Nelvayu Grammar: Difference between revisions
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Nouns decline for case. The cases of Nelvayu include genitive (marked with ''-u''), instrumental (''-uze''), and dative (''-gra''). | Nouns decline for case. The cases of Nelvayu include genitive (marked with ''-u''), instrumental (''-uze''), and dative (''-gra''). | ||
===Possession=== | |||
Possession in nouns is marked by possessive suffixes: | Possession in nouns is marked by possessive suffixes: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Examples | ===Examples=== | ||
* ''beyunuk'' "your name" (name-your) | * ''beyunuk'' "your name" (name-your) | ||
* ''bodzamuk'' "your strength" (strength-your) | * ''bodzamuk'' "your strength" (strength-your) | ||
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==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
Personal pronouns in | Personal pronouns in Nelvayu decline for case and number: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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==Determiners== | ==Determiners== | ||
Nelvayu has demonstratives. | Nelvayu has demonstratives, including proximal ones. | ||
Examples | ===Examples=== | ||
* ''mem'' "this, these" | * ''mem'' "this, these" | ||
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Nelvayu has a {{wl|null copula}}. | Nelvayu has a {{wl|null copula}}. | ||
Examples | ===Examples=== | ||
* ''vashik'' "I call you." (call-I-you) | * ''vashik'' "I call you." (call-I-you) | ||
* ''vashelak'' "We call you." (call-we-you) | * ''vashelak'' "We call you." (call-we-you) | ||
Latest revision as of 10:27, 27 March 2024
Nelvayu is an agglutinative language. It features polypersonal agreement.
Nouns
Nouns decline for case. The cases of Nelvayu include genitive (marked with -u), instrumental (-uze), and dative (-gra).
Possession
Possession in nouns is marked by possessive suffixes:
| First Person | Second Person | Third Person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -uk | ||
| Plural |
Examples
- beyunuk "your name" (name-your)
- bodzamuk "your strength" (strength-your)
- imoruk "your face" (face-your)
- trovelluk "your servant" (servant-your)
- dimostuk "your mark" (mark-your)
- dimostu "of the mark" (of-mark)
- dimostuze "with the mark" (by-mark)
- lonnuze "by the light" (by-the-light)
- hazle "realm"
- hazligra "to the realm" (to-realm)
- nivuneyav "bodies"
- kirza "world"
Pronouns
Personal pronouns in Nelvayu decline for case and number:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | |
| Nominative | hela | |||||
| Genitive | ||||||
| Instrumental | ||||||
| Dative | hingra | uregra | helegra | |||
Determiners
Nelvayu has demonstratives, including proximal ones.
Examples
- mem "this, these"
Verbs
Verbs in Nelvayu show polypersonal agreement, that is, verbs agree with both their subject and direct object. Imperative forms of transitive verbs agree with their object, while imperative forms of intransitive verbs agree with their subject (i.e. the second person). The agreement suffixes are shown in the following table:
| First Person | Second Person | Third Person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -i/-yen | -(a)k | -yet |
| Plural | -(y)el | -ar |
Nelvayu has a null copula.
Examples
- vashik "I call you." (call-I-you)
- vashelak "We call you." (call-we-you)
- odmerelar "We offer (them)." (offer-we-them)
- dandzorelak "We welcome you." (welcome-we-you)
- zorelak "We see you." (see-we-you)
- zorayel "See us!" (see-us)
- vozoyel "Mark us!" (mark-us)
- dembrayel "Take us!" (take-us)
- hessayel "Use us!" (use-us)
- ludayel "Hear us!" (hear-us)
- ludayen "Hear me!" (hear-me)
- ashaloyen "Answer me!" (answer-me)
- ludayet "Hear (it)!" (hear-it)
- merayet/medrayet "Give (it)! (give-it)
- guvoyet "Show (it)! (show-it)
- odzorayet "Behold (it)!" (behold-it)
- germoyet "Find (it)!" (find)
- odbetroyet "Cleanse (it)! (cleanse-it)
- zavak "Come!"
- erinak "Rise!"