Appendix:Gandal orthography: Difference between revisions
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===Spelling of paradigms=== | ===Spelling of paradigms=== | ||
When examining a noun declension table, it becomes apparent that Gandal's spelling conventions require learning how to spell in the Shul script separately from learning how to speak Gandal. This distinction is illustrated by the differences in spelling between vowel-initial accusative singular and plural forms, both pronounced the same due to their shared initial "u," as seen in the following table (in which C = consonant and V = vowel): | When examining a noun declension table, it becomes apparent that Gandal's spelling conventions require learning how to spell in the Shul script separately from learning how to speak Gandal. This distinction is illustrated by the differences in spelling between vowel-initial accusative singular and plural forms, both pronounced the same due to their shared initial "u," as seen in the following table (in which C = consonant and V = vowel, and {{gand-orth|gh}} and {{gand-orth|yuyu}} are romanized ⟨gh⟩ and ⟨yuyu⟩ respectively): | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 153: | Line 153: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! C...V | ! C...V | ||
| {{gand-orth|jeghon}} <br>jiyan || {{gand-orth|yajeghon}} <br>yajiyan || {{gand-orth|jee}} <br>ji || {{gand-orth|yajee}} <br>yaji || {{gand-orth|yujee}} <br>iji || {{gand-orth|yuyajee}} <br>iyaji | | {{gand-orth|jeghon}} <br>jiyan <br> ⟨jeghon⟩ || {{gand-orth|yajeghon}} <br>yajiyan <br> ⟨yajeghon⟩ || {{gand-orth|jee}} <br>ji <br> ⟨jee⟩ || {{gand-orth|yajee}} <br>yaji <br> ⟨yajee⟩ || {{gand-orth|yujee}} <br>iji <br> ⟨yujee⟩ || {{gand-orth|yuyajee}} <br>iyaji <br> ⟨yuyajee⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! V...V | ! V...V | ||
| {{gand-orth|umbeghon}} <br>umbiyan || {{gand-orth|yumbeghon}} <br>yumbiyan || {{gand-orth|umbe}} <br>umba || {{gand-orth|yumbe}} <br>yumba || {{gand-orth|yumbe}} <br>yumba || {{gand-orth|yuyumbe}} <br>yumba | | {{gand-orth|umbeghon}} <br>umbiyan <br> ⟨umbeghon⟩ || {{gand-orth|yumbeghon}} <br>yumbiyan <br> ⟨yumbeghon⟩ || {{gand-orth|umbe}} <br>umba <br> ⟨umbe⟩ || {{gand-orth|yumbe}} <br>yumba <br> ⟨yumbe⟩ || {{gand-orth|yumbe}} <br>yumba <br> ⟨yumbe⟩ || {{gand-orth|yuyumbe}} <br>yumba <br> ⟨yuyumbe⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! C...C | ! C...C | ||
| {{gand-orth|chamon}} <br>chaman || {{gand-orth|yachamon}} <br>yachaman || {{gand-orth|cham}} <br>cham || {{gand-orth|yacham}} <br>yacham || {{gand-orth|yucham}} <br>icham || {{gand-orth|yuyacham}} <br>iyacham | | {{gand-orth|chamon}} <br>chaman <br> ⟨chamon⟩ || {{gand-orth|yachamon}} <br>yachaman <br> ⟨yachamon⟩ || {{gand-orth|cham}} <br>cham <br> ⟨cham⟩ || {{gand-orth|yacham}} <br>yacham <br> ⟨yacham⟩ || {{gand-orth|yucham}} <br>icham <br> ⟨yucham⟩ || {{gand-orth|yuyacham}} <br>iyacham <br> ⟨yuyacham⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! V...C | ! V...C | ||
| {{gand-orth|udhon}} <br>awdhan || {{gand-orth|yudhon}} <br>yudhan || {{gand-orth|udh}} <br>udh || {{gand-orth|yudh}} <br>yudh || {{gand-orth|yudh}} <br>yudh || {{gand-orth|yuyudh}} <br>yudh | | {{gand-orth|udhon}} <br>awdhan <br> ⟨udhon⟩ || {{gand-orth|yudhon}} <br>yudhan <br> ⟨yudhon⟩ || {{gand-orth|udh}} <br>udh <br> ⟨udh⟩ || {{gand-orth|yudh}} <br>yudh <br> ⟨yudh⟩ || {{gand-orth|yudh}} <br>yudh <br> ⟨yudh⟩ || {{gand-orth|yuyudh}} <br>yudh <br> ⟨yuyudh⟩ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 12:13, 21 January 2024
Shul is an alphabet by David J. Peterson used to write the Gandal language from Tencent Games' Arena of Valor.
Orthography
The Gandal alphabet, known as the Shul or "pure" script, directly evolves from Veda's script, the Welqor abjad. Though the script is now an alphabet that indicates every vowel, sound changes resulted in different letters standing for the same sounds and some letters having several possible readings. For instance, Veda's /q/ merged with /k/ in Gandal, so Shul has two ways to write /k/, but the letter formerly pronounced as /q/ indicates that the following vowel is pronounced as a back vowel. Additionally, every doubled consonant (i.e. geminate) is now pronounced as a single one.
Letters
The glyphs of Shul representing sounds or sequences thereof are shown with their Welqor sources in the following table. Keep in mind that in Gandal's romanization, a stands for [ɑ] when stressed and for [ǝ] when unstressed, and that all instances of [ǝ] are spelt a, even the ones that do not descend from Veda's *a.
| Glyph | Source | Romanization | IPA | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | p | p | |
| b | b | b | b | |
| t | t | t | t | |
| d | d | d | d | |
| th | ts | th | θ | |
| thy | tsy | ch | tʃ | Used to stand for [tsj], now stands for [tʃ] before other vowels. |
| thya | tsya | cha/chæ/chei | tʃɑ, tʃǝ, tʃæ, tʃe | See a for details about the realizations. |
| thyu | tsyu | chu/chaw | tʃu, tʃaw | See u for details about the realizations. |
| dh | dz | dh | ð | |
| dhy | dzy | j | dʒ | Used to stand for [dzj], now stands for [dʒ] before other vowels. |
| dhya | dzya | ja/jæ/jei | dʒɑ, dʒǝ, dʒæ, dʒe | See a for details about the realizations. |
| dhyu | dzyu | ju/jaw | dʒu, dʒaw | See u for details about the realizations. |
| k | k | k | k | |
| g | g | g | g | |
| q | q | k | k | Used to stand for [q], now stands for [k] but causes retraction of a following vowel. |
| a | a | a/æ/ei | ɑ, ǝ, æ, e | Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [ɑ], [æ] or [e] depending on the environment. |
| e | e | e/a/i | ɛ, ǝ, i | Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [ɛ] or [i] depending on the environment. |
| o | o | o/a/u | o, ǝ, u | Stands for [ǝ] when unstressed, otherwise stands for [o] or [u] depending on the environment. |
| f | f | f | f | |
| v | v | v | v | |
| s | s | s | s | |
| sy | sy | sh | ʃ | Used to stand for [sj], now stands for [ʃ] before other vowels. |
| sya | sya | sha/shæ/shei | ʃɑ, ʃǝ, ʃæ, ʃe | See a for details about the realizations. |
| syu | syu | shu/shaw | ʃu, ʃaw | See u for details about the realizations. |
| z | z | z | z | |
| zh | zy | zh | ʒ | Used to stand for [zj], now stands for [ʒ] before other vowels. |
| zya | zya | zha/zhæ/zhei | ʒɑ, ʒǝ, ʒæ, ʒe | See a for details about the realizations. |
| zyu | zyu | zhu/zhaw | ʒu, ʒaw | See u for details about the realizations. |
| h | kh | h/- | h, silent | Silent in some environments, causes retraction of a following vowel. |
| gh | gh | g/h/y/- | g, h, j, silent | Used to stand for [ɣ], now silent or stands for [g], [h] or [j] depending on the environment. Causes retraction of a following vowel. |
| u | u | u/aw/o | u, aw, o | Stands for [u], [aw] or [o] depending on the environment. |
| w | w | w | w | |
| wa | wa | wa/wæ/wei | wɑ, wǝ, wæ, we | Ligature. See a for details about the realizations. |
| wi | wi | wi/way | wi, waj | Ligature. See i for details about the realizations. |
| i | i | i/ay/ei | i, aj, e | Stands for [i], [aj] or [e] depending on the environment. |
| y | y | y | j | |
| ya | ya | ya/yæ/yei | jɑ, jǝ, jæ, je | Ligature. See a for details about the realizations. |
| yu | yu | yu/yaw/i | ju, jaw, i | Ligature. Realized as [i] word-initially when unstressed, see u for details about the other realizations. |
| r | r | r | ɹ | |
| l | l | l | l | |
| m | m | m | m | |
| n | n | n | n | |
| ny | ny | ny | ɲ | Used to stand for [nj], now stands for [ɲ] before other vowels. |
| nya | nya | nya/nyæ/nyei | ɲɑ, ɲǝ, ɲæ, ɲe | See a for details about the realizations. |
| nyu | nyu | nyu/nyaw | ɲu, ɲaw | See u for details about the realizations. |
| ng | ng | ng, n | ŋ, n | Now stands for [n] word-initially. |
Ligatures
In addition to some ligatures inherited from Welqor, Shul has a few more recent ligatures of Shul letters:
| Glyph | Source | Romanization | IPA | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tho | tho | tho/tha/thu | θo, θǝ, θu | See o for details about the realizations. |
| thu | thu | thu/thaw | θu, θaw | See u for details about the realizations. |
| yuyu | yuyu | yu | ju |
Punctuation
The punctuation marks of the Shul script are shown with their Welqor sources (if any) in the table below:
| Glyph | Source | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| . | . | Period |
| , | , | Comma |
| ? | ? | Question mark |
| ! | none | Exclamation mark |
| ( ) | ( ) | Parentheses |
| - | none | Clitic or contraction marker |
Spelling of paradigms
When examining a noun declension table, it becomes apparent that Gandal's spelling conventions require learning how to spell in the Shul script separately from learning how to speak Gandal. This distinction is illustrated by the differences in spelling between vowel-initial accusative singular and plural forms, both pronounced the same due to their shared initial "u," as seen in the following table (in which C = consonant and V = vowel, and gh and yuyu are romanized ⟨gh⟩ and ⟨yuyu⟩ respectively):
| Inanimate (Chaos) |
Ergative | Oblique | Accusative | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| C...V | jeghon jiyan ⟨jeghon⟩ |
yajeghon yajiyan ⟨yajeghon⟩ |
jee ji ⟨jee⟩ |
yajee yaji ⟨yajee⟩ |
yujee iji ⟨yujee⟩ |
yuyajee iyaji ⟨yuyajee⟩ |
| V...V | umbeghon umbiyan ⟨umbeghon⟩ |
yumbeghon yumbiyan ⟨yumbeghon⟩ |
umbe umba ⟨umbe⟩ |
yumbe yumba ⟨yumbe⟩ |
yumbe yumba ⟨yumbe⟩ |
yuyumbe yumba ⟨yuyumbe⟩ |
| C...C | chamon chaman ⟨chamon⟩ |
yachamon yachaman ⟨yachamon⟩ |
cham cham ⟨cham⟩ |
yacham yacham ⟨yacham⟩ |
yucham icham ⟨yucham⟩ |
yuyacham iyacham ⟨yuyacham⟩ |
| V...C | udhon awdhan ⟨udhon⟩ |
yudhon yudhan ⟨yudhon⟩ |
udh udh ⟨udh⟩ |
yudh yudh ⟨yudh⟩ |
yudh yudh ⟨yudh⟩ |
yuyudh yudh ⟨yuyudh⟩ |
The example words shown in the table above are jeghon jiyan "belly," umbeghon umbiyan "emptiness," chamon chaman "cloud," and udhon awdhan "whip."
Numerals
Gandal uses a base-10 number system, which is shown in the following table with its Welqor sources:
| Glyph | Source | # |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 7 | 7 | 7 |
| 8 | 8 | 8 |
| 9 | 9 | 9 |