User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/1-4

Lesson 4| Adverbs and Prepositions

Note: copy/paste from Latin wikibook to see what it looks like.

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian	English
nēdenka (adj. I)	brave
bōsa (adj. I)	long
hēnka (adj. I)	same
kōz (adj. II)	evil, wicked, bad
adere (adj. II)	quick, fast, slippery, sleek, smooth
vala (1lun.)	man
anne (4lun.)	horse
brōzi (5lun.)	name
egry (2lun.)	knife, razor
azantys (2sol.)	knight, soldier, warrior
jaos (3sol.)	dog
zaldrīzes (4sol.)	dragon
bantis (5sol.)	night
qintir (5aq.)	turtle
mālor (3aq.)	rice
drīves (4sol.)	justice, truth, right, reason, excuse
vējes (4sol.)	fate, doom
Astapor (3aq.)	Astapor
Yunkai (6for.)	Yunkai
aderī (adv.)	soon, quickly
tolī (adv.)	above, overhead; after, afterward; beyond, too much, too, excessively
ēza	he/she has
ȳdragon (v-fin.)	to say to
kisikagon (c-fin.)	to feed
mijegon (v-fin.)	to lack
brōzagon (c-fin.)	to name
enkagon (c-fin.)	to owe
jomīsagon (c-fin.)	to wear, carry
leghagon (c-fin.)	to fill
merbugon (v-fin.)	to hunger
āeksākogon (v-fin.)	to say to
baelagon (c-fin.)	to help, to aid, to assist someone
hakogon (v-fin.)	to pull, bother, affect, annoy
jehākogon (v-fin.)	to cheer, to cheer up, to brighten the mood of
jemagon (v-fin.)	to lead, guide
naenākogon (v-fin.)	to multiply, increase
qrinumbagon (c-fin.)	To stay beyond one’s welcome, to occupy
rāelagon (v-fin.)	to maintain, to keep, to hold onto, to hold back, to retain in some place or state
zoklākogon (v-fin.)	to entice, to entreat
sēnagon (c-fin.)	to kill

Comparatives and Superlatives of Adjectives

There are four types of adjectives: Positive (the 'normal' adjective, eg. the brave man: vala nēdenka), Comparative (eg. the braver man, or the rather brave man: vala nēdenkykta) and Superlative (eg. the bravest man, or the very brave man: vala nēdenkāje). The Equative type has very scarce examples and will be skipped for it is not yet clear how to use it. Comparatives generally look like -kta, Superlatives look like -je, and Equatives look like -pa.

Adjective Derivation
Class	comparative	superlative	equative
I	-ykta	-āje	-āpa
II	-kta	-je	-pa
III	-ikta	-ije	-ipa

All comparatives and equatives are declined like class I adjectives while superlatives are declined like class II adjectives, and thus must match the gender of the noun the comparative or equative modifies. Stem changes may occur when appending theses suffixes.

Class I Adjective: bōsa (long)
bōsa	bōsykta	bōsāje	bōsāpa
long	longer	longest	as long

Class II Adjective: dokimare (focused)
dokimare	dokimarkta	dokimarje	dokimarpa
focused	more focused	most focused	as focused

Class III Adjective: sylvie (wise)
sylvie	sylvikta	sylvije	sylvipa
wise	wiser	wisest	as wise

The comparative and the equative use the instrumental of comparison where the item being compared to is in the instrumental case. The below example features the genitive case, used to indicate possession and a possessive adjective declined in the instrumental case to agree with the instrumental of comparison. The comparative adjective rovyktys agrees with zaldrīzes in declination.

Explanation- David's dragon is bigger than your dragon.
High Valyrian:	Davido(1)	zaldrīzes	aōhos(2) (inst.)	zaldrīzose(3) (inst.)	rovyktys	issa.
English:	David's	dragon	your (inst.)	[with] [the, a] dragon	bigger	is.

• ⁽¹⁾ Davidi, David (6for.). Davido, (gen.)
• ⁽²⁾ aōhys, your (2sol.). aōhom, your (inst.)
• ⁽³⁾ zaldrīzes, dragon (4sol.). zaldīzose, (inst.)

The equative finds use in idiomatic expressions such as the example below to compare distances, "how far is it from here?" The phrase hae skorot finds much use in questions and comparisons and reads "as what" or "like what." Hen kesīr translates literally to "from here." Altogether, this sentence reads "like what as far as from here is."

Explanation- How far is it from here?
High Valyrian:	Hae skorot	tolmīhāpa(1)	hen kesīr	ilza?
English:	Like what	as far as	from here	is.

• ⁽¹⁾ tolmīha, far, distant (adj. I.). tolmīhāpa, (adj. I. eq.)

This example, similar to the previous, inquires about a distance, showing that this syntax has flexibility in use.

Explanation- How high was the dragon flying above the army?
High Valyrian:	Hae skorot	zaldrīzes	eglipys(1)	mentyro(2)	toliot	sōviles?
English:	Like what	dragon	as high as	of the army	above	was flying.

• ⁽¹⁾ eglie, high (adj. III.). eglipys, (adj. I. eq.)
• ⁽²⁾ mentyr, army (6col.2sol.). mentyro, (gen.)
• ⁽³⁾ sōvegon, to fly (v-fin.). sōlviles, (imp.)

Irregular Adjectives

Fortunately, there are only a few irregular adjectives.

Irregular Adjectives
Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Equative
pretty	litse	līsta (prettier)	līje (prettiest)	līspa (as pretty)
true	drēje	drīkta (truer)	drīje (truest)	drīpa (as true)

Examples:

High Valyrian	English
Iōnos Daeneromy nēdenkyktys issa	Jon is braver than Daenerys
Daenerys Iōnoso dokimarktys issa	Daenerys is more focused than Jon
Daenerys sylvije issa	Daenerys is the wisest
Iōnos Daeneromy sylvipys issa	Jon is as wise as Daenerys

The Instrumental Case

The Instrumental Case (inst.) means 'with' and conveys the means through which a verbal action is completed. It is used for inanimate objects; for animate objects, use the comitative case to convey accompaniment in the sense of 'along with'.

Examples in English:

• The knight kills the lion with a sword.
• I eat rice with a fork.

A sentence like 'I went to the market with Alysanne' would take the comitative case.

You may have noticed there are a good amount of noun declinations in High Valyrian; don't get overwhelmed--they are not all equally frequent. One way to approach this is to do a census of nouns and focus study on the most frequent declinations. About 40% of nouns fall into the third solar and third terrestrial declination; about 50% fall into first aquatic, first lunar, second lunar, second solar, third lunar, and fourth lunar--the final 10% are third aquatic, fourth lunar, fourth terrestrial, fifth aquatic, and fifth lunar.

The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual instrumental forms take the endings -osa, -oso, and -oso; with 'i' in the ending, they become -ȳsa, -ȳso, and -ȳso.

Declination	Nominative	Singular	Plural
1lun.	val-a	val-osa	val-ossi
1aq.	qelb-ar	qelb-rosa	qelb-rossi
2lun.	egr-y	egr-omy	egr-ommi
2sol.	azant-ys	azant-omy	azant-ommi
3lun. (io)	āeks-io	āeks-ȳso	āeks-ȳssi
3sol.	ri-os	ri-oso	ri-ossi
3sol. (contracting)	jao-s	jao-so	jao-hossi
3ter.	lent-on	lent-oso	lent-ossi
3aq.	māl-or	māl-roso	māl-rossi
4lun.	ann-e	ann-ose	ann-ossi
4sol.	zaldrīz-es	zaldrīz-ose	zaldrīz-ossi
5lun.	brōz-i	brōz-ȳsi	brōz-ȳssi
5sol.	bant-is	bant-ȳsi	bant-ȳssi
5aq.	qint-ir	qint-ȳsi	qint-ȳssi
adj. I	rōv-a (ys on or)	rōv-os (os os ros)	rōv-os (os os ros)
adj. II	sȳz (sȳrior)	sȳr-os (ȳs)	sȳr-os (ȳs)
adj. III	sylvie (ior)	sylv-ios (ȳs)	sylv-ios (ȳs)

A number of verbs convey a special meaning when used with the instrumental case:

Verb	Meaning	Instrumental use
kisikagon	to feed	the food being fed
mijegon	to lack	the item lacked
brōzagon	to name	the name
enkagon	to owe	the item owed
jomīsagon	to wear, carry	the item worn
leghagon	to fill	the instrument due to which an item is filled
merbugon	to hunger	the item hungered for

Exercise 1

Translate the following sentences to High Valyrian.

I hunger for rice. Mālroso merbun.

A wolf is bigger than a turtle. Zokla qintrȳsi rōvykta issa

The house is smaller than the mountain. Lenton blēnoso bykykton issa.

You are lacking a strong horse. Kostōbos annose mijē.

Adverbs

Adverbs modify the verb in the clause. The adverb may be placed to begin the clause, after the subject of the verb, or immediately before the verb. Unlike adjectives and substantives, adverbs do not have declension or gender. And thus they are referred to as being 'indeclinable.'

There exist three types of adverbs in High Valyrian: (1) Temporal, related to the passage of time; (2) Locative, related to place and location; (3) Manner, related to how the action is performed.

Temporal and Locative adverbs are most commonly placed at the beginning of a clause; however, they may be place directly before the verb.

Manner adverbs, equivalent to in English adding -ly to an adjective, are most commonly placed either before the verb or after the subject; however they could begin a clause to place emphasis on the adverb.

Some adverbs like aderī can be either a temporal/locative adverb (soon) or a manner adverb (quickly), so be consistent with placement. Perhaps, place temporal/locative always at the beginning of a clause and for manner adverbs, generally before the verb or if emphasis on the adverb is wanted, after the subject. This stylistic suggestion is simply that--a suggestion. The critical point--be consistent so you can read your own writing!

For example, the first two sentences showcase temporal/locative and manner adverb placement and the second two illustrate how placement can change emphasis:

High Valyrian	English
Aderī lentot dekōs	Run home soon
Lentot aderī dekōs	Run home quickly
Daenerys aderī āeksia sēnas	Quickly Daenerys killed the masters
Daenerys āeksia aderī sēnas	Daenerys killed the masters quickly

Adverbs are formed from class I adjectives usually through replacing the suffix appended to the stem with the -irī. For class II and class III adjectives, the suffix appended is replaced with -ī. Adverbs may also originate from nouns in the dative case, locative case, or instrumental case.

For example:

• drīves (truth) -> drīvose (truly; lit. with truth)
• sȳrior (good) -> sȳrī (well)
• adere (fast) -> aderī (soon, quickly)

Exercise 2

This exercise illustrates how adverb placement can change the meaning of a sentence.

After Daenerys kills the masters Tolī Daenerys āeksia sēnas (any placement is correct)

Daenerys kills the masters excessively Daenerys āeksia tolī sēnas (any placement is correct)

Daenerys excessively kills the masters Daenerys tolī āeksia sēnas (any placement is correct)

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are indeclinable particles that join clauses together to form sentences. Examples of forms of conjunctions in English are: and, but and so. Conjunctions are either coordinating (joining two main clauses) or subordinating (joining a subclause to a main clause).

List of Common Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
iā	or, either
sepār	and so, therefore
se	and
sesīr	and now, and so
yn	yet, nevertheless, however, although, but
Subordinating Conjunctions
kesrio syt	because, for; on account of this
hegnīr	so that
lodaor	otherwise
skorȳso	because
lo	if
skorī	when

Exercise 3

Based upon your reading of the table of conjunctions, how would one translate these sentences?

Sȳz iksā iā kōz iksā sesīr drīves yne ȳdrās. You're good or you're bad and so tell me the truth.

Lodaor hēnkos vējose hae Astaprot Yunkai botilza. Otherwise, Yunkai will suffer the same fate as Astapor.

Prepositions

You have met a few prepositions already and may have noticed they are indeclinable and genderless. Prepositions are placed before substantives and adjectives. Prepositions take only the locative, covered below, or dative case. All prepositions take the locative case and two of them may take both, however their meanings differ depending on the case.

List of Common Prepositions
Prepositions Taking the Locative Case
hae	as, like, similar to; in the guise of, in the manner of, acting as
hen	from; since
va	towards; at, near
Prepositions Taking The Dative Case
va	to, all the way up to
hen	of, out of; because of, on account of, thanks to, for; as

The Locative Case

The Locative Case (loc.) indicates the location and time of the action of a verb; it may be translated as in, into, on. The locative case commonly lengthens the theme vowel of a noun's ending and plurals often end in -oti and -ȳti.

Remember the locative copula, ilagon, from the first lesson? It looks like ilza in the third person indicative present and occurs frequently with the locative case where one would usually use issa.

The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual locative forms take the endings -ā, -ot, and -ot; with 'i' in the ending, they become -iā, -iot, and -iot.

Declination	Nominative	Singular	Plural
1lun	val-a	val-ā	val-oti
1aq	qelb-ar	qelb-ār	qelb-roti
2lun	egr-y	egr-ȳ	egr-ī
2sol	azant-ys	azant-ȳ	azant-ī
3lun* (io)	āeks-io	āeks-iot	āeks-ȳti
3sol*	ri-os	ri-ot	ri-oti
3sol (contracting)	jao-s	jao-hot	jao-hoti
3ter*	lent-on	lent-ot	lent-oti
3aq*	māl-or	māl-rot	māl-roti
4lun	ann-e	ann-ē	ann-oti
4sol	zaldrīz-es	zaldrīz-ē	zaldrīz-oti
5lun	brōz-i	brōz-ȳsi	brōz-ȳssi
5sol	bant-is	bant-ī	bant-ȳti
5aq	qint-ir	qint-īr	qint-ȳti
adj. I	rōv-a (ys on or)	rōv-ā (ȳ ot rot)	rōv-o (ī o ro)
adj. II	sȳz (sȳrior)	sȳr-ē (ȳr)	sȳr-o (ȳ)
adj. III	sylvie (ior)	sylv-iē (ȳr)	sylv-io (ȳ)
3lun., 3sol., 3ter., and 3aq. have identical singular and plural endings in the dative case.

A number of verbs take a locative object and have a certain meaning. If you see a verb ending in -ākogon it will always take a locative object!

Verb	Meaning	Locative Use
āeksākogon	to champion	what is being championed
baelagon	to help	what is being helped with
hakogon	to pull, to bother	where is item pulled from; what is bothering
jehākogon	to cheer	who is being cheered up
jemagon	to lead	where one is led from
naenākogon	To increase	what is being increased
qrinumbagon	to occupy	what is occupied
rāelagon	to retain	state is item retained in
zoklākogon	to entice, to entreat	who is being enticed

Exercise 4

Translate the following prepositional phrases.

from the mountains hen blēnoti

like a wolf hae zoklā

va rōvrot kostōbrōt qelbār to the big and strong river

Translate to High Valyrian.

The greatest dragon is in the big canyon. Karāje zaldrīzes rōvot rihot ilza.

We hunt at night. Bantī arghī

Soon, the master will return to the river from the mountain. Aderī āeksio qelbār hen blēnot āmāzis.

Kill the master when he returns to the kingdom because he is evil. Āeksio sēnās skorī dāriot āmāzis skorȳso ziry kōz issa.