu /iu/ /yː/, /iv/ üü, iv /iv/ word-finally, /yː/ elsewhere
iö /iœ/ /yː/ üü
iü /iy/ /iː/ ii
uo /uo/ /vo/ vo
ua /ua/ /va/ va
ue /uɛ/ /vɛ/ ve
ui /ui/ /yː/, /vi/ üü, vi /vi/ after a vowel, /yː/ elsewhere
uö /uœ/ /vœ/ vö
uü /uy/ /yː/ üü
öo /œo/ /yː/ üü
öa /œa/ /va/ va
öe /œɛ/ /œy/ öü
öi /œi/ /œy/ öü
öu /œu/ /œv/ öv
öü /œy/ /œy/ öü
üo /yo/ /iː/ ii
üa /ya/ /yo/ üo
üe /yɛ/ /iː/ ii
üi /yi/ /iː/ ii
üu /yu/ /yː/ üü
üö /yœ/ /iː/ ii

Consonants

Each consonant exhibits four distinct forms: plain, imperfect (which is used in case of N-mutation), perfect (which is used in case of V-mutation) and geminate. These forms may not always result in different pronunciation.

Word-initially, the imperfect forms stand for the mutated consonants alone, but elsewhere, they stand for the mutated consonants preceded by homorganic nasals, for instance nts stands for /dz/ word-initially but for /ndz/ elsewhere.

Plain Imperfect Perfect Geminate Notes
Zaduusel IPA Romanization Zaduusel IPA Romanization Zaduusel IPA Romanization Zaduusel IPA Romanization
Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz
h /h/ /h/ h nh /(n)h/ /(n)∅/ n or none =h /h/ /h/ h hh /hh/ /hh/ hh
' /ʔ/ /ʔ/ ' n' /(n)ʔ/ /(n)∅/ n or none =' /ʔ/ /ʔ/, /∅/ ' or none '' /ʔʔ/ /ʔʔ/ '' Generally unwritten word-initially, except in some irregularly-spelt words
r /ʀ/ /ʀ/ r nr /(ɴ)ʀ/ /(ŋ)g/ (n)g =r /ʀ/ /ʀ/ r rr /ʀʀ/ /ʀʀ/ rr
b' /ɓ/ /b/ b mb' /(m)ɓ/ /(m)b/ (m)b =b' /ɓ/ /b/ b bb' /ɓɓ/ /bb/ bb
p /p/ /p/ p mp /(m)p/ /(m)b/ (m)b =p /p/ /b/ b pp /pp/ /pp/ pp
b /b/ /b/ b mb /(m)b/ /(m)b/ (m)b =b /b/ /v/ v bb /bb/ /bb/ bb
m /m/ /m/ m (µ) /(m)m/ /(m)m/ (m)m =m /m/ /m/ m mm /mm/ /mm/ mm The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
n /n/ /n/ n (ñ) /(n)n/ /(n)n/ (n)n =n /n/ /n/ n nn /nn/ /nn/ nn The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
q /q’/ /q’/ q' nq /(ɴ)q’/ /(ɴ)q’/ (n)q' =q /q’/ /ʔ/ ' qq /qq’/ /qq’/ qq'
k' /k’/ /k’/ k' nk' /(ŋ)k’/ /(ŋ)k’/ (n)k' =k' /k’/ /k’/ k' kk' /kk’/ /kk’/ kk'
k /k/ /k/ k nk /(ŋ)k/ /(ŋ)g/ (n)g =k /k/ /g/ g kk /kk/ /kk/ kk
g /g/ /g/ g ng /(ŋ)g/ /(ŋ)g/ (n)g =g /g/ /h/ h gg /gg/ /gg/ gg
v /v/ /v/ v mv /(m)v/ /(m)b/ (m)b =v /v/ /v/ v vv /vv/ /vv/ vv
s /s/ /s/ s ns /(n)s/ /(n)dz/ (n)dz =s /s/ /z/ z ss /ss/ /ss/ ss
d' /ɗ/ /d/ d nd' /(n)ɗ/ /(n)d/ (n)d =d' /ɗ/ /d/ d dd' /ɗɗ/ /dd/ dd
t' /t’/ /t’/ t' nt' /(n)t’/ /(n)t’/ (n)t' =t' /t’/ /t’/ t' tt’ /tt’/ /tt’/ tt'
t /t/ /t/ t nt /(n)t/ /(n)d/ (n)d =t /t/ /d/ d tt /tt/ /tt/ tt
d /d/ /d/ d nd /(n)d/ /(n)d/ (n)d =d /d/ /z/ z dd /dd/ /dd/ dd
ts' /ts’/ /ts’/ ts' nts' /(n)ts’/ /(n)ts’/ (n)ts' =ts' /ts’/ /ts’/ ts' tts’ /tts’/ /tts’/ tts'
ts /ts/ /ts/ ts nts /(n)ts/ /(n)dz/ (n)dz =ts /ts/ /dz/ dz tts /tts/ /tts/ tts
dz /dz/ /dz/ dz ndz /(n)dz/ /(n)dz/ (n)dz =dz /dz/ /dz/ dz ddz /ddz/ /ddz/ ddz
z /z/ /z/ z nz /(n)z/ /(n)dz/ (n)dz =z /z/ /z/ z zz /zz/ /zz/ zz
l /l/ /l/ l nl /(n)l/ /(n)n/ (n)n =l /l/ /l/ l ll /ll/ /ll/ ll

Numerals

The number system, which uses base-10, is described in the following table:

# Initial Plain
0 0 00
1 1 01
2 2 02
3 3 03
4 4 04
5 5 05
6 6 06
7 7 07
8 8 08
9 9 09

The plain forms are all shown here with a leading zero. Numbers are written in three number segments with a comma separating each segment. The first number in a segment is receives a type of diacritical mark in the form of a curl on the left, and the following two numbers are written in their plain form.

Punctuation

In the table below the punctuation marks of Zaduusel can be seen:

English Orthography
Beginning of paragraph ..
Colon .
Comma ,
Hyphen -
Parentheses (...)
Stroke —
Quotation marks "..."
Brackets [...]
Colon/Semicolon :

Note: Peterson has stated that he has forgotten his intended purpose for the stroke.

References

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