User:Najahho/High Valyrian Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	Singular				Plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
			solar/lunar	terrestrial/aquatic
Nominative	nyke	ao	ziry	ūja	īlon	jeme	pōnta
Accusative	yne	avy	ziry	ūī	īlōn	jemī	pōnte
Genitive	yno	aō	zijo	ūō	īlo	jemo	pōnto
Dative	ynot	aōt	zijot	ūjot	īlot	jemot	pōntot
Locative	nykē	aō	zirȳ	ūjā	īlō	jemē	pōntā
Instrumental	ynoma	aōma	zijosy	josa	īloma	jemme	pōntosa
Comitative			zijomy	joma			pōntoma
Vocative	nykys	aōs	zirys	ūjus	īlos	jemys	pōntus
Reflexive/Emphatic	nykēla	aōla	zirȳla	jāla	īlōnda	jemēla	pōntāla
Possessive	ñuha	aōha	zȳha	jāha	īlva	jeva	pōja
English (sub.)	I	you	he, she, it		we	you	they

Possessive pronouns

When a possessive adjective needs to be nominalized, instead of the expected substantive forms in -y and -ir, a special form in -on is used, which declines as an ordinary 3ter. noun. Thus:

	Singular	Plural
1st person	ñuhon "mine"	īlvon "ours"
2nd person	aōhon "yours"	jevon "yours"
3rd person,	zȳhon "his," "hers," "its"	pōjon "theirs"
	jāhon "its," "his," "hers"

Unlike possessive adjectives, which always modify a noun attributively (e.g. Āeksiot zȳhon vaoreznon jepin "I ask the Lord His favor."), possessive pronouns are used either on their own (e.g. Kesy zȳhon issa "This one is his."), or predicatively (e.g. Zȳhon suvio perzō vāedar issa "His is the song of ice and fire.")

Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns

Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns form a category in High Valyrian. Unlike personal pronouns, they largely decline regularly, acting for the most part as High Valyrian Adjectives. These divide up into three subcategories:

• Proximal (indicating something comparatively close, like English "this")
• Distal (indicating something farther, like English "that")
• Interrogative (asking a question, like English "which")

For each of these subcategories there are two stems, one of which is used with animate antecedents, and the other of which is used for inanimate ones. Thus:

	Animate	Inanimate
Proximal	bisa	kesa
Distal	bona	kona
Interrogative	spare	skore

Some notes:

• The demonstratives are all class I adjectives, whereas the interrogatives are class II.
• Although gender and animacy frequently align, so that animate nouns will be lunar or solar, and inanimate ones terrestrial or aquatic, there are many exceptions. For instance brōzi "name," and brāedazma "bronze," both lunar but inanimate; dāerves "freedom," solar but inanimate Targārien "Targaryen," and turgon "worm," both terrestrial but animate; valonqar "little brother," hāedar "little sister," both aquatic but animate. Thus all stems can occur in any gender.
• Animals may be treated as either animate or inanimate, depending on the animal, and the speaker's attitude towards it.

These pronouns behave like adjective in every way: they have prepositive, postpositive, and substantive forms. However, the postpositive forms are fairly rare, as demonstratives (and probably interrogatives too) nearly always precede the noun they modify. They may occasionally follow the noun, but this is unusual, and highly marked. Doing this tends to give the sentence a more "official" feel, but, in some cases, it might be done for simple emphasis.

It is particularly important to distinguish the substantive forms: if the demonstrative or interrogative modifies a noun, it goes in the prepositive or postpositive form. If no noun is explicitly stated, the substantive form must be used:

		Lunar	Solar	Terrestrial	Aquatic		Substantive
Animate	Proximal	bisa muña "this mother"	bisys zaldrīzes "this dragon"	bison turgon "this worm"	bisor hāedar "this little sister"		bisy/bisir "this one," "this person"
	Distal	bona muña "that mother"	bonys zaldrīzes "that dragon"	bonon turgon "that worm"	bonor hāedar "that little sister"		bony/bonir "that one," "that person"
	Interrogative	spare muña "which mother?"	spare zaldrīzes "which dragon?"	sparior turgon "which worm?"	sparior hāedar "which little sister?"		sparos/sparion "which one," "which person," "who?"
Inanimate	Proximal	kesa brōzi "this name"	kesys biarves "this celebration"	keson glaeson "this life"	kesor qelbar "this river"		kesy/kesir "this one," "this thing"
	Distal	kona brōzi "that name"	konys biarves "that celebration"	konon glaeson "that life"	konor qelbar "that river"		kony/konir "that one," "that thing"
	Interrogative	skore brōzi "which name?"	skore biarves "which celebration?"	skorior glaeson "which life?"	skorior qelbar "which river?"		skoros/skorion "which one," "which thing," "what?"

The substantive forms can be used in different cases and constructions to cover a variety of expressions. For instance, the type 2 substantives in the locative indicate place:

• kesīr "at this place," "here."
• konīr "at that place," "there."
• skoriot "at what place," "where?"

Also derived from skorion is Skorȳso? "Why?," "because."

Skoros seems particularly rich in idiomatic case uses:

• Skoros otāpā? "What do you think?"
• Skoro syt? "On account of what," "why?" (but skorio syt also exists)

Other questions words that are not overtly cases of skoros or skorion include:

• Skorī? "When?"
• Skorkydoso? "How?" (cf. keskydoso "In that way," "in the same way.")

Relatives

Relative pronominal adjective

Headed relative clauses are formed with the relative pronominal adjective, lua, which declines more-or-less like a Class I adjective, with certain irregularities (marked on the following chart in boldface):

	Singular				Plural
	Lunar	Solar	Terrestrial	Aquatic	Lunar	Solar	Terrestrial	Aquatic
Nom.	lua	lȳs	luon	luor	lī	lȳs, -ȳz	lua	lura
Acc.	lue	lī	luon	luor	lī	lī	lua	lura
Gen.	luo	luo	luo	luro	luo(t)	luo(t)	luo(t)	luro(t)
Dat.	luo(t)	luo(t)	luo(t)	luro(t)	luo(t)	luo(t)	luo(t)	luro(t)
Loc.	luā	lȳ	luo(t)	luro(t)	luo(t)	lī	luo(t)	luro(t)
Ins.	luos	luos	luos	luros	luos	luos	luos	luros
Com.	luon, -om	luon, -om	luon, -om	luron, -rom	luon, -om	luon, -om	luon, -om	luron, -rom
Voc.	lūs	lȳs	luos	luos	lis	lȳs, -ȳz	luas	luas

Some notes on usage:

• Relative clauses follow the order clause + lua + head noun, the exact opposite of English and most European languages. Thus, "The man who encouraged the woman" is Ābre kustittas lua vala, literally "Woman encouraged who man."
• Since the relative adjective always precedes the head noun, it only ever occurs in the prepositive forms.
• The relative pronoun takes its case from the main clause. So, for instance, a sentence like "I saw the man who encouraged the woman," becomes Ābre kustittas lue vale ūndetan. This is, again, the exact opposite of Engish and most European languages. So:

	Subject of main clause	Object of main clause
Subject of relative clause	Ābre kustittas lua vala raqiros issa. The man who encouraged the woman is a friend.	Ābre kustittas lue vale ūndetan. I saw the man who encouraged the woman.
Object of relative clause	Ābra kustittas lua vala raqiros issa. The man whom the woman encouraged is a friend	*Ābra kustittas lue vale ūndetan. I saw the man whom the woman encouraged.

Notice that we find lua on the left column and lue on the right, whereas, in the English, we have "who" on the top row, and "whom" on the bottom row.

• This principle applies to all syntactic roles, not just subect and obect, so, for instance: Istas luon lenton ūndan "I saw the house where he went," Ābra rūklon teptas lua vala raqiros issa "The man whom the woman gave a flower is a friend,” and so on.
• This mean that relative sentences often end up unclear, or even ambiguous. The precise meaning must be understood from context. However, if extra precision is required, extra words may optionally be added to the relative clause to clarify:

Role	Standard phrasing	Precise phrasing
Possessor	Ābra kepe rhēdes lua vala raqiros issa. ("The man who the woman knows the father is a friend.")	Ābra zȳhe kepe rhēdes lua vala raqiros issa. ("The man who the woman knows his father is a friend.")
	The man whose father the woman knows is a friend.
Location	Ābra morghūltas luon lenton pryjataks. ("The house that the woman died was destroyed.")	Ābra konīr morghūltas luon lenton pryjataks. ("The house that the woman died there was destroyed.")
	The house where the woman died was destroyed.
Comparand	Ābra kirinkte issa lua vala raqiros issa. ("The man who the woman is happier is a friend.")	Ābra zijosy kirinkte issa lua vala raqiros issa. (The man who the woman is happier than him is a friend.)
	The man who the woman is happier than is a friend.
Adposition	Ābra dekurūptan lua vala raqiros issa. ("The man who the woman walked is a friend.")	Ābra va zijot dekurūptan lua vala raqiros issa. ("The man who the woman walked up to him is a friend.")
	The man the woman walked up to is a friend.

• This same principle can presumably be applied to other ambiguities. For instance, a sentence like *Tyvaros urnēbiles lī dārilaros undan could theoretically mean either "I saw the prince who was watching the snake" or "I saw the prince whom the snake was watching":

Standard phrasing	Precise phrasing	Translation
*Tyvaros urnēbiles lī dārilaros undan.	*Ziry tyvaros urnēbiles lī dārilaros undan.	I saw the prince who was watching the snake.
	*Tyvaros ziry urnēbiles lī dārilaros undan	I saw the prince whom the snake was watching.

• The example Ābra morghūltas luon lenton pryjataks shows that in some cases luon can be equivalent to English "where." Although we don't yet have any examples, it almost certainly can be used for "when" as well: *Morghūlilā lȳs tubis gīmigon kostua daor "You cannot know the day when you will die."

Relative pronouns

For "headless relatives," that is relative clauses with no explicitly stated head noun, the relative pronouns, which are formally just the substantive forms of the relative pronominal adjective. As with any substantivized adjective in High Valyrian, there are two types:

1. The specific relative pronoun (type I substantive), which follows the 2lun. declension, with some irregularities similar to that of those of the pronominal adjective. It generally means something like "one who," "one which," "whoever."
2. The generic relative pronoun (type II substantive), which largely follows the 5aq. declension, with just a couple irregularities. It generally means something like "that which," "whatever." It may have other meanings as well, see below.

The paradigms are as follows:

Specific Sing. Pl. Pauc. Col. Nom. lȳ lī lȳn lȳr Acc. lī lī lȳni lȳri Gen. luo luoti lȳno lȳro Dat. luot luoti lȳnty lȳrty Loc. lȳ lī lȳnny lȳrry Ins. luomy luommi lȳssy lȳrzy Com. luomy luommi lȳmmy lȳrmy Voc. lȳs lȳs lȳssy lȳrzy

Generic Sing. Pl. Pauc. Col. Nom. līr lura lurin lurir Acc. līr lura lurini luriri Gen. lurio lurȳti lurinti lurirti Dat. luriot lurȳti lurinti lurirti Loc. līr lurȳti lurinni lurirri Ins. lurȳsi lurȳssi lurissi lurirzi Com. lurȳmi lurȳmmi lurimmi lurirmi Voc. lȳs luas lurissi lurirzi

Like the relative adjective, the relative pronoun comes at the end of the relative clause, but takes its case assignment from the main clause:

	Subject of main clause	Object of main clause
Subject of relative clause	Ābre kustittas lȳ sȳz issa. The one who encouraged the woman is good.	*Ābre kustittas lī ūndetan. I saw the one who encouraged the woman.
Object of relative clause	*Ābra kustittas lȳ sȳz issa. The one whom the woman encouraged is good	*Ābra kustittas lī ūndetan. I saw the one whom the woman encouraged.

If the predicate of the relative clause is adjectival (e.g. "is green") or genitive (e.g. "is a man's"), the verb "to be" is omitted entirely, and the adjective or genitive modifies the pronoun directly, thus "I will take what is mine" is Ñuhor līr gūrēnna (as opposed to Ñuhor *issa līr gūrēnna) it is not known if issa in such a sentence would be outright incorrect, or if it's simply unnecessary. Some further examples:

Case	Specific	Generic
Nominative	Ābra kustittas lȳ sȳz issa. "The one who encouraged the woman is good."	Ābra kustittas līr sȳrior issa. "That which encouraged the woman is good."
Accusative	Kaste lī ipradinna. "I’ll eat one which is green."	Kastor līr ipradinna. "I’ll eat that which is green."
Genitive	Valo luo vaoresan. "I prefer one which is a man's."	Valo lurio vaoresan. "I prefer that which is a man's."

It is not known whether the generic relative, as a type II substantive, can be used for locations, in which case it would mean something like "the place where," "wherever." However, the example Skorī dēmalȳti tymptir tymis, ērinis iā morghūlis "When you play the game of thrones you win or you die" shows that it is at least possible to use use skorī "when" (normally interrogative) to form a headless relative, if the meaning is "the time when," "whenever." Therefore it is entirely possible that one can use skoriot "where," skorkydoso "how," and so on to form headless relatives as well. It remains to be seen if this is the case or not.

Indefinite pronouns

Animate	Inanimate	Adjective
daorys 2sol. "nobody", "no one", "none".	daorun 6pauc.3ter. "nothing", "none".	dōre -ior adj. II "no."
tolys 2sol. "the other one"	— — "the other one"	tolie -ior adj. III "other".
mirtys 2sol. "someone", "anyone"	mirros 3sol. "something", "anything"	mirre -ior adj. II "some", "any".
tolvys 2sol. "everyone"	tolvȳn 6pauc.2sol. "everything"	tolvie -ior adj. III "every".