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| {{policy}}{{shortcut|WT:ASGN}}
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| Like spoken languages, sign languages (also called ''signed languages'') have their own [[syntax]], [[etymology]], [[morphology]], [[dialect]]s, [[grammar]], [[phonology]], etc. There are numerous sign languages, generally divided by region. Some popular sign languages included in the English The Languages of David J. Peterson are American Sign Language (ASL), British Sign Language (BSL), and French Sign Language (LSF). For more information, see [[w:Sign language|the Wikipedia article on sign language]].
| | #REDIRECT [[Wiktionary:Project:About sign languages]] |
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| ==Criteria for inclusion==
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| The English The Languages of David J. Peterson shall include entries for signs of various signed languages, as well as translations from English-language entries into signed languages, as described at [[Project:Translations]]. Unlike spoken languages, sign languages are rarely written outside of reference materials and academic publications. Thus, the "clearly widespread use" condition of [[Project:Criteria for inclusion]] (CFI) is considered to be met by any sign that is used by multiple independent deaf communities, and the "usage in permanently recorded media" condition includes any visual media that has been widely distributed, including DVDs, broadcast television, and sign language dictionaries.
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| ==Transcription==
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| Sign language transcription systems represent signs with various degrees of fidelity, just as IPA and other phonetic transcriptions can represent spoken languages with broad, phonemic transcriptions or with very narrow phonetic transcriptions that capture details of specific accents. One popular system for transcribing signs is [[w:Stokoe notation|Stokoe notation]], designed in 1960 for transcribing American Sign Language (ASL). Stokoe notation represents each sign as three [[chereme]]s (or more for compound signs) that occur without regard to timing or sequence, using characters that cannot be easily entered on a standard keyboard (e.g. <code>∩</code>, <code>Ȝ</code>, and <code>ʘ</code>) and some that cannot be used in The Languages of David J. Peterson entry pagenames due to technical limitations (e.g. <code>[</code>, <code>]</code>, and <code><</code>). More recent systems transcribe each sign as a sequence of postures, like syllables of spoken languages.
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| The English The Languages of David J. Peterson uses multiple transcriptions for languages that are not written in the Latin (Roman) script: (a) IPA and similar systems show detailed phonetic or phonemic features within pronunciation sections, and (b) a simple transliteration system used to refer to the term itself, e.g. in Translation sections with {{temp|t|2=tr=}} and in Etymology sections with {{temp|term|2=tr=}}. A similar approach is taken for sign language entries, using a detailed transcription in Production sections and a simpler transcription for the sign entry names. Both are modeled after the phonological transcription system devised by Liddell and Johnson.<ref>Liddell and Johnson (William C. Stokoe, ed.), 1989, ''Sign Language Studies'', 64(195-277).</ref>
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| Each sign is represented by a series of postures. A posture is a configuration of one or two hands, specifying phonemes for the shape, location, and orientation of the hands involved. The transitions between postures are given as '''holds''' and '''moves'''. A '''hold''' represents a period of time when one or two hands maintain a given posture. A '''move''' is an activity of one or two hands when one or more phonemes are in transition from one posture to the next. Nonmanual signals (e.g. the various question faces, “cha” mouthing, and shoulder shift) are described separately. (See [[#Production|Production]], below.)
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| ===Entry name===
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| Some sign language dictionaries organize signs according to English glosses. Readers must know a sign's meaning in order to locate its entry in such a dictionary. To serve the reader who has encountered a sign but does not know its meaning, the English The Languages of David J. Peterson gives each sign entry name as a rough description of postures, holds, and moves of one or two hands. Each such posture, hold, and move is separated from the others by a space and is itself divided into phonemes:
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| * <code>Handshape@Location-Facing</code>: A posture of the dominant hand. That is, its handshape, location, and facing/orientation.
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| * <code>DominantHandshape@Location-Facing-NondominantHandshape@Location-Facing</code>: A posture of both hands. That is, their handshapes, locations, and facing/orientations.
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| * <code>Move</code>: The dominant hand moves from one posture to the next. The nondominant hand is not in use.
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| * <code>(DominantHandMove)-NondominantHandMove</code>: The nondominant hand moves from the previous posture to the next.
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| {{rel-top|Detailed description of phonemes used in sign entry names}}
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| Note: The following list of sign language phonemes may be extended without a [[Project:Votes|vote]] as additional phonemes are identified.
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| ; Moves: The following entry name values specify that the hand moves differently from the usual straight, direct path:
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| * {{m|ase||Round...}}: The hand moves in a round path in a given plane.
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| * {{m|ase||Seven...}}: The hand moves in a large angled path in a given plane, tracing a large "7" path.
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| * {{m|ase||...Horiz}}: Along a horizontal plane, parallel with the ground. The hand moves with a single constant height.
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| * {{m|ase||...Vert}}: Along a vertical plane like the one in front of the signer's body. The hand moves with a single constant distance forward.
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| * {{m|ase||...Midline}}: Along a midline plane, like the one that divides the left side of the body from the right. The hand moves equally far to the left or right.
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| * {{m|ase||...Surface}}: Along a plane parallel to the surface of the body. The hand moves with a single constant distance from the body.
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| * {{m|ase||...Oblique}}: An “oblique plane” is horizontal from side to side but sloped upward in the forward direction.
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| * {{m|ase||Slow}}: The hand moves in a slow path, taking a deliberately long time to reach the next posture.
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| * {{m|ase||Fast}}: The hand moves in a fast, taking a deliberately short time to reach the next posture.
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| * {{m|ase||Accel}}: The hand moves in an accelerating path.
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| * {{m|ase||Tense}}: The hand moves with a tense quality.
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| * {{m|ase||Small}}: The hand moves in a small path.
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| * {{m|ase||Large}}: The hand moves in a large, exaggerated path.
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| * {{m|ase||Contact}}: The moving hand makes contact with the body or the other hand.
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| * {{m|ase||Wiggle}}: The extended fingers repeatedly flex and extend slightly.
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| * {{m|ase||Hook}}: The hooked fingers (those fully extended only at the base joint) repeatedly flex and extend.
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| * {{m|ase||Flatten}}: All bent fingers (those flexed only at the base joints) repeatedly flex and extend at the first joint.
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| * {{m|ase||Twist}}: The hand, wrist, and part of the forearm twist back and forth.
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| * {{m|ase||Nod}}: The hand bends alternately down and up at the wrist.
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| * {{m|ase||Release}}: The thumb repeatedly releases and restrains the closed fingers.
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| * {{m|ase||Rub}}: The pads of the thumbs repeatedly rub the pads of one or more fingers.
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| * {{m|ase||Circles...}}: The hand makes small circles in a specified plane.
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| * {{m|ase||Squeeze}}: The hand repeatedly squeezes together into a fist and opens up.
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| * {{m|ase||Sidetoside}}: The hand moves repeatedly from side to side.
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| * {{m|ase||Frontandback}}: The hand moves repeatedly frontwards and backwards.
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| * {{m|ase||Upanddown}}: The hand moves repeatedly up and down.
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| {{#ifeq:{{{hideHandshapes}}}|true
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| ; Handshapes:
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| A handshape may be one of the following common shapes:
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| * {{m|ase||1@...}}: The ASL '1' handshape. Only the index finger is extended. The thumb is opposed and closed, its pad contacting the closed fingers. (<code>1o-p</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||4@...}}: The ASL '4' handshape. All four fingers are extended and spread apart. The thumb is oposed and closed to the palm. (<code>4o-</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||5@...}}: The ASL '5' handshape. All four fingers are extended and spread apart. The thumb is unopposed and extended. (<code>4u</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||Claw5@...}}: The ASL 'Claw 5' handshape. All four fingers and thumb are spread apart and loosely bent, resembling a claw. (<code>4u</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||6@...}}: The ASL '6' handshape. The little finger is closed, the other fingers extended and spread apart. The thumb is opposed and bent across the palm, restraing the fingernail of the closed finger. (<code>6o^f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||7@...}}: The ASL '7' handshape. The ring finger is closed, the other fingers extended and spread apart. The thumb is opposed and bent across the palm, restraining the fingernail of the closed finger. (<code>7o^f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||8@...}}: (<code>8o^f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||9@...}}: (<code>9o^f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||A@...}}: (<code>Au^</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||OpenA@...}}: (<code>Au</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||B@...}}: (<code>Bo-</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||OpenB@...}}: (<code>Bu</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||BentB@...}}: (<code>B^u</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||C@...}}: (<code>B~o</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||FlatC@...}}: (<code>B^o</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||SmallC@...}}: a.k.a. "Reduced C" or "Bent L" (<code>1~o</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||D@...}}: (<code>Dot</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||E@...}}: (<code>B"o-</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||FlatF@...}}: (<code>9op</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||G@...}}: (<code>1^o</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||H@...}}: (<code>Ho-f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||I@...}}: (<code>Io-f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||L@...}}: (<code>1u</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||K@...}}: (<code>Ko^</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||M@...}}: (<code>Mo^</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||N@...}}: (<code>No^</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||O@...}}: (<code>B~oc</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||FlatO@...}}: (<code>B^oc</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||R@...}}: (<code>Ro-f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||S@...}}: (<code>So-</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||T@...}}: (<code>To^</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||V@...}}: (<code>Vo-f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||BentV@...}}: (<code>V"~o-f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||X@...}}: (<code>1"~o-f</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||OpenX@...}}: (<code>1"~u</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||ILY@...}}: (<code>yu</code>)
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| * {{m|ase||Corna@...}}: (<code>=o-f</code>)
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| As an alternative to the common handshapes above, a handshape in an entry name may be a combination of the following values:
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| * {{m|ase||A...@...}}: Four fingers closed, pads contact palm.
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| * {{m|ase||S...@...}}: Four fingers closed, tips contact palm.
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| * {{m|ase||1...@...}}: Index finger extended, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||!...@...}}: Middle finger extended, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||I...@...}}: Little finger extended, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||Y...@...}}: Little finger extended and spread, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||<nowiki>=</nowiki>...@...}}: Index finger and little finger extended and parallel, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||y...@...}}: Index finger and little finger extended and spread, others closed <ref>Liddell and Johnson use the symbol ">", which cannot be used in The Languages of David J. Peterson entry titles for technical reasons.</ref>
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| * {{m|ase||H...@...}}: Index finger and middle finger extended and together, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||V...@...}}: Index finger and middle finger extended and spread, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||K...@...}}: Index finger extended, middle finger partly open, other fingers closed.
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| * {{m|ase||D...@...}}: Index finger extended, all others partly open.
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| * {{m|ase||R...@...}}: Index finger and middle finger crossed, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||r...@...}}: Middle finger extended, index finger partly open and crossed under middle finger, others closed.
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| * {{m|ase||W...@...}}: All fingers extended and together except for closed little finger (pinky).
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| * {{m|ase||6...@...}}: All fingers extended and spread except for closed little finger (pinky).
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| * {{m|ase||7...@...}}: All fingers extended and spread except for closed ring finger.
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| * {{m|ase||8...@...}}: All fingers extended and spread except for closed middle finger.
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| * {{m|ase||F...@...}}: All fingers extended and together (not spread) except for closed index finger.
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| * {{m|ase||9...@...}}: All fingers extended and spread except for closed index finger.
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| * {{m|ase||B...@...}}: All four fingers extended and together.
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| * {{m|ase||4...@...}}: All four fingers extended and spread.
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| * {{m|ase||T...@...}}: All four fingers closed, index finger spread by thumb.
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| * {{m|ase||N...@...}}: All four fingers closed, middle finger spread from ring finger by thumb.
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| * {{m|ase||M...@...}}: All four fingers closed, fing finger spread from little finger (pinky) by thumb.
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| * {{m|ase||..."...@...}}: The extended fingers are retracted at the tipard joints to form a hook.
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| * {{m|ase||...^...@...}}: The extended fingers are bent only near the palm.
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| * {{m|ase||...~...@...}}: The fingers are lax. It has a less rigid shape.
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| * {{m|ase||...u@...}}: The thumb is in an unopposed rotation and fully extended, leaving the palm flat.
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| * {{m|ase||...u-@...}}: The thumb is unopposed and fully closed, with the palm nearly flat, the thumb pad facing down toward the wrist.
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| * {{m|ase||...u^@...}}: The thumb is unopposed and bent at the proximal joint, with the palm flat, the thumb against the radial edge of the palm.
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| * {{m|ase||...u"@...}}: The thumb is unopposed and hooked, forming a gap between the thumb pad and the edge of the palm.
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| * {{m|ase||...o@...}}: The thumb is in an opposed rotation and fully extended, with the joint near the wrist flexed so that the thumb base draws inward to make a valley in the palm and the thumb tip may easily contact the tip of any finger.
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| * {{m|ase||...o-@...}}: The thumb is in an opposed rotation and fully closed, pressing against the palm or against any closed the fingers, the thumb pad facing toward the wrist.
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| * {{m|ase||...o^@...}}: The thumb is opposed and bent at the wrist and the base, forming a valley in the palm, the thumb pointing diagonally across the hand, to the base of the little finger.
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| * {{m|ase||...o"@...}}: The thumb is opposed and hooked, forming a valley in the palm and an open space between the thumb pad and the palm.
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| * {{m|ase||...c@...}}: The thumb tip contacts a finger tip of the same hand.
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| * {{m|ase||...p@...}}: The thumb pad contacts the finger pad or the inside or radial side of a finger of the same hand.
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| * {{m|ase||...f@...}}: The thumb restrains one or more fingers of the same hand by holding the fingernails or the backs of the fingers.
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| * {{m|ase||...t@...}}: The thumbnail or back of the thumb is restrained by the pad of a finger of the same hand.
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| }}
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| ; Locations: The hand may be located with respect to the other hand, the body, or space.
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| If the hand is not directly contacting given location, the entry name has one of the following proximity values:
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| * {{m|ase||...@Near...}}: Near the body or other hand.
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| * {{m|ase||...@From...}}: A medial distance from the body or other hand.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Distal...}}: Distal from the body or other hand.
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| If the hand is located with respect to a point on the opposite hand, the entry name uses a combination of the following zone and hand part values to indicate a point on the opposite hand:
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| * {{m|ase||...@In...}}: The inside. The side nearest the palm.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Back...}}: The backside. The opposite side of the palm.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Radial...}}: The radial edge. The side closest to the thumb and index finger.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Ulnar...}}: The ulnar edge. The side closest to the little finger.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Tip...}}: The tip. The end of a finger or thumb.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Base...}}: The base. The end closest to the elbow.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Palm}}: The inner side of the hand.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Forearm}}: The forearm. The half of the arm from elbow to wrist.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Wrist}}: The wrist. Where the base of the hand rests on the tip end of the forearm.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Hand}}: The whole hand.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Finger}}: The fingers.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Thumb}}: The thumb.
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| If the hand is contacting or near the body, the entry name has one of the following values:
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| * {{m|ase||...@Backhead}}: The back of the head.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Top}}: The top of the head.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Forehead}}: The center of the forehead.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Sfhead}}: The side of forehead.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Nose}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Cheek}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Ear}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Mouth}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Lip}}: The lower lip, above the chin, below the mouth.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Jaw}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Chin}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Neck}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Shoulder}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Sternum}}: Below the neck, above the chest.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Chest}}: Below the sternum, above the trunk.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Trunk}}: Below the chest, above the abdomen.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Abdomen}}: Below the trunk.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Upperarm}}: The upper arm.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Forearm}}
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| * {{m|ase||...@Leg}}
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| If the hand is located in space more or less than about an elbow's length from the body, the entry name has one of the following proximity values:
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| * {{m|ase||...@Near...}}: Out a proximal distance from the body, within a few inches.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Distal...}}: Out a distal, comfortable arm's length from the body, away.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Extend...}}: Out to a fully extended arm's length away from the body.
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| Locations in space are given with a side-to-side element and a height:
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| * {{m|ase||...@Center...}}: On the plane that divides the body into right and left halves.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Inside...}}: Lateral with the breast, on the same side of the body as the postured hand.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Side...}}: Lateral with the shoulder, on the same side of the body as the postured hand.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Left1...}}: 30 degrees left of center.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Left2...}}: 60 degrees left of center.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Left3...}}: Directly to the left, 90 degrees left of center.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Right1...}}: 30 degrees right of enter.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Right2...}}: 60 degrees right of center.
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| * {{m|ase||...@Right3...}}: Directly to the right, 90 degrees right of center.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Tophigh}}: As high as the top of the head, above the forehead.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Foreheadhigh}}: As high as the forehead, below the top of the head, above the nose.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Nosehigh}}: As high as the nose, below the forehead, above the mouth.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Mouthhigh}}: As high as the mouth, below the nose, above the chin.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Chinhigh}}: As high as the chin, below the mouth, above the neck.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Neckhigh}}: As high as the neck, below the chin, above the sternum.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Sternumhigh}}: As high as the sternum, below the neck, above the chest. This height is treated as the default in entry pagenames.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Chesthigh}}: As high as the chest, below the sternum, above the trunk.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Trunkhigh}}: As high as the trunk, below the chest, above the abdomen.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...Abdomenhigh}}: As high as the abdomen, below the trunk.
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| ; Facing/orientation: By default the hand is assumed to be oriented in a natural, relaxed direction, e.g. palm facing the opposite hand, either below the shoulders with the tip pointing away from the signer or in a higher location with the tip pointing up. Otherwise, a hand part (from above) is specified as the part of the hand facing, along with one of the following directions:
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| * {{m|ase||...@...-...Forward}}: The indicated part of the hand is facing forward, toward the vertical plane ahead.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...-...Back}}: The indicated part of the hand is facing backward, away from the vertical plane ahead.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...-...Up}}: The indicated part of the hand is facing up, away from the horizontal plane below.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...-...Down}}: The indicated part of the hand is facing down, toward the horizontal plane below.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...-...Across}}: The indicated part of the hand is facing toward the contralateral side of the body, across and beyond the opposite lateral side.
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| * {{m|ase||...@...-...Aside}}: The indicated part of the hand is facing aside, toward the ipsilateral side of the body, away from the center of the body.
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| {{rel-bottom}}
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| When multiple signs are transcribed with the same title, they are treated like homographs, and each gets its own complete entry on that page.
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| The "Sign gloss:" namespace links to these entries using glosses as the page names: [[Sign gloss:FOOD]] links to the ASL entry [[FlatO@Mouth-PalmBack]].<ref>[[Project:Votes/pl-2015-12/Entry name: sign languages]]</ref>
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| ==Sign language entries==
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| The structure of a sign language entry should be similar to that described in [[WT:ELE]]. Each entry should include a level two language header with the name of the sign language, e.g. <code>==American Sign Language==</code>.
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| ===Production===
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| Facial expression, hand orientation, and other features of signs not included in entry pagenames are often important in proper signing. Such details are analogous to pronunciation details that are not always clear from the spelling of a word in a spoken language. Just as the <code>===Pronunciation===</code> section of a spoken language entry clarifies such details, a <code>===Production===</code> section should describe such details in a sign language entry. Options for such descriptions include hold-move charts (see transcription section below), narrative descriptions, video, images, and animated GIFs. Like IPA transcriptions in pronunciation sections of spoken language entries, hold-move charts in production sections of sign language entries give unambiguous descriptions that can be read and analyzed by automated systems and by humans, including readers with visual impairments. Like audio samples of pronunciation sections of spoken language entries, a linked video or one or more pictures or sketches in production sections of sign language entries can give a quick overview of sign production. When [[w:SignWriting|SignWriting]] becomes incorporated into Unicode, that method will be another option. To link to a video file, use <code><nowiki>[[</nowiki>:File:''filename'']]</code> (note the colon after the open brackets).
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| ====Hold-move narratives====
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| In a hold-move narrative in a Production section of each entry, postures are presented in a numbered list ordered according sequentially. Each hold appears as an unnumbered item after its corresponding posture. Each move appears as an unnumbered item between its initial and final postures. The format of a production section should match that of a pronunciation section, so the ordered list must be embedded in an unordered list, even if there is only one item in the unordered list. Alternative minor variations may be described using subsequent unnumbered list items.
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| ===Production===
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| *# Posture the dominant hand in the “Open A” handshape, ....
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| *#* Hold the posture.
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| *#* Move to the following posture.
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| *# Posture the dominant hand in the....
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| * Alternatively, the dominant hand may be located slightly above the....
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| ====Hold-move images====
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| In a series of hold-move images in a Production section of each entry, postures are presented in a series, with diagrams showing arrows to indicate any relevant holds and moves.
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| ====Hold-move charts====
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| In the hold-move chart in a Production section of each entry, segments and postures are presented using a tabular layout with two rows for each hand used in production of the sign. The top row for each hand represents a sequence of hold and move segments. The bottom row represents a sequence of postures. Each hold segment occupies a single column, with the posture for that hold appearing below the hold segment. Each move segment occupies two columns, with the initial and final postures appearing in the left and right column (respectively) below the move segment.
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| {{sign-chart-top}}
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| | {{sign-chart-seg|hold}}
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| | colspan=2 | {{sign-chart-seg|move}}
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| {{sign-chart-postures}}
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| | colspan=2 | {{sign-chart-posture}}
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| | {{sign-chart-posture}}
| |
| {{sign-chart-mid}}
| |
| | {{sign-chart-seg|hold}}
| |
| | colspan=2 | {{sign-chart-seg|move}}
| |
| {{sign-chart-postures}}
| |
| | colspan=2 | {{sign-chart-posture}}
| |
| | {{sign-chart-posture}}
| |
| {{sign-chart-bottom}}
| |
| {{rel-top|Phonemes used in production section hold-move charts}}
| |
| Note: The following lists of sign language phonemes may be extended without a vote as additional phonemes are identified.
| |
| | |
| ; Moves: A move is an activity of one or two hands when one or more features of a hand are in transition. Each move is fully specified in hold-move charts by four attributes for each hand that moves.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Values for contour of movement attribute
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| | straight (<code>str</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves in a straight line from one posture to the next. This is the most common contour for moves, so it is omitted from entry pagenames. That is, in entry pagenames, a move with a straight contour and some other attribute is described in terms of the other attribute only, and a move with a straight contour and no other attributes is implied with no specification between any two postures for either hand.
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Round
| |
| | round (<code>rnd</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves in a round path from one posture to the next. The beginning and ending points may be identical, in which case the path forms a circle. Otherwise, it forms an arc.
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Seven
| |
| | seven angle (<code>7</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves in an angled path from one posture to the next, tracing a large "7" path.
| |
| | Many initialized city names in ASL, e.g. {{m|ase|B@Center-PalmAway Seven B@InsideChesthigh-PalmAway||Boston}}, {{m|ase|T@Center-PalmAway Seven T@InsideChesthigh-PalmAway||Tacoma}}
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Plane of movement is omitted from entry pagenames, but if the move contour is not straight or it includes certain types of local movement, a plane of movement is specified in hold-move charts using one of the following values:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=3 | Values for planes used in plane of movement, facing, and orientation
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{sign-chart plane name|HP}} (<code>HP</code>)
| |
| | A plane parallel with the ground. In moves, the hand moves along a horizontal plane, staying equally high. In postures, the given part of the hand is facing toward or oriented to align with the horizontal plane located below the signer.
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{sign-chart plane name|VP}} (<code>VP</code>)
| |
| | The vertical plane extending up, down, left, and right in front of the body. In moves, the hand moves along a vertical plane, parallel with the front of the body, staying equally far forward. In postures, the given part of the hand is facing toward or oriented to align with the vertical plane located directly forward from the signer.
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{sign-chart plane name|MP}} (<code>MP</code>)
| |
| | The midsagittal plane that divides the left and right side of the body. In moves, the hand moves along a midline plane, parallel with the midsagittal plane, staying equally far to the left or right. In postures, the given part of the hand is facing toward or oriented to align with the midsagittal plane.
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{sign-chart plane name|SP}} (<code>SP</code>)
| |
| | The plane parallel to the surface of the body or the other hand nearest to the point of contact. In moves, the hand moves along a surface plane, staying equally close to the body or other hand.
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{sign-chart plane name|OP}} (<code>OP</code>)
| |
| | The “oblique plane”, which is horizontal from side to side but sloped upward in the forward direction.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Quality of movement describes variations on the usual length or speed of a move. The absense of a specific quality of movement attribute means that the hand moves at a normal speed along a path of normal length.
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Quality of movement values
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Long
| |
| | prolonged (<code>long</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves in a slow (temporally elongated) path.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Short
| |
| | shortened (<code>short</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves in a fast (temporally shortened) path.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Accel
| |
| | accelerating (<code>acc</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves in an accelerating path.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Tense
| |
| | tense (<code>tns</code>)
| |
| | <small>(Not sure what this means. [[User:Rodasmith|Rod]] <small>([[User talk:Rodasmith|A. Smith]])</small> 04:57, 13 July 2008 (UTC))</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Small
| |
| | reduced (<code>sm</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves in a spatially reduced path.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Large
| |
| | enlarged (<code>lg</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves in a spacially exagerated path.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Contact
| |
| | contacting (<code>contact</code>)
| |
| | The moving hand makes contact with the body or the other hand.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Local movement is a repeated, spatially small motion of a moving or held hand. The absense of a local movement value indicates that the moving or held hand does not perform any local movement.
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Local movement value
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Wiggle
| |
| | wiggling (<code>wg</code>)
| |
| | The extended fingers repeatedly flex and extend slightly.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Hook
| |
| | hooking (<code>hk</code>)
| |
| | The curved fingers (those extended at the first joint and partially flexed at the proximal and distal joints) repeatedly flex and extend.
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Flatten
| |
| | flattening (<code>fl</code>)
| |
| | All fingers that are extended at the proximal and distal joints repeatedly retract and extend at the first joint
| |
| | ASL {{m|ase|8@InHand-OpenB@CenterChesthigh Flatten||sticky}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Twist
| |
| | twisting (<code>tw</code>)
| |
| | The hand, wrist, and part of the forearm twist radially back and forth.
| |
| | ASL {{m|ase|5@SideChinhigh-PalmBack-FlatB@Forearm-PalmDown Twist||tree}}.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nod
| |
| | nodding (<code>nod</code>)
| |
| | The hand bends alternately down and up at the wrist.
| |
| | ASL {{m|ase|S@Side Nod||yes}}.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Release
| |
| | releasing (<code>rel</code>)
| |
| | The thumb repeatedly releases and restrains the fingers that are not extended.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Rub
| |
| | rubbing (<code>rub</code>)
| |
| | The pads of the thumbs repeatedly rub the pads of one or more fingers.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Circle
| |
| | circling (<code>circle</code>)
| |
| | The hand makes small circles in the specified plane, often while performing some other, larger movement.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Squeeze
| |
| | squeezing (<code>squeeze</code>)
| |
| | The hand repeatedly squeezes together into a fist and opens up.<ref>Squeezing was not included in Liddell and Johnson, 1985, but was described later by Perlmutter, 1987.</ref>
| |
| | ASL {{m|ase|C@Mouth Squeeze S@Mouth||orange}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Sidetoside
| |
| | side-to-side (<code>sides</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves repeatedly from side to side during a hold or while moving from one posture to the next.
| |
| | ASL {{m|ase|B@RadialWrist-PalmForward-OpenB@CenterChesthigh-PalmDown Sidetoside||busy}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Frontandbackand
| |
| | front-and-back (<code>frbk</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves repeatedly from front to back during a hold or while moving from one posture to the next.
| |
| | ASL {{m|ase|5@Sternum-FingerUp Frontandback||fine, fancy}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Upanddown
| |
| | up-and-down (<code>updown</code>)
| |
| | The hand moves repeatedly up and down during a hold or while moving from one posture to the next.
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ; Holds: A hold is a period of time when one or two hands maintain a given posture, sometimes with a local movement or one or two hands.
| |
| | |
| A common phonological process that occurs in sign languages is known as “hold deletion”. For example, the unmarked form of ASL {{m|ase|BentB@Lip BentB@Center||good}} consists of the segments ''Hold-Move-Hold''. However, either hold may be dropped depending on the previous or following sign. For example, when followed by {{m|ase|I@Sfhead I@Sfhead||idea}}, whose unmarked form also consists of the segments ''Hold-Move-Hold'', the final hold of the first sign is deleted, as is the initial hold of the second sign. Hold deletion serves as justification for omitting holds without local movement from transcriptions in entry pagenames. So, as with notations based on tab-dez-sig, certain pairs of signs are transcribed identically despite their phonological distinctiveness, e.g. ASL {{m|ase|BentH@BackFinger-H BentH@BackFinger-H||sit}}, with a segment pattern of ''Move'', and ASL {{m|ase|BentH@BackFinger-H BentH@BackFinger-H||chair}}, with a segment pattern ''Hold-Move-Hold''.<ref>Supalla and Newport (1978) distinguished ASL SIT and ASL CHAIR, along with many other noun-verb pairs in ASL, in terms of hold-move sequences, as did Liddell and Johnson (1989) and subsequent researchers.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ; Postures: A posture is a configuration of one or two hands, specifying articulatory details of the shape, position, and orientation of the hands involved. In hold-move charts, each posture has is specified by three clusters of attributes, arranged vertically, per postured hand.
| |
| | |
| ; Hand configuration:
| |
| {{Appendix:Sign language handshapes}}
| |
| | |
| ; Hand part: In hold-move charts, a hand part is used in four different ways. In a point of contact cluster, the first hand part indicates a part of the postured hand making contact with a given location. If the given location is a part of the opposite hand, a second hand part indicates a part of the opposite hand that is contacted by the postured hand. In a facing/orientation cluster, the first hand part (“facing”) indicates a part of the postured hand that is facing a given location, while the second hand part (“orientation”) indicates a part of the postured hand that is oriented in a specified way. Each hand part specification can include an attribute indicating a major part of the hand and one indicating a zone within that major part of the hand.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Zones of major parts of the hand
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| |
| |
| | If the point of contact is a spatial location and the major part of the hand is centered on that location, it is not necessary to specify a zone.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In...
| |
| | {{sign-chart handpart zone name|IN}} (<code>IN...</code>)
| |
| | The inside of the indicated major part of the hand. If the major part is the whole hand, this indicates the “face” of the palm. If the major part of the other hand is the fingers, thumb, wrist, or forearm, this indicates the side nearest the palm, and below the pads in the case of the fingers and thumb.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Back...
| |
| | {{sign-chart handpart zone name|BK}} (<code>BK...</code>)
| |
| | The back (dorsum) of the indicated major part of the hand.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Radial...
| |
| | {{sign-chart handpart zone name|RA}} (<code>RA...</code>)
| |
| | The radial edge (the side closest to the thumb side of the wrist) of the indicated major part of the hand.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ulnar...
| |
| | {{sign-chart handpart zone name|UL}} (<code>UL...</code>)
| |
| | The ulnar edge (the side closest to the side of the wrist opposite the thumb) of the indicated major part of the hand.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Tip...
| |
| | {{sign-chart handpart zone name|TI}} (<code>TI...</code>)
| |
| | The tip (the end of a finger or thumb) of the indicated finger or thumb.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Base...
| |
| | {{sign-chart handpart zone name|BA}} (<code>BA...</code>)
| |
| | The base (the end closest to the elbow) of the indicated major part of the hand.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Major parts of the hand
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ...Forearm
| |
| | {{sign-chart major handpart name|FA}} (<code>...FA</code>)
| |
| | The forearm.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ...Wrist
| |
| | {{sign-chart major handpart name|WR}} (<code>...WR</code>)
| |
| | The wrist.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ...Hand
| |
| | rowspan=2 | {{sign-chart major handpart name|}}
| |
| | The main part of the hand (the palm and back dorsum).
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ...Palm
| |
| | When the specified part of the hand is the inner part of the hand, it is given in entry pagenames as "Palm" rather than "InHand".
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ...Finger
| |
| | {{sign-chart major handpart name|FI}} (<code>...FI</code>)
| |
| | The fingers.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ...Thumb
| |
| | {{sign-chart major handpart name|TH}} (<code>...TH</code>)
| |
| | The thumb.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ; Location: In hold-move charts, a location is used in two different ways. In a ''point of contact'' (POC) cluster of a posture, a location indicates the position of the postured hand. In a ''facing'' (FA) cluster, a location indicates the place toward which the hand is facing. Each location is given in terms of (a) a part of the opposite hand, (b) another part of the body, (c) a point in lateral space, or (d) a left-right-oriented vector.
| |
| | |
| If a location is on a part of the opposite hand, it is specified using a hand part specification, as described in the [[#Hand part|Hand part]] section above.
| |
| | |
| If a location is on another part of the body, the body part is specified using one of the following values:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Locations on the body
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Backhead
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||BH|}} (<code>BH</code>)
| |
| | The back of the head. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Top
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||TH|}} (<code>TH</code>)
| |
| | The top of the head. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Forehead
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||FH|}} (<code>FH</code>)
| |
| | The center of the forehead. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Sfhead
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||SF|}} (<code>SF</code>)
| |
| | The side of forehead, near or just forward of the temple. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nose
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||NS|}} (<code>NS</code>)
| |
| | The nose. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Cheek
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||CK|}} (<code>CK</code>)
| |
| | The cheek, under the eye, above the jaw. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ear
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||ER|}} (<code>ER</code>)
| |
| | The ear, behind the cheek. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Mouth
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||MO|}} (<code>MO</code>)
| |
| | The mouth, above the lower lip, below the nose. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Lip
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||LP|}} (<code>LP</code>)
| |
| | The lower lip, above the chin, below the mouth. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Jaw
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||JW|}} (<code>JW</code>)
| |
| | The jaw, behind the chin, under the cheek. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Chin
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||CN|}} (<code>CN</code>)
| |
| | The chin, below the lip. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Neck
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||NK|}} (<code>NK</code>)
| |
| | The neck. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Shoulder
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||SH|}} (<code>SH</code>)
| |
| | The shoulder, above the arm. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Sternum
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||ST|}} (<code>ST</code>)
| |
| | The sternum, below the neck, above the chest. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Chest
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||CH|}} (<code>CH</code>)
| |
| | The chest, below the sternum, above the trunk. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Trunk
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||TR|}} (<code>TR</code>)
| |
| | The trunk, below the chest, above the abdomen. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Abdomen
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||AB|}} (<code>AB</code>)
| |
| | The abdomen, below the trunk. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Upperarm
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||UA|}} (<code>UA</code>)
| |
| | The upper arm. ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Forearm
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||FA|}} (<code>FA</code>)
| |
| | The forearm. <!-- This may look ambiguous, as there is an "other hand" location with the value "Forearm", but that will always be preceded by "In", "Back", etc. --> ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Leg
| |
| | {{sign-chart body location name|||LG|}} (<code>LG</code>)
| |
| | The leg.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In hold-move charts, the body locations above are optionally modified by any of the following diacritics:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan=3 | Diacritics used to modify locations on the body
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Value in hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| | on the contralateral side (<code>%...</code>)
| |
| | Used before the main body location symbol to indicate a location on the opposite side of the body as the signing hand. (An unmarked body location indicates a location on the same side of the body as the signing hand.)
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | ipsilateral of (<code>i...</code>)
| |
| | Used before the main body location symbol (and after <code>%</code>, if applicable) to indicate a location slightly ipsilateral of the specified body location, i.e. toward the outside of the body.
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | top of (<code>...T</code>)
| |
| | Used after the main body location symbol to indicate a location slightly atop/on top of the specified body location.
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | bottom of (<code>...B</code>)
| |
| | Used after the main mody location symbol to indicate a location slightly below/on the bottom of the specified body location.
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Many locations reference points in space, as opposed to the those on the other hand or other parts of the body. Some such locations are in “lateral space”. That is, the location is at a certain ipsilateral offset (a certain distance toward the dominant or nondominant side) and at a certain height. Other spatial locations indicate an angle left or right. (E.g. the ASL signs {{m|ase|E@Side E@Right2||east}} and {{m|ase|R@Side R@Right2||right}} move to the right, and {{m|ase|W@Side W@Left2||west}} and {{m|ase|L@Side L@Left2||left}} move to the left, regardless of which hand is dominant, and signs like {{m|ase|1@Left3||that to the far left}} use deixis to identify items in the absolute space around the signer.) Distances and heights are specified for locations in lateral space and in absolute vector space.
| |
| | |
| Distances from the body are given before the ipsilateral or left-right offset in hold-move charts using one of the following values:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Distance from body of locations in lateral space and in absolute vector space
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Proxim...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name|p||}} (<code>p...</code>)
| |
| | A location in space with a proximal distance, within a few inches of the body.
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name|m||}} (<code>m...</code>)
| |
| | A location with medial distance, about an elbow's length from the body. Medial distance is considered the default for locations in space, so it is omitted from entry pagenames.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Distal...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name|d||}} (<code>d...</code>)
| |
| | A location with a distal distance, a comfortable arm's length from the body.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Extend...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name|e||}} (<code>e...</code>)
| |
| | A location with an extended distance, a fully extended arm's length from the body.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The ipsilateral offset or absolute angle for spatial locations is given as one of the following values:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Ipsilateral and absolute offsets for locations in space
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Center...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||0}} (<code>0...</code>)
| |
| | A location on the midsagittal plane, the plane that divides the body into right and left halves. Located in or pointing toward the center.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Inside...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||1}} (<code>1...</code>)
| |
| | A location lateral with the breast, on the same side of the body as the postured hand.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Side...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||2}} (<code>2...</code>)
| |
| | A location lateral with the shoulder, on the same side of the body as the postured hand.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Left1...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||L1}} (<code>L1...</code>)
| |
| | A location 30 degrees left of center.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Left2...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||L2}} (<code>L2...</code>)
| |
| | A location 60 degrees left of center.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Left3...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||L3}} (<code>L3...</code>)
| |
| | A location directly to the left, 90 degrees left of center.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Right1...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||R1}} (<code>R1...</code>)
| |
| | A location 30 degrees right of enter.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Right2...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||R2}} (<code>R2...</code>)
| |
| | A location 60 degrees right of center.
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Right3...
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name||R3}} (<code>R3...</code>)
| |
| | A location directly to the right, 90 degrees right of center.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Heights are given after the ipsilateral or left-right offset in hold-move charts using one of the following values:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Heights of locations in lateral space and in absolute vector space
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In entry pagenames !! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ...Tophigh
| |
| | {{sign-chart space location name|||TH}} (<code>...TH</code>)
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| | As high as the top of the head, above the forehead.
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| |-
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| ! ...Foreheadhigh
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||FH}} (<code>...FH</code>)
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| | As high as the forehead, below the top of the head, above the nose.
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| |-
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| ! ...Nosehigh
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||NS}} (<code>...NS</code>)
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| | As high as the nose, below the forehead, above the mouth.
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| |-
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| ! ...Mouthhigh
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||MO}} (<code>...MO</code>)
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| | As high as the mouth, below the nose, above the chin.
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| |-
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| ! ...Chinhigh
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||CN}} (<code>...CN</code>)
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| | As high as the chin, below the mouth, above the neck.
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| |-
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| ! ...Neckhigh
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||NK}} (<code>...NK</code>)
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| | As high as the neck, below the chin, above the sternum.
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| |-
| |
| !
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||ST}} (<code>...ST</code>)
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| | As high as the sternum, below the neck, above the chest. This height is treated as the default in entry pagenames.
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| |-
| |
| ! ...Chesthigh
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||CH}} (<code>...CH</code>)
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| | As high as the chest, below the sternum, above the trunk.
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| |-
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| ! ...Trunkhigh
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||TR}} (<code>...TR</code>)
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| | As high as the trunk, below the chest, above the abdomen.
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| |-
| |
| ! ...Abdomenhigh
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| | {{sign-chart space location name|||AB}} (<code>...AB</code>)
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| | As high as the abdomen, below the trunk.
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| |}
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| | |
| ; Point of contact: After the hand configuration attribute cluster, the “point of contact” is specified. In hold-move charts, the point of contact includes attributes for (1) the part of the postured hand making contact, (2) its proximity to the point of contact, (3) its spatial relation to point of contact, and (4) the location of point of contact.
| |
| | |
| In hold-move charts, the part of the postured hand making contact is specified as described in the [[#Hand part|Hand part]] section, above.
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| | |
| In hold-move charts the part of hand making contact is followed by an attribute specifying the “proximity to point of contact”, identifying how far the postured hand is from the point of contact.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! colspan=4 | Proximity to point of contact
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| |-
| |
| ! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
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| |-
| |
| | contact (<code>c</code>)
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| | The hand is in direct contact with the given location.
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| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | proximal (<code>p</code>)
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| | The hand is proximal to (near) the given location.
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | medial (<code>m</code>)
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| | The hand is medially close to the given location.
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | distal (<code>d</code>)
| |
| | The hand is distant from the given location.
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In hold-move charts, the spatial relationship attribute identifies the direction the postured hand lies from the point of contact. If the postured hand is in direct contact with the given location, the spatial relation attribute is unneeded and left blank. The first six values below specify an offset direction from a point of contact in space or on the body. The remaining values specify an offset from a point of contact on the other hand.
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! colspan=4 | Spatial relationship to point of contact
| |
| |-
| |
| ! In hold-move charts !! Description !! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| | over (<code>over</code>)
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| | Offset over the point of contact in space or on the body in the direction away from the floor (from the Horiz. Plane).
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| |-
| |
| | under (<code>under</code>)
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| | Offset from the point of contact in space or on the body in the direction toward the floor (toward the Horiz. Plane).
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| |-
| |
| | behind (<code>behind</code>)
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| | Offset from the point of contact in space or on the body in the direction behind the body (away from the Vert. Plane).
| |
| |-
| |
| | ahead (<code>ahead</code>)
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| | Offset from the point of contact in space or on the body in the direction forward from the body (toward the Vert. Plane).
| |
| |-
| |
| | contralateral (<code>contra</code>)
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| | Offset from the point of contact in space or on the body in the contralateral direction. That is, the dominant hand is toward the nondominant side of the body from the point of contact, or the nondominant hand is toward the dominant side of the body from the point of contact.
| |
| |-
| |
| | ipsilateral (<code>ipsi</code>)
| |
| | Offset from the point of contact in space or on the body in the ipsilateral direction. That is, the dominant hand is toward the dominant side of the body from the point of contact, or the nondominant hand is toward the nondominant side of the body from the point of contact.
| |
| |-
| |
| | tipward (<code>toti</code>)
| |
| | Offset from a point of contact on the other hand in the direction toward the tip. If the location of the point of contact is an extended finger or thumb, the offset is in the direction pointed to by the fingertip or thumb tip. Otherwise, it is offset in the direction away from the elbow.
| |
| | ASL: {{m|ase|FlatC@TipFinger-FlatB@CenterChesthigh-PalmBack FlatC@TipFinger-FlatB@CenterChesthigh-PalmBack||dollar}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | baseward (<code>toba</code>)
| |
| | Offset from a point of contact on the other hand in the direction toward the base, toward the elbow.
| |
| |-
| |
| | toward ulnar side (<code>toul</code>)
| |
| | Offset from a point of contact on the other hand in the direction extending from the inside of the wrist toward and through the ulna side of the wrist, opposite the thumb side.
| |
| |-
| |
| | toward radial side (<code>tora</code>)
| |
| | Offset from a point of contact on the other hand in the direction extending from the inside of the wrist toward and through the radius side of the wrist, where the base of the thumb joins the wrist.
| |
| |-
| |
| | palmward (<code>topa</code>)
| |
| | Offset from a point of contact on the other hand in the direction that the palm faces.
| |
| |-
| |
| | backward (<code>tobk</code>)
| |
| | Offset from a point of contact on the other hand in the direction that the back of the hand (the dorsum) faces.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ; Facing/orientation: After the point of contact specification, a cluster of attributes specifies the “facing and orientation” of the hand. In hold-move charts, the facing and orientation specification includes four details: (1) for a part of the postured hand (using the hand part specification above) that is facing toward a given location, (2) a location (using locations from above) faced by the hand, (3) an oriented part of the hand, and (4) a plane of orientation.
| |
| {{rel-bottom}}
| |
| | |
| ===Part of speech===
| |
| Each sign should be given a part of speech from [[WT:POS]].
| |
| | |
| ===Headword line===
| |
| The headword line should include a transcription of the sign, optionally accompanied by brief grammatical details. For example, the ASE verbs {{m|ase|OpenA@Palm-ThumbUp-FlatB@CenterChesthigh-PalmUp OpenA@Palm-ThumbUp-FlatB@CenterSternumhigh-PalmUp||to help}} and {{m|ase|V@Cheek-FingerCheek V@Inside-FingerForward||to watch}} are directional (i.e. their points of contact may vary with the location of the subject or object), which can be indicated on the headword line with a ''directional'' grammar tag:
| |
| : {{head|ase|verb|head=OpenA@Palm-ThumbUp-FlatB@CenterChesthigh-PalmUp OpenA@Palm-ThumbUp-FlatB@CenterSternumhigh-PalmUp|directional}}
| |
| :# to [[help]]
| |
| | |
| If the part of speech does not adequately describe the grammar of the sign language entry, additional key grammatical details can be given in the headword line (see {{temp|head}}). More extensive grammar notes belong in usage notes or (for directional verbs) in a <code>====Conjugation====</code> section.
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| | |
| ===Definitions===
| |
| As with other non-English language entries, the meaning of a sign should be given as an English gloss translation in a definition line. Unlike glosses typically found in linguistic analysis texts of sign languages, the definitions given in the English dictionary are not given in all capital letters.
| |
| | |
| ===Examples===
| |
| As with other non-English language entries, examples should follow each definition to show the sign in a typical context. An English translation should follow the example. If necessary, a literal, word-for-word translation of the example may also be included.
| |
| | |
| ===Other sections after the definitions===
| |
| Other secions may follow, as explained in [[WT:ELE]], including usage notes, conjugation, declension, synonyms, antonyms, related terms, see also, etc.
| |
| | |
| ==Translations from English==
| |
| For each sign language, a link to the sign language entry will be placed in the translation table of English entries, using the following format:
| |
| * ''Name of the sign language'': <nowiki>[[</nowiki>''DominantHandshape''@''Location''(-''Facing'')(-''NondominantHandshape''@''Location''-''Facing'') (''Move...'')]]
| |
| where:
| |
| *''Name of the sign language'' is replaced by the name of the sign language.
| |
| * ''DominantHandshape'' and optionally ''NondominantHandshape'' are replaced by values from the ''Handshapes'' section in ''[[#Entry names]]'' above.
| |
| * ''Location'' is replaced by value from the ''Locations'' section in ''[[#Entry names]]'' above.
| |
| * ''Facing'' is replaced by a value from the ''Facings/orientations'' section in ''[[#Entry names]]'' above.
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| | |
| E.g., in the translations table of {{m|en|please}}:
| |
| * American Sign Language: [[OpenB@Chest-PalmBack CirclesSurface]]
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| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[Project:Votes/pl-2008-08/Project:About sign languages]]
| |
| * [[Project:Votes/pl-2020-05/Sign language entry names]]
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| | |
| ==References==
| |
| <references />
| |
| [[Category:The Languages of David J. Peterson language considerations|Sign]]
| |