Appendix:Kinuk'aaz orthography: Difference between revisions

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With the exception of some irregularly-spelt words, the pronunciation of a Kinuk'aaz word can generally be deduced from its Zaduusel spelling, but the opposite is not true due to various sound changes that created multiple ways to spell some phonemes. Most notably, many former diphthongs have merged with others or become monophthongs but retain their original spellings, the former implosive consonants are still distinguished from their plain counterparts in writing even though they are no longer pronounced differently, and consonants are spelt differently depending on whether they are underlying or the result of mutation.
With the exception of some irregularly-spelt words, the pronunciation of a Kinuk'aaz word can generally be deduced from its Zaduusel spelling, but the opposite is not true due to various sound changes that created multiple ways to spell some phonemes. Most notably, many former diphthongs have merged with others or become monophthongs but retain their original spellings, the former implosive consonants are still distinguished from their plain counterparts in writing even though they are no longer pronounced differently, and consonants are spelt differently depending on whether they are underlying or the result of mutation.


==Direction of writing==
==Direction and order==
Zaduusel is usually written horizontally from left to right but may also be written vertically.
Zaduusel is usually written horizontally from left to right but may also be written vertically. Its alphabetical order is the following (the letters marked with an asterisk have specific pronunciations that will be detailed in the characters' section):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! h
! '
! o
! *oo
! a
! aa
! *ae
! r
! *b'
! p
! b
! e
! *ee
! m
! n
! i
! ii
! q'
! k'
! k
! g
! u
! *uu
! v
! s
! *d'
! t'
! t
! d
! ts'
! ts
! dz
! z
! l
! ö
! ü
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=h}}
| {{kinu-orth|form='}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=o}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=oo}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=a}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=aa}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ae}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=r}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=b'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=p}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=b}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=e}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ee}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=m}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=n}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=i}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ii}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=q'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=k'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=k}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=g}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=u}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=uu}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=v}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=s}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=d'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=t'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=t}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=d}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts'}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=dz}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=z}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=l}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ö}}
| {{kinu-orth|form=ü}}
|}


==Characters==
==Characters==
The table below follows Zaduusel's alphabetical order. Importantly, each consonant exhibits four distinct forms: plain, imperfect, perfect and geminate. These forms are typically represented distinctly in writing, even though they may not always result in different pronunciation.
==Vowels==
One of the main complications of Kinuk'aaz's orthography is the representation of the vowels due to various sound changes. While the short vowels's spellings are mostly consistent, the diphthongs and the long vowels often have multiple possible spellings depending on etymology, and some rounded vowels have merged with /v/.
===Letters===
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Zaduusel || colspan="2"| IPA || rowspan="2"| Romanization|| rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! <small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=o}} || /o/ || /o/ || '''''o'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=oo}} || /oː/ || /uː/ || '''''uu'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=a}} || /a/ || /a/ || '''''a'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=aa}} || /aː/ || /aː/ || '''''aa'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ae}} || /aɛ/ || /ai/ || '''''ai'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=e}} || /ɛ/ || /ɛ/ || '''''e'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ee}} || /ɛː/ || /iː/ || '''''ii'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=i}} || /i/ || /i/, /ɛ/ || '''''i''''', '''''e'''''|| Stands for /ɛ/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ii}} || /iː/ ||/iː/, /ai/, /i/ || '''''ii''''', '''''ai''''', '''''i'''''|| Stands for /ai/ after /q’/ or a former implosive, or for /i/ in some rare cases where /i/ did not lower after /q’/ or an implosive.
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=u}} || /u/ || /u/, /o/ || '''''u''''', '''''o'''''||Stands for /o/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uu}} || /uː/ || /yː/, /oy/, /u/ || '''''üü''''', '''''oü''''', '''''u'''''||Stands for /oy/ after /q’/ or a former implosive, or for /u/ in some rare cases where /u/ did not lower after /q’/ or an implosive.
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ö}} || /œ/ ||/œ/ || '''''ö'''''||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ü}} || /y/ || /y/, /œ/ || '''''ü''''', '''''ö'''''||Stands for /œ/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
|}


===Digraphs===
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="4"| Orthography || colspan="2"| IPA || rowspan="2"| Romanization || rowspan="2"| Notes
! rowspan="2"| Zaduusel || colspan="2"| IPA || rowspan="2"| Romanization || rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! <small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=oa}} || /oa/ || /va/ || '''''va''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=oe}} || /oɛ/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=oi}} || /oi/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
! <small>Plain</small>|| <small>Imperfect</small>|| <small>Perfect</small>|| <small>Geminate</small>|| <small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>
| {{kinu-orth|form=ou}} || /ou/ || /uː/, /ov/ || '''''uu''''', '''''ov''''' || /ov/ word-finally, /uː/ elsewhere
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=h}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nh}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =h}} || {{kinu-orth|form=hh}} || colspan="2"| /h/ || '''''h''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=oö}} || /oœ/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form='}} || {{kinu-orth|form=n'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= ='}} || {{kinu-orth|form= &apos;&apos;}}  || colspan="2"| /ʔ/ || ''''' ' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=oü}} || /oy/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=o}} || || || || colspan="2"| /o/ || '''''o''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ao}} || /ao/ || /av/ || '''''av''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=oo}} || || || || */oː/ || /uː/ || '''''uu''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ai}} || /ai/ || /ɛ/ || '''''e''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=a}} || || || || colspan="2"| /a/ || '''''a''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=au}} || /au/ || /av/ || '''''av''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=aa}} || || || || colspan="2"| /aː/ || '''''aa''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=aö}} || /aœ/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ae}} || || || || */ae/ || /ai/ || '''''ai''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=aü}} || /ay/ || /oy/ || '''''oü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=r}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nr}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =r}} || {{kinu-orth|form=rr}} || colspan="2"| /ʀ/ || '''''r''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=eo}} || /ɛo/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=b'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=mb'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =b'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=bb'}} || */ɓ/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ea}} || /ɛa/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=p}} || {{kinu-orth|form=mp}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =p}} || {{kinu-orth|form=pp}} || colspan="2"| /p/ || '''''p''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ei}} || /ɛi/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=eu}} || /ɛu/ || /ɛv/ || '''''ev''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=eö}} || /ɛœ/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=eü}} || /ɛy/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=io}} || /io/ || /yo/ || '''''üo''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ia}} || /ia/ || /ia/ || '''''ia''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ie}} || /iɛ/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=iu}} || /iu/ || /yː/, /iv/ || '''''üü''''', '''''iv''''' || /iv/ word-finally, /yː/ elsewhere
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=iö}} || /iœ/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=iü}} || /iy/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uo}} || /uo/ || /vo/ || '''''vo''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ua}} || /ua/ || /va/ || '''''va''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ue}} || /uɛ/ || /vɛ/ || '''''ve''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ui}} || /ui/ || /yː/, /vi/ || '''''üü''''', '''''vi''''' || /vi/ after a vowel, /yː/ elsewhere
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uö}} || /uœ/ || /vœ/ || '''''vö''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uü}} || /uy/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öo}} || /œo/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öa}} || /œa/ || /va/ || '''''va''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öe}} || /œɛ/ || /œy/ || '''''öü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öi}} || /œi/ || /œy/ || '''''öü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öu}} || /œu/ || /œv/ || '''''öv''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=öü}} || /œy/ || /œy/ || '''''öü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üo}} || /yo/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üa}} || /ya/ || /yo/ || '''''üo''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üe}} || /yɛ/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üi}} || /yi/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üu}} || /yu/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=üö}} || /yœ/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
|}
 
==Consonants==
Each consonant exhibits four distinct forms: plain, imperfect (which is used in case of N-mutation), perfect (which is used in case of V-mutation) and geminate. These forms may not always result in different pronunciation.
 
Word-initially, the imperfect forms stand for the mutated consonants alone, but elsewhere, they stand for the mutated consonants preceded by homorganic nasals, for instance {{kinu-orth|form=nts}} stands for /dz/ word-initially but for /ndz/ elsewhere.
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=b}} || {{kinu-orth|form=mb}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =b}} || {{kinu-orth|form=bb}} || colspan="2"| /b/ || '''''b''''' ||
! colspan="4"| Plain || colspan="4"| Imperfect || colspan="4"| Perfect || colspan="4"| Geminate || rowspan="3"| Notes
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=e}} || || || || colspan="2"| /e/ || '''''e''''' ||
! rowspan="2"| <small>Zaduusel</small>|| colspan="2"| <small>IPA</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Romanization</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Zaduusel</small>|| colspan="2"| <small>IPA</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Romanization</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Zaduusel</small>|| colspan="2"| <small>IPA</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Romanization</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Zaduusel</small>|| colspan="2"| <small>IPA</small>|| rowspan="2"| <small>Romanization</small>
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ee}} || || || || */eː/ || /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
! <small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>||<small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>||<small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>||<small>Proto-Kinuk'aaz</small>|| <small>Modern Kinuk'aaz</small>
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=m}} || {{huge|valign=normal|(}}{{kinu-orth|form=µ}}{{huge|valign=normal|)}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =m}} || {{kinu-orth|form=mm}} || colspan="2"| /m/ || '''''m''''' || The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
| {{kinu-orth|form=h}} || /h/ || /h/ || '''''h''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nh}} || /(n)h/ || /(n)∅/ || '''''n''''' or none || {{kinu-orth|form==h}} || /h/ || /h/ || '''''h''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=hh}} || /hh/ || /hh/ || '''''hh''''' ||  
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=n}} || {{huge|valign=normal|(}}{{kinu-orth|form=ñ}}{{huge|valign=normal|)}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =n}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nn}} || colspan="2"| /n/ || '''''n''''' || The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
| {{kinu-orth|form='}} || /ʔ/ || /ʔ/ || '''''&apos;''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=n'}} || /(n)ʔ/ || /(n)∅/ || '''''n''''' or none || {{kinu-orth|form=='}} || /ʔ/ || /ʔ/, /∅/ || '''''&apos;''''' or none ||  {{kinu-orth|form=&apos;&apos;}} || /ʔʔ/ || /ʔʔ/ || '''''&apos;&apos;''''' || Generally unwritten word-initially, except in some irregularly-spelt words
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=i}} || || || || colspan="2"| /i/ || '''''i''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=r}} || /ʀ/ || /ʀ/ || '''''r''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nr}} || /(ɴ)ʀ/ || /(ŋ)g/ || '''''(n)g''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==r}} || /ʀ/ || /ʀ/ || '''''r''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=rr}} || /ʀʀ/ || /ʀʀ/ || '''''rr''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ii}} || || || || colspan="2"| /iː/ || '''''ii''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=b'}} || /ɓ/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=mb'}} || /(m)ɓ/ || /(m)b/ || '''''(m)b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==b'}} || /ɓ/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=bb'}} || /ɓɓ/ || /bb/ || '''''bb''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=q'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nq'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =q'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=qq'}} || colspan="2"| /q’/ || ''''' q' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=p}} || /p/ || /p/ || '''''p''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=mp}} || /(m)p/ || /(m)b/ || '''''(m)b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==p}} || /p/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=pp}} || /pp/ || /pp/ || '''''pp''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=k'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nk'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =k'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=kk'}} || colspan="2"| /k’/ || ''''' k' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=b}} || /b/ || /b/ || '''''b''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=mb}} || /(m)b/ || /(m)b/ || '''''(m)b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==b}} || /b/ || /v/ || '''''v''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=bb}} || /bb/ || /bb/ || '''''bb''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=k}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nk}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =k}} || {{kinu-orth|form=kk}} || colspan="2"| /k/ || '''''k''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=m}} || /m/ || /m/ || '''''m''''' || ({{kinu-orth|form=µ}}) || /(m)m/ || /(m)m/ || '''''(m)m''''' || {{kinu-orth|form==m}} || /m/ || /m/ || '''''m''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=mm}} || /mm/ || /mm/ || '''''mm''''' || The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=g}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ng}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =g}} || {{kinu-orth|form=gg}} || colspan="2"| /g/ || '''''g''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=n}} || /n/ || /n/ || '''''n''''' || ({{kinu-orth|form=ñ}}) || /(n)n/ || /(n)n/ || '''''(n)n''''' || {{kinu-orth|form==n}} || /n/ || /n/ || '''''n''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=nn}} || /nn/ || /nn/ || '''''nn''''' || The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=u}} || || || || colspan="2"| /u/ || '''''u''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=q}} || /q’/ || /q’/ || '''''q'''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nq}} || /(ɴ)q’/ || /(ɴ)q’/ || '''''(n)q'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==q}} || /q’/ || /ʔ/ || '''''&apos;''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=qq}} || /qq’/ || /qq’/ || '''''qq'''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=uu}} || || || || */uː/ || /yː/ || '''''üü''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=k'}} || /k’/ || /k’/ || '''''k'''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nk'}} || /(ŋ)k’/ || /(ŋ)k’/ || '''''(n)k'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==k'}} || /k’/ || /k’/ || '''''k'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=kk'}} || /kk’/ || /kk’/ || '''''kk'''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=v}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nv}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =v}} || {{kinu-orth|form=vv}} || colspan="2"| /v/ || '''''v''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=k}} || /k/ || /k/ || '''''k''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nk}} || /(ŋ)k/ || /(ŋ)g/ || '''''(n)g''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==k}} || /k/ || /g/ || '''''g''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=kk}} || /kk/ || /kk/ || '''''kk''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=s}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ns}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =s}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ss}} || colspan="2"| /s/ || '''''s''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=g}} || /g/ || /g/ || '''''g''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=ng}} || /(ŋ)g/ || /(ŋ)g/ || '''''(n)g''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==g}} || /g/ || /h/ || '''''h''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=gg}} || /gg/ || /gg/ || '''''gg''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=d'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nd'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =d'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=dd'}} || */ɗ/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=v}} || /v/ || /v/ || '''''v''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=mv}} || /(m)v/ || /(m)b/ || '''''(m)b''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==v}} || /v/ || /v/ || '''''v''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=vv}} || /vv/ || /vv/ || '''''vv''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=t'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nt'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =t'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=tt'}} || colspan="2"| /t’/ || ''''' t' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=s}} || /s/ || /s/ || '''''s''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=ns}} || /(n)s/ || /(n)dz/ || '''''(n)dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==s}} || /s/ || /z/ || '''''z''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=ss}} || /ss/ || /ss/ || '''''ss''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=t}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nt}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =t}} || {{kinu-orth|form=tt}} || colspan="2"| /t/ || '''''t''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=d'}} || /ɗ/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nd'}} || /(n)ɗ/ || /(n)d/ || '''''(n)d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==d'}} || /ɗ/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=dd'}} || /ɗɗ/ || /dd/ || '''''dd''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=d}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nd}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =d}} || {{kinu-orth|form=dd}} || colspan="2"| /d/ || '''''d''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=t'}} || /t’/ || /t’/ || '''''t'''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nt'}} || /(n)t’/ || /(n)t’/ || '''''(n)t'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==t'}} || /t’/ || /t’/ || '''''t'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=tt’}} || /tt’/ || /tt’/ || '''''tt'''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nts'}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =ts'}} || {{kinu-orth|form=tts'}} || colspan="2"| /ts’/ || ''''' ts' ''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=t}} || /t/ || /t/ || '''''t''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nt}} || /(n)t/ || /(n)d/ || '''''(n)d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==t}} || /t/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=tt}} || /tt/ || /tt/ || '''''tt''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nts}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =ts}} || {{kinu-orth|form=tts}} || colspan="2"| /ts/ || '''''ts''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=d}} || /d/ || /d/ || '''''d''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nd}} || /(n)d/ || /(n)d/ || '''''(n)d''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==d}} || /d/ || /z/ || '''''z''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=dd}} || /dd/ || /dd/ || '''''dd''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=dz}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ndz}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =dz}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ddz}} || colspan="2"| /dz/ || '''''dz''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts'}} || /ts’/ || /ts’/ || '''''ts'''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nts'}} || /(n)ts’/ || /(n)ts’/ || '''''(n)ts'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==ts'}} || /ts’/ || /ts’/ || '''''ts'''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=tts’}} || /tts’/ || /tts’/ || '''''tts'''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=z}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nz}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =z}} || {{kinu-orth|form=zz}} || colspan="2"| /z/ || '''''z''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=ts}} || /ts/ || /ts/ || '''''ts''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nts}} || /(n)ts/ || /(n)dz/ || '''''(n)dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==ts}} || /ts/ || /dz/ || '''''dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=tts}} || /tts/ || /tts/ || '''''tts''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=l}} || {{kinu-orth|form=nl}} || {{kinu-orth|form= =l}} || {{kinu-orth|form=ll}} || colspan="2"| /l/ || '''''l''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=dz}} || /dz/ || /dz/ || '''''dz''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=ndz}} || /(n)dz/ || /(n)dz/ || '''''(n)dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==dz}} || /dz/ || /dz/ || '''''dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=ddz}} || /ddz/ || /ddz/ || '''''ddz''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ö}} || || || || colspan="2"| /ø/ || '''''ö''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=z}} || /z/ || /z/ || '''''z''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nz}} || /(n)z/ || /(n)dz/ || '''''(n)dz''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==z}} || /z/ || /z/ || '''''z''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=zz}} || /zz/ || /zz/ || '''''zz''''' ||
|-
|-
| {{kinu-orth|form=ü}} || || || || colspan="2"| /y/ || '''''ü''''' ||
| {{kinu-orth|form=l}} || /l/ || /l/ || '''''l''''' || {{kinu-orth|form=nl}} || /(n)l/ || /(n)n/ || '''''(n)n''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form==l}} || /l/ || /l/ || '''''l''''' ||  {{kinu-orth|form=ll}} || /ll/ || /ll/ || '''''ll''''' ||
|}
|}


===Numerals===
==Numerals==
The number system, which uses {{wl|base-10}}, is described in the following table:
The number system, which uses {{wl|base-10}}, is described in the following table:


Line 125: Line 305:
The plain forms are all shown here with a leading zero. Numbers are written in three number segments with a comma separating each segment. The first number in a segment is receives a type of diacritical mark in the form of a curl on the left, and the following two numbers are written in their plain form.
The plain forms are all shown here with a leading zero. Numbers are written in three number segments with a comma separating each segment. The first number in a segment is receives a type of diacritical mark in the form of a curl on the left, and the following two numbers are written in their plain form.


===Punctuation===
==Punctuation==
In the table below the punctuation marks of Zaduusel can be seen:
In the table below the punctuation marks of Zaduusel can be seen:
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;"

Latest revision as of 11:44, 20 October 2024

Kinuk'aaz Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Orthography, Dialogue

Zaduusel is an alphabet created by David J. Peterson and used to write Kinuk'aaz, the language of the Omec from Syfy's Defiance.

Design concept

Peterson made Zaduusel suited for writing with an edged pen. Unlike the other Votan scripts, Zaduusel is alphabetic, first in order to highlight the distinctiveness of the Omec, second because of time constraints. Although its letters share a noticeable horizontal line on top, they do not connect.

Interestingly, Zaduusel is partly featural, as many of its phonemes are represented by adding strokes to letters standing for phonemes with similar articulation, for instance the letters ts' (/ts’/) and dz (/dz/) are both derived from ts (/ts/) by adding a glottalization marker to the former and a voicing marker to the latter.

Orthography

With the exception of some irregularly-spelt words, the pronunciation of a Kinuk'aaz word can generally be deduced from its Zaduusel spelling, but the opposite is not true due to various sound changes that created multiple ways to spell some phonemes. Most notably, many former diphthongs have merged with others or become monophthongs but retain their original spellings, the former implosive consonants are still distinguished from their plain counterparts in writing even though they are no longer pronounced differently, and consonants are spelt differently depending on whether they are underlying or the result of mutation.

Direction and order

Zaduusel is usually written horizontally from left to right but may also be written vertically. Its alphabetical order is the following (the letters marked with an asterisk have specific pronunciations that will be detailed in the characters' section):

h ' o *oo a aa *ae r *b' p b e *ee m n i ii q' k' k g u *uu v s *d' t' t d ts' ts dz z l ö ü
h ' o oo a aa ae r b' p b e ee m n i ii q' k' k g u uu v s d' t' t d ts' ts dz z l ö ü

Characters

Vowels

One of the main complications of Kinuk'aaz's orthography is the representation of the vowels due to various sound changes. While the short vowels's spellings are mostly consistent, the diphthongs and the long vowels often have multiple possible spellings depending on etymology, and some rounded vowels have merged with /v/.

Letters

Zaduusel IPA Romanization Notes
Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz
o /o/ /o/ o
oo /oː/ /uː/ uu
a /a/ /a/ a
aa /aː/ /aː/ aa
ae /aɛ/ /ai/ ai
e /ɛ/ /ɛ/ e
ee /ɛː/ /iː/ ii
i /i/ /i/, /ɛ/ i, e Stands for /ɛ/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
ii /iː/ /iː/, /ai/, /i/ ii, ai, i Stands for /ai/ after /q’/ or a former implosive, or for /i/ in some rare cases where /i/ did not lower after /q’/ or an implosive.
u /u/ /u/, /o/ u, o Stands for /o/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.
uu /uː/ /yː/, /oy/, /u/ üü, oü, u Stands for /oy/ after /q’/ or a former implosive, or for /u/ in some rare cases where /u/ did not lower after /q’/ or an implosive.
ö /œ/ /œ/ ö
ü /y/ /y/, /œ/ ü, ö Stands for /œ/ after /q’/ or a former implosive.

Digraphs

Zaduusel IPA Romanization Notes
Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz
oa /oa/ /va/ va
oe /oɛ/ /oy/ oü
oi /oi/ /oy/ oü
ou /ou/ /uː/, /ov/ uu, ov /ov/ word-finally, /uː/ elsewhere
oö /oœ/ /oy/ oü
oü /oy/ /oy/ oü
ao /ao/ /av/ av
ai /ai/ /ɛ/ e
au /au/ /av/ av
aö /aœ/ /oy/ oü
aü /ay/ /oy/ oü
eo /ɛo/ /yː/ üü
ea /ɛa/ /iː/ ii
ei /ɛi/ /iː/ ii
eu /ɛu/ /ɛv/ ev
eö /ɛœ/ /yː/ üü
eü /ɛy/ /yː/ üü
io /io/ /yo/ üo
ia /ia/ /ia/ ia
ie /iɛ/ /iː/ ii
iu /iu/ /yː/, /iv/ üü, iv /iv/ word-finally, /yː/ elsewhere
iö /iœ/ /yː/ üü
iü /iy/ /iː/ ii
uo /uo/ /vo/ vo
ua /ua/ /va/ va
ue /uɛ/ /vɛ/ ve
ui /ui/ /yː/, /vi/ üü, vi /vi/ after a vowel, /yː/ elsewhere
uö /uœ/ /vœ/ vö
uü /uy/ /yː/ üü
öo /œo/ /yː/ üü
öa /œa/ /va/ va
öe /œɛ/ /œy/ öü
öi /œi/ /œy/ öü
öu /œu/ /œv/ öv
öü /œy/ /œy/ öü
üo /yo/ /iː/ ii
üa /ya/ /yo/ üo
üe /yɛ/ /iː/ ii
üi /yi/ /iː/ ii
üu /yu/ /yː/ üü
üö /yœ/ /iː/ ii

Consonants

Each consonant exhibits four distinct forms: plain, imperfect (which is used in case of N-mutation), perfect (which is used in case of V-mutation) and geminate. These forms may not always result in different pronunciation.

Word-initially, the imperfect forms stand for the mutated consonants alone, but elsewhere, they stand for the mutated consonants preceded by homorganic nasals, for instance nts stands for /dz/ word-initially but for /ndz/ elsewhere.

Plain Imperfect Perfect Geminate Notes
Zaduusel IPA Romanization Zaduusel IPA Romanization Zaduusel IPA Romanization Zaduusel IPA Romanization
Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz Proto-Kinuk'aaz Modern Kinuk'aaz
h /h/ /h/ h nh /(n)h/ /(n)∅/ n or none =h /h/ /h/ h hh /hh/ /hh/ hh
' /ʔ/ /ʔ/ ' n' /(n)ʔ/ /(n)∅/ n or none =' /ʔ/ /ʔ/, /∅/ ' or none '' /ʔʔ/ /ʔʔ/ '' Generally unwritten word-initially, except in some irregularly-spelt words
r /ʀ/ /ʀ/ r nr /(ɴ)ʀ/ /(ŋ)g/ (n)g =r /ʀ/ /ʀ/ r rr /ʀʀ/ /ʀʀ/ rr
b' /ɓ/ /b/ b mb' /(m)ɓ/ /(m)b/ (m)b =b' /ɓ/ /b/ b bb' /ɓɓ/ /bb/ bb
p /p/ /p/ p mp /(m)p/ /(m)b/ (m)b =p /p/ /b/ b pp /pp/ /pp/ pp
b /b/ /b/ b mb /(m)b/ /(m)b/ (m)b =b /b/ /v/ v bb /bb/ /bb/ bb
m /m/ /m/ m (µ) /(m)m/ /(m)m/ (m)m =m /m/ /m/ m mm /mm/ /mm/ mm The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
n /n/ /n/ n (ñ) /(n)n/ /(n)n/ (n)n =n /n/ /n/ n nn /nn/ /nn/ nn The imperfect form is reserved for formal writing, the geminate form is usually used instead.
q /q’/ /q’/ q' nq /(ɴ)q’/ /(ɴ)q’/ (n)q' =q /q’/ /ʔ/ ' qq /qq’/ /qq’/ qq'
k' /k’/ /k’/ k' nk' /(ŋ)k’/ /(ŋ)k’/ (n)k' =k' /k’/ /k’/ k' kk' /kk’/ /kk’/ kk'
k /k/ /k/ k nk /(ŋ)k/ /(ŋ)g/ (n)g =k /k/ /g/ g kk /kk/ /kk/ kk
g /g/ /g/ g ng /(ŋ)g/ /(ŋ)g/ (n)g =g /g/ /h/ h gg /gg/ /gg/ gg
v /v/ /v/ v mv /(m)v/ /(m)b/ (m)b =v /v/ /v/ v vv /vv/ /vv/ vv
s /s/ /s/ s ns /(n)s/ /(n)dz/ (n)dz =s /s/ /z/ z ss /ss/ /ss/ ss
d' /ɗ/ /d/ d nd' /(n)ɗ/ /(n)d/ (n)d =d' /ɗ/ /d/ d dd' /ɗɗ/ /dd/ dd
t' /t’/ /t’/ t' nt' /(n)t’/ /(n)t’/ (n)t' =t' /t’/ /t’/ t' tt’ /tt’/ /tt’/ tt'
t /t/ /t/ t nt /(n)t/ /(n)d/ (n)d =t /t/ /d/ d tt /tt/ /tt/ tt
d /d/ /d/ d nd /(n)d/ /(n)d/ (n)d =d /d/ /z/ z dd /dd/ /dd/ dd
ts' /ts’/ /ts’/ ts' nts' /(n)ts’/ /(n)ts’/ (n)ts' =ts' /ts’/ /ts’/ ts' tts’ /tts’/ /tts’/ tts'
ts /ts/ /ts/ ts nts /(n)ts/ /(n)dz/ (n)dz =ts /ts/ /dz/ dz tts /tts/ /tts/ tts
dz /dz/ /dz/ dz ndz /(n)dz/ /(n)dz/ (n)dz =dz /dz/ /dz/ dz ddz /ddz/ /ddz/ ddz
z /z/ /z/ z nz /(n)z/ /(n)dz/ (n)dz =z /z/ /z/ z zz /zz/ /zz/ zz
l /l/ /l/ l nl /(n)l/ /(n)n/ (n)n =l /l/ /l/ l ll /ll/ /ll/ ll

Numerals

The number system, which uses base-10, is described in the following table:

# Initial Plain
0 0 00
1 1 01
2 2 02
3 3 03
4 4 04
5 5 05
6 6 06
7 7 07
8 8 08
9 9 09

The plain forms are all shown here with a leading zero. Numbers are written in three number segments with a comma separating each segment. The first number in a segment is receives a type of diacritical mark in the form of a curl on the left, and the following two numbers are written in their plain form.

Punctuation

In the table below the punctuation marks of Zaduusel can be seen:

English Orthography
Beginning of paragraph ..
Colon .
Comma ,
Hyphen -
Parentheses (...)
Stroke —
Quotation marks "..."
Brackets [...]
Colon/Semicolon :

Note: Peterson has stated that he has forgotten his intended purpose for the stroke.

References

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