Appendix:Gandal pronunciation

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The Gandal language has 23 consonants, 8 vowels and 2 glides.

Standard Romanization

Letter	IPA	English example(s)	Notes
a	ɑ, ǝ	father, sofa	Pronounced [ɑ] when stressed and [ǝ] when unstressed.
æ	æ	cat
b	b	bog
ch	tʃ	chop
d	d	dog
dh	ð	this
e	ɛ	bed
ei	e	bait
f	f	food
g	g	good
h	h	ham
i	i	machine
j	dʒ	jet
k	k	skill
l	l	left
m	m	man
n	n	no
ng	ŋ	sing
ny	ɲ	New York (certain pronunciations)	Like Spanish ñ.
o	o	coat
p	p	span
r	ɹ	road
s	s	see
sh	ʃ	sheep
t	t	stop
th	θ	thin
u	u	rude
v	v	voice
w	w	wet
y	j	yawn
z	z	zoo
zh	ʒ	casual

Phonetics

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p b		t d		k g
Affricate				tʃ ⟨ch⟩ dʒ ⟨j⟩
Fricative	f v	θ ⟨th⟩ ð ⟨dh⟩	s z	ʃ ⟨sh⟩ ʒ ⟨zh⟩		h
Nasal	m		n	ɲ ⟨ny⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Approximant	w		ɹ ⟨r⟩	j ⟨y⟩
Lateral			l

Vowels

Gandal has 8 phonetically distinct vowels:

		Front	Central	Back
Close		i		u
Mid	Close-mid	e ⟨ei⟩	ǝ ⟨a⟩	o
	Open-mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩
Open		æ		ɑ ⟨a⟩

Gandal also has two diphthongs: ay /ai/ and aw /au/. Non-close vowels generally reduce to /ǝ/ when unstressed.

Stress

Stress used to predictably fall on the first heavy syllable from the left, but the loss of geminates and of some diphthongs resulted in stress becoming lexical. Compounding and derivation generally do not affect stress placement.