Appendix:Sondiv orthography: Difference between revisions

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{{LangBar|Sondiv|Star-Crossed dialogue}}
'''Kwandon''' is an {{wl|abjad}} by [[David J. Peterson]] used to write the [[Sondiv language]] spoken by the alien Atrian people from [[The CW]]'s ''[[Star-Crossed]]''.
'''Kwandon''' is an {{wl|abjad}} by [[David J. Peterson]] used to write the [[Sondiv language]] spoken by the alien Atrian people from [[The CW]]'s ''[[Star-Crossed]]''.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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===Root system===
===Root system===
Similar to Arabic, Sondiv employs a root system that allows for the easy formation of new words. There are twenty-four basic nominal patterns, an adjectival pattern, a determiner pattern and a pattern for male and female names, respectively. Patterns have broad semantic categories, such as "Animate A" and "Animate B," assigned to them. The script was designed encode these patterns unambiguously using only consonant characters and certain modifications to those characters.
Similar to Arabic, Sondiv employs a root system that allows for the easy formation of new words. There are twenty-four basic nominal patterns, an adjectival pattern, a determiner pattern, two patterns for male names, and one for female names. Patterns have broad semantic categories, such as "Animate A" and "Animate B," assigned to them. The script was designed encode these patterns unambiguously using only consonant characters and certain modifications to those characters.


===Consonant modifications===
===Consonant modifications===
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Glyphs have two modifications above and two below the character. Modifications 1 and 2 are written over one or two consonants to the left, modification 3 is written under one or two consonants to the right, and modification 4 is written under a single consonant to the right or under and between two consonants. They are shown in the following table:
Glyphs have two modifications above and two below the character. Modifications 1 and 2 are written over one or two consonants to the left, modification 3 is written under one or two consonants to the right, and modification 4 is written under a single consonant to the right or under and between two consonants. They are shown in the following table:


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth orth" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Root type
! rowspan="2" | Root type
! colspan="4" | Modification
! colspan="4" | Modification
|-
|-
! 1
! style="width: 20%" | 1
! 2
! style="width: 20%" | 2
! 3
! style="width: 20%" | 3
! 4
! style="width: 20%" | 4
|-
|-
! Biconsonantal
! Biconsonantal
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===Glyphs===
===Glyphs===
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth orth" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Romanization
! Romanization
! IPA
! IPA
! Unmodified
! Unmodified
! 1
! style="width: 10%" | 1
! 2
! style="width: 10%" | 2
! 3
! style="width: 10%" | 3
! 4
! style="width: 10%" | 4
! Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=f=/<span style="color: silver">g</span>}}<br>{{sond-orth|form=f=//<span style="color: silver">gg</span>}}
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=f=/<span style="color: silver">g</span>}}<br>{{sond-orth|form=f=//<span style="color: silver">gg</span>}}
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=f=[<span style="color: silver">g</span>}}<br>{{sond-orth|form=<span style="color: silver">g</span>f<nowiki>=[[</nowiki><span style="color: silver">g</span>}}
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=f=[<span style="color: silver">g</span>}}<br>{{sond-orth|form=<span style="color: silver">g</span>f<nowiki>=[[</nowiki><span style="color: silver">g</span>}}
| Used in loanwords.
| Used in loanwords. /f/ does occur as a phoneme in native words, but is underlyingly the former sequence */vh/ and is still spelt as such.
|-
|-
| '''g'''
| '''g'''
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|-
|-
| '''sh'''
| '''sh'''
| sh
| ʃ
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sh}}
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sh}}
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=<span style="color: silver">g</span>sh=}}<br>{{sond-orth|form=<span style="color: silver">gg</span>sh==}}
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=<span style="color: silver">g</span>sh=}}<br>{{sond-orth|form=<span style="color: silver">gg</span>sh==}}
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|}
|}


===Pronunciation===
===Patterns===
Patterns to form nouns, adjectives, determiners and names can apply to biconsonantal (e.g., S-K) and triconsonantal (e.g., S-K-T) roots.  They are written with consonant letters representing prefixes and suffixes, as well as applying the presence or absence of the four modifications to the consonants of the root. Most of the patterns have singular and plural forms, and some of the plural forms end with a special plural glyph.
Patterns to form nouns, adjectives, determiners and names can apply to biconsonantal (e.g., S-K) and triconsonantal (e.g., S-K-T) roots.  They are written with consonant letters representing prefixes and suffixes, as well as applying the presence or absence of the four modifications to the consonants of the root. Most of the patterns have singular and plural forms, and some of the plural forms end with a special plural glyph.


There are some cases in which the absence of modifications or an unexpected usage of them is used to inform a different reading. If two or three letters follow each other without modifications, they will be read as the determiner pattern. The second root letter, rather than the third, is modified (with modification 2) for the first male name pattern pronunciation. The modification of the third root letter (using modification 1) covers only the second letter, not the first, for the female name pattern pronunciation in triconsonantal roots.
There are some cases in which the absence of modifications or an unexpected usage of them is used to inform a different reading. If two or three letters follow each other without modifications, they will be read as the determiner pattern. The second root letter, rather than the third, is modified (with modification 2) for the first male name pattern pronunciation. The modification of the third root letter (using modification 1) covers only the second letter, not the first, for the female name pattern pronunciation in triconsonantal roots.


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth orth" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Roman <br>numeral
! rowspan="2" | Pattern
! rowspan="2" | Pattern
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | Biconsonantal root
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="width: 40%" | Biconsonantal root
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | Triconsonantal root
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="width: 40%" | Triconsonantal root
|-  
|-  
! Singular
! Singular
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! Plural
! Plural
|-
|-
| —
| Determiner
| Determiner
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk}}<br>s'''i'''k
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk}}<br>s'''i'''k
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt}}<br>sk'''i'''t
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt}}<br>sk'''i'''t
|-
|-
| —
| Adverbial determiner
| Adverbial determiner
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=skr}}<br>s'''i'''k'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=skr}}<br>s'''i'''k'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=sktr}}<br>sk'''i'''t'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=sktr}}<br>sk'''i'''t'''ur'''
|-
|-
| —
| Feminine name
| Feminine name
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*sk=h}}<br>S'''o'''k'''a'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*sk=h}}<br>S'''o'''k'''a'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*skt=h}}<br>S'''a'''k'''o'''t'''a'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*skt=h}}<br>S'''a'''k'''o'''t'''a'''
|-
|-
| —
| Masculine name A
| Masculine name A
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*sk=]}}<br>S'''a'''k
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*sk=]}}<br>S'''a'''k
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*sk=]t}}<br>S'''a'''k'''a'''t
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*sk=]t}}<br>S'''a'''k'''a'''t
|-
|-
| —
| Masculine name B
| Masculine name B
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*s<nowiki>=/</nowiki>ktwr}}<br>S'''e'''k'''tur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*s<nowiki>=/</nowiki>ktwr}}<br>S'''e'''k'''tur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*s<nowiki>=//</nowiki>kttwr}}<br>Sk'''e'''t'''tur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=*s<nowiki>=//</nowiki>kttwr}}<br>Sk'''e'''t'''tur'''
|-
|-
| i
| Common noun A
| Common noun A
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=/k}}<br>s'''e'''k
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=/k}}<br>s'''e'''k
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=//kt+}}<br>sk'''aya'''t
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=//kt+}}<br>sk'''aya'''t
|-  
|-  
| ii
| Common noun B
| Common noun B
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=}}<br>s'''o'''k
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=}}<br>s'''o'''k
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt==+}}<br>sk'''uvu'''t
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt==+}}<br>sk'''uvu'''t
|-  
|-  
| iii
| Diminutive A
| Diminutive A
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=/ks}}<br>sk'''is'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=/ks}}<br>sk'''is'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=<nowiki>//</nowiki>ktl}}<br>sk'''e'''t'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=<nowiki>//</nowiki>ktl}}<br>sk'''e'''t'''il'''
|-  
|-  
| iv
| Diminutive B
| Diminutive B
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=s}}<br>sk'''us'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=s}}<br>sk'''us'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt==l}}<br>sk'''o'''t'''ul'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt==l}}<br>sk'''o'''t'''ul'''
|-  
|-  
| v
| Locative A
| Locative A
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=/k}}<br>'''be'''s'''e'''k
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=/k}}<br>'''be'''s'''e'''k
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=//kt+}}<br>'''be'''sk'''aya'''t
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=//kt+}}<br>'''be'''sk'''aya'''t
|-  
|-  
| vi
| Locative B
| Locative B
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bsk=m}}<br>'''be'''sk'''on'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bsk=m}}<br>'''be'''sk'''on'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bskt==wl}}<br>'''be'''sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bskt==wl}}<br>'''be'''sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
|-  
|-  
| vii
| Diminutive locative
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=/ks}}<br>'''be'''sk'''is'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=/kl}}<br>'''be'''sk'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=//kts}}<br>'''be'''sk'''e'''t'''is'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=//ktl}}<br>'''be'''sk'''e'''t'''il'''
|-
| viii
| Locative C
| Locative C
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k&zwnj;h}}<br>'''e'''s'''i'''k'''a'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k&zwnj;h}}<br>'''e'''s'''i'''k'''a'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>tl}}<br>'''e'''sk'''i'''t'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>tl}}<br>'''e'''sk'''i'''t'''il'''
|-  
|-  
| Diminutive locative
| ix
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=/ks}}<br>'''be'''sk'''is'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=/kl}}<br>'''be'''sk'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=//kts}}<br>'''be'''sk'''e'''t'''is'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=bs=//ktl}}<br>'''be'''sk'''e'''t'''il'''
|-
| Augmentative A
| Augmentative A
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=/k=}}<br>s'''wa'''k
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=/k=}}<br>s'''wa'''k
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=//kt==+}}<br>s'''wa'''k'''aya'''t
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=//kt==+}}<br>s'''wa'''k'''aya'''t
|-  
|-  
| x
| Augmentative B
| Augmentative B
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=w}}<br>sk'''u'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=w}}<br>sk'''u'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt==wl}}<br>sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt==wl}}<br>sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
|-  
|-  
| xi
| Common implement
| Common implement
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k}}<br>'''e'''sk
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k}}<br>'''e'''sk
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>tl}}<br>'''e'''sk'''i'''t'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>tl}}<br>'''e'''sk'''i'''t'''il'''
|-  
|-  
| xii
| Augmentative implement
| Augmentative implement
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=/k=m}}<br>s'''wa'''k'''on'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=/k=m}}<br>s'''wa'''k'''on'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=//kt==wl}}<br>sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=//kt==wl}}<br>sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
|-
|-
| xiii
| Verbal noun A
| Verbal noun A
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=isk=}}<br>'''i'''s'''u'''k
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=isk=}}<br>'''i'''s'''u'''k
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=iskt==}}<br>'''i'''sk'''u'''t
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=iskt==}}<br>'''i'''sk'''u'''t
|-  
|-  
| xiv
| Verbal noun B
| Verbal noun B
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ssk=v}}<br>'''so'''sk'''iv'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ssk=v}}<br>'''so'''sk'''iv'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sskt==l}}<br>'''so'''sk'''u'''t'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sskt==l}}<br>'''so'''sk'''u'''t'''il'''
|-  
|-  
| xv
| Instance of action
| Instance of action
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ssk=}}<br>'''so'''s'''u'''k
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ssk=}}<br>'''so'''s'''u'''k
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sskt==+}}<br>'''so'''sk'''uvu'''t
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sskt==+}}<br>'''so'''sk'''uvu'''t
|-  
|-  
| xvi
| Absolute noun
| Absolute noun
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=]m}}<br>'''o'''sk'''on'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=]m}}<br>'''o'''sk'''on'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt=]]wl}}<br>'''o'''sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt=]]wl}}<br>'''o'''sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
|-  
|-  
| xvii
| Animate A
| Animate A
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=is=/km}}<br>'''i'''sk'''en'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=is=/km}}<br>'''i'''sk'''en'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=is=//ktwl}}<br>'''i'''sk'''e'''t'''ivil'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=is=//ktwl}}<br>'''i'''sk'''e'''t'''ivil'''
|-  
|-  
| xviii
| Animate B
| Animate B
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=]}}<br>s'''a'''k
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=]}}<br>s'''a'''k
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt=]]l}}<br>s'''i'''kt'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt=]]l}}<br>s'''i'''kt'''il'''
|-  
|-  
| xix
| Animate C
| Animate C
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ys=/k=]m}}<br>s'''ya'''k'''en'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ys=/k=]m}}<br>s'''ya'''k'''en'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ys=//kt=]]vl}}<br>'''ya'''sk'''a'''t'''ivil'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ys=//kt=]]vl}}<br>'''ya'''sk'''a'''t'''ivil'''
|-  
|-  
| xx
| Animate D
| Animate D
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ws=/k=]m}}<br>s'''wa'''k'''en'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ws=/k=]m}}<br>s'''wa'''k'''en'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ws=//kt=]]vl}}<br>'''wa'''sk'''a'''t'''ivil'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=ws=//kt=]]vl}}<br>'''wa'''sk'''a'''t'''ivil'''
|-  
|-  
| xxi
| Temporal
| Temporal
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[ks}}<br>'''e'''sk'''as'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[ks}}<br>'''e'''sk'''as'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>t+}}<br>s'''a'''k'''i'''t
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>t+}}<br>s'''a'''k'''i'''t
|-  
|-  
| xxii
| Collective noun
| Collective noun
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=hsk=w}}<br>'''hu'''sk'''u'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=hsk=w}}<br>'''hu'''sk'''u'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=hskt==wl}}<br>'''hu'''sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=hskt==wl}}<br>'''hu'''sk'''u'''t'''uvul'''
|-  
|-  
| xxiii
| Individual noun
| Individual noun
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=us=/ks}}<br>'''u'''sk'''is'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=us=/ks}}<br>'''u'''sk'''is'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=us=//ktl}}<br>'''u'''sk'''e'''t'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=us=//ktl}}<br>'''u'''sk'''e'''t'''il'''
|-  
|-  
| xxiv
| Natural noun
| Natural noun
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k=]}}<br>s'''ovo'''k
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k=]}}<br>s'''ovo'''k
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt==l}}<br>sk'''o'''t'''ul'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=skt==l}}<br>sk'''o'''t'''ul'''
|-  
|-  
| —
| Adjective
| Adjective
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k=}}<br>s'''e'''k'''u'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k=}}<br>s'''e'''k'''u'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>t==}}<br>s'''e'''k'''u'''t
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>t==}}<br>s'''e'''k'''u'''t
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>t==l}}<br>sk'''u'''t'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>t==l}}<br>sk'''u'''t'''il'''
|-  
|-
| —
| Comparative
| Comparative
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbsk=}}<br>'''mbe'''sk'''u'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbsk=}}<br>'''mbe'''sk'''u'''
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbskt==l}}<br>'''mbe'''sk'''u'''t'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbskt==l}}<br>'''mbe'''sk'''u'''t'''il'''
|-  
|-  
| —
| Superlative
| Superlative
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbs=[k}}<br>'''mbe'''s'''e'''k
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbs=[k}}<br>'''mbe'''s'''e'''k
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| <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbsk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>tl}}<br>'''mbe'''s'''e'''kt'''il'''
| <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbsk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>tl}}<br>'''mbe'''s'''e'''kt'''il'''
|-
|-
| —
| Adverb
| Adverb
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k=r}}<br>s'''e'''k'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=s=[k=r}}<br>s'''e'''k'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=<nowiki>[[</nowiki>t==r}}<br>s'''e'''k'''u'''t'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=sk=<nowiki>[[</nowiki>t==r}}<br>s'''e'''k'''u'''t'''ur'''
|-
|-
| —
| Comparative adverb
| Comparative adverb
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbsk=r}}<br>'''mbe'''sk'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbsk=r}}<br>'''mbe'''sk'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbskt==r}}<br>'''mbe'''sk'''u'''t'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbskt==r}}<br>'''mbe'''sk'''u'''t'''ur'''
|-
|-
| —
| Superlative adverb
| Superlative adverb
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbs=[kr}}<br>'''mbe'''s'''i'''k'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbs=[kr}}<br>'''mbe'''s'''i'''k'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbsk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>tr}}<br>'''mbe'''s'''a'''k'''i'''t'''ur'''
| colspan="2" | <br>{{sond-orth|form=mbsk<nowiki>=[[</nowiki>tr}}<br>'''mbe'''s'''a'''k'''i'''t'''ur'''
|}
|}
====Verbs====
Infinitive forms of verbs function as class (xiii) nouns, which do not have plural forms, as seen in the table above. In order to spell finite verb forms, the character for the vowel associated with the tense (''i'' for imperfect, ''a'' for perfect, and ''u'' for gnomic) is placed first, followed by the letters of the verb's root, without any modification. Verbs are thus easily identifiable by the initial vowel and the absence of additional modifications. Note that the object suffix is not indicated in the orthography. To write the subjunctive forms, a ''d'' is written in between the first ''i'' and the first root letter of a class (xiii) infinitive. For command forms, a ''u'' is written before the root, and the root receives modification 1, despite these words not starting with a ''u'' sound. Passive forms are spelled with a final ''v''. Participles are spelled with a final ''m'', and sometimes optionally take modification 2 in the perfect and modification 1 in the gnomic.


==Number system==
==Number system==
Sondiv employs a base-10 number system with special words for prime numbers up to twenty. Symbols for numbers are taken from the alphabet, and a special number sign differentiates numbers from words.  
Sondiv employs a base-10 number system with special symbols for prime numbers up to 20. The symbols for numbers larger than 1 are taken from the alphabet, and a special number sign, {{sond-orth|form=#}}, differentiates numbers from words, for instance, 2013 is written {{sond-orth|form=#2013}}.
{| class="wikitable orth orth" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Kwandon
! Arabic
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=0}}
| '''0'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=1}}
| '''1'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=2}}
| '''2'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=3}}
| '''3'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=4}}
| '''4'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=5}}
| '''5'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=6}}
| '''6'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=7}}
| '''7'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=8}}
| '''8'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=9}}
| '''9'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=10}}
| '''10'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=11}}
| '''11'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=13}}
| '''13'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=17}}
| '''17'''
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=19}}
| '''19'''
|}
 
==Punctuation and other symbols==
Kwandon's punctuation works similarly to the Latin alphabet's.
{| class="wikitable orth orth" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Kwandon
! Latin
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=,}}
| Pause
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=.}}
| End of sentence
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=?}}
| Question mark
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=!}}
| Exclamation mark
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=$}}
| Currency sign
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=-}}
| Dash
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=( )}}
| Brackets
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=…}}
| Ellipsis
|}
 
Furthermore, Kwandon has special symbols for the 4 Atrian tribes:
{| class="wikitable orth orth" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Kwandon
! Meaning
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=@i}}
| Iwabas, the mystic tribe
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=@s}}
| Swamad, the farming tribe
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=@v}}
| Vwasak, the warrior tribe
|-
| {{sond-orth|form=@z}}
| Zwahan, the ruling tribe
|}


==References==
==References==
Line 495: Line 636:
[[Category:Sondiv language|Orthography]]
[[Category:Sondiv language|Orthography]]
[[Category:Sondiv appendices|Orthography]]
[[Category:Sondiv appendices|Orthography]]
[[Category:Kwandon script| ]]
[[Category:Script appendices]]

Latest revision as of 05:24, 10 June 2024

Sondiv Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Orthography, Dialogue

Kwandon is an abjad by David J. Peterson used to write the Sondiv language spoken by the alien Atrian people from The CW's Star-Crossed.

Orthography

Sondiv's script, known as Kwandon, is an abjad, a writing system that primarily represents consonantal sounds. Vowels are typically not written or are only written in specific contexts.

Design concept

Kwandon was created to have a appearance inspired by seaweed and oceanic elements, based on the water-world character of Atria. The goal was to emphasize consonants, with a particular visual style that included lines written over and under glyphs. Peterson had previously created scripts like abugidas and a syllabary for the show Defiance, and so aimed to create writing system of a different type for Star-Crossed.

Root system

Similar to Arabic, Sondiv employs a root system that allows for the easy formation of new words. There are twenty-four basic nominal patterns, an adjectival pattern, a determiner pattern, two patterns for male names, and one for female names. Patterns have broad semantic categories, such as "Animate A" and "Animate B," assigned to them. The script was designed encode these patterns unambiguously using only consonant characters and certain modifications to those characters.

Consonant modifications

Peterson devised a schema with four modifications to the consonant characters that accommodated roots with two and three consonants. The goal was to minimize the number of modifications while ensuring unambiguous encoding of the patterns. All glyphs occupy the same vertical space for efficiency.

Glyphs have two modifications above and two below the character. Modifications 1 and 2 are written over one or two consonants to the left, modification 3 is written under one or two consonants to the right, and modification 4 is written under a single consonant to the right or under and between two consonants. They are shown in the following table:

Root type Modification
1 2 3 4
Biconsonantal
sk=
sk=]
s=/k
s=[k
Triconsonantal
skt==
skt=]]
s=//kt
sk=[[t

Glyphs

Romanization IPA Unmodified 1 2 3 4 Notes
a a
a
ga=
gga==
ga=]
gga=]]
a=/g
a=//gg
a=[g
ga=[[g 		Former long vowel, used as a consonant in some roots.
b b
b
gb=
ggb==
gb=]
ggb=]]
b=/g
b=//gg
b=[g
gb=[[g
ch tʃ
ch
gch=
ggch==
gch=]
ggch=]]
ch=/g
ch=//gg
ch=[g
gch=[[g 		Used in loanwords.
d d
d
gd=
ggd==
gd=]
ggd=]]
d=/g
d=//gg
d=[g
gd=[[g
e e
e 		Invariant, used in special cases.
f f
f
gf=
ggf==
gf=]
ggf=]]
f=/g
f=//gg
f=[g
gf=[[g 		Used in loanwords. /f/ does occur as a phoneme in native words, but is underlyingly the former sequence */vh/ and is still spelt as such.
g g
g
gg=
ggg==
gg=]
ggg=]]
g=/g
g=//gg
g=[g
gg=[[g
h h
h
gh=
ggh==
gh=]
ggh=]]
h=/g
h=//gg
h=[g
gh=[[g
i i
i
gi=
ggi==
gi=]
ggi=]]
i=/g
i=//gg
i=[g
gi=[[g 		Former long vowel, used as a consonant in some roots.
j dʒ
j
gj=
ggj==
gj=]
ggj=]]
j=/g
j=//gg
j=[g
gj=[[g 		Used in loanwords.
k k
k
gk=
ggk==
gk=]
ggk=]]
k=/g
k=//gg
k=[g
gk=[[g
l l
l
gl=
ggl==
gl=]
ggl=]]
l=/g
l=//gg
l=[g
gl=[[g
m m
m
gm=
ggm==
gm=]
ggm=]]
m=/g
m=//gg
m=[g
gm=[[g
n n
n
gn=
ggn==
gn=]
ggn=]]
n=/g
n=//gg
n=[g
gn=[[g
o o
o 		Invariant, used in special cases.
p p
p
gp=
ggp==
gp=]
ggp=]]
p=/g
p=//gg
p=[g
gp=[[g
r ɾ
r
gr=
ggr==
gr=]
ggr=]]
r=/g
r=//gg
r=[g
gr=[[g
s s
s
gs=
ggs==
gs=]
ggs=]]
s=/g
s=//gg
s=[g
gs=[[g
sh ʃ
sh
gsh=
ggsh==
gsh=]
ggsh=]]
sh=/g
sh=//gg
sh=[g
gsh=[[g 		Used in loanwords.
t t
t
gt=
ggt==
gt=]
ggt=]]
t=/g
t=//gg
t=[g
gt=[[g
th θ
th
gth=
ggth==
gth=]
ggth=]]
th=/g
th=//gg
th=[g
gth=[[g 		Used in loanwords.
u u
u
gu=
ggu==
gu=]
ggu=]]
u=/g
u=//gg
u=[g
gu=[[g 		Former long vowel, used as a consonant in some roots.
v v
v
gv=
ggv==
gv=]
ggv=]]
v=/g
v=//gg
v=[g
gv=[[g
w w
w
gw=
ggw==
gw=]
ggw=]]
w=/g
w=//gg
w=[g
gw=[[g
y j
y
gy=
ggy==
gy=]
ggy=]]
y=/g
y=//gg
y=[g
gy=[[g
z z
z
gz=
ggz==
gz=]
ggz=]]
z=/g
z=//gg
z=[g
gz=[[g

Patterns

Patterns to form nouns, adjectives, determiners and names can apply to biconsonantal (e.g., S-K) and triconsonantal (e.g., S-K-T) roots. They are written with consonant letters representing prefixes and suffixes, as well as applying the presence or absence of the four modifications to the consonants of the root. Most of the patterns have singular and plural forms, and some of the plural forms end with a special plural glyph.

There are some cases in which the absence of modifications or an unexpected usage of them is used to inform a different reading. If two or three letters follow each other without modifications, they will be read as the determiner pattern. The second root letter, rather than the third, is modified (with modification 2) for the first male name pattern pronunciation. The modification of the third root letter (using modification 1) covers only the second letter, not the first, for the female name pattern pronunciation in triconsonantal roots.

Roman
numeral 		Pattern Biconsonantal root Triconsonantal root
Singular Plural Singular Plural
— Determiner
sk
sik
skt
skit
— Adverbial determiner
skr
sikur
sktr
skitur
— Feminine name
*sk=h
Soka
*skt=h
Sakota
— Masculine name A
*sk=]
Sak
*sk=]t
Sakat
— Masculine name B
*s=/ktwr
Sektur
*s=//kttwr
Skettur
i Common noun A
s=/k
sek
s=/k+
sayak
s=//kt
sket
s=//kt+
skayat
ii Common noun B
sk=
sok
sk=+
suvuk
skt==
skot
skt==+
skuvut
iii Diminutive A
s=/ks
skis
s=/kl
skil
s=//kts
sketis
s=//ktl
sketil
iv Diminutive B
sk=s
skus
sk=l
skul
skt==s
skotus
skt==l
skotul
v Locative A
bs=/k
besek
bs=/k+
besayak
bs=//kt
besket
bs=//kt+
beskayat
vi Locative B
bsk=m
beskon
bsk=wl
beskuvul
bskt==m
beskuton
bskt==wl
beskutuvul
vii Diminutive locative
bs=/ks
beskis
bs=/kl
beskil
bs=//kts
besketis
bs=//ktl
besketil
viii Locative C
s=[k‌h
esika
s=[kl
eskil
sk=[[t‌h
eskita
sk=[[tl
eskitil
ix Augmentative A
s=/k=
swak
s=/k=+
swayak
s=//kt==
swakat
s=//kt==+
swakayat
x Augmentative B
sk=w
sku
sk=wl
skuvul
skt==w
skutu
skt==wl
skutuvul
xi Common implement
s=[k
esk
s=[kl
eskil
sk=[[t
esekt
sk=[[tl
eskitil
xii Augmentative implement
s=/k=m
swakon
s=/k=wl
skuvul
s=//kt==m
swakton
s=//kt==wl
skutuvul
xiii Verbal noun A
isk=
isuk
iskt==
iskut
xiv Verbal noun B
ssk=v
soskiv
ssk=l
soskil
sskt==v
soskutiv
sskt==l
soskutil
xv Instance of action
ssk=
sosuk
ssk=+
sosuvuk
sskt==
soskut
sskt==+
soskuvut
xvi Absolute noun
sk=]m
oskon
sk=]wl
oskuvul
skt=]]m
oskuton
skt=]]wl
oskutuvul
xvii Animate A
is=/km
isken
is=/kwl
iskivil
is=//ktm
isketen
is=//ktwl
isketivil
xviii Animate B
sk=]
sak
sk=]l
sikil
skt=]]
skat
skt=]]l
siktil
xix Animate C
ys=/k=]m
syaken
ys=/k=]vl
yaskivil
ys=//kt=]]m
syakaten
ys=//kt=]]vl
yaskativil
xx Animate D
ws=/k=]m
swaken
ws=/k=]vl
waskivil
ws=//kt=]]m
swakaten
ws=//kt=]]vl
waskativil
xxi Temporal
s=[ks
eskas
s=[k+
sek
sk=[[ts
askitas
sk=[[t+
sakit
xxii Collective noun
hsk=w
husku
hsk=wl
huskuvul
hskt==w
huskutu
hskt==wl
huskutuvul
xxiii Individual noun
us=/ks
uskis
us=/kl
uskil
us=//kts
usketis
us=//ktl
usketil
xxiv Natural noun
s=[k=]
sovok
sk=l
skul
sk=[[t=]]
skovot
skt==l
skotul
— Adjective
s=[k=
seku
s=[k=hl
skuhul
sk=[[t==
sekut
sk=[[t==l
skutil
— Comparative
mbsk=
mbesku
mbsk=hl
mbeskuhul
mbskt==
mbeskut
mbskt==l
mbeskutil
— Superlative
mbs=[k
mbesek
mbs=[kl
mbesekil
mbsk=[[t
mbesakit
mbsk=[[tl
mbesektil
— Adverb
s=[k=r
sekur
sk=[[t==r
sekutur
— Comparative adverb
mbsk=r
mbeskur
mbskt==r
mbeskutur
— Superlative adverb
mbs=[kr
mbesikur
mbsk=[[tr
mbesakitur

Verbs

Infinitive forms of verbs function as class (xiii) nouns, which do not have plural forms, as seen in the table above. In order to spell finite verb forms, the character for the vowel associated with the tense (i for imperfect, a for perfect, and u for gnomic) is placed first, followed by the letters of the verb's root, without any modification. Verbs are thus easily identifiable by the initial vowel and the absence of additional modifications. Note that the object suffix is not indicated in the orthography. To write the subjunctive forms, a d is written in between the first i and the first root letter of a class (xiii) infinitive. For command forms, a u is written before the root, and the root receives modification 1, despite these words not starting with a u sound. Passive forms are spelled with a final v. Participles are spelled with a final m, and sometimes optionally take modification 2 in the perfect and modification 1 in the gnomic.

Number system

Sondiv employs a base-10 number system with special symbols for prime numbers up to 20. The symbols for numbers larger than 1 are taken from the alphabet, and a special number sign, #, differentiates numbers from words, for instance, 2013 is written #2013.

Kwandon Arabic
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
13 13
17 17
19 19

Punctuation and other symbols

Kwandon's punctuation works similarly to the Latin alphabet's.

Kwandon Latin
, Pause
. End of sentence
? Question mark
! Exclamation mark
$ Currency sign
- Dash
( ) Brackets
… Ellipsis

Furthermore, Kwandon has special symbols for the 4 Atrian tribes:

Kwandon Meaning
@i Iwabas, the mystic tribe
@s Swamad, the farming tribe
@v Vwasak, the warrior tribe
@z Zwahan, the ruling tribe

References

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