Appendix:Irathient pronunciation: Difference between revisions

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| ɛ
| ɛ
| g'''e'''t
| g'''e'''t
| never like '''a''' in g'''a'''te
|
|-
|-
| '''ei'''
| '''ei'''
| e
| e
| g'''a'''te
| g'''a'''te
| never like g'''e'''t
|
|-
|-
| '''ə'''
| '''ə'''
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| v
| v
| '''v'''ery
| '''v'''ery
|
| allophone of /w/ before /u/ and /o/
|-
|-
| '''w'''
| '''w'''
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|}
|}


In some online sources /ɑ/ is spelled '''aa''' and the schwa /ə/ is spelled with a single '''a''', as in '''aarko''' ([https://dedalvs.tumblr.com/post/167813106320/hey-david-just-curious-i-was-reading-through-a DJP Tumblr]). In that system the diphthong '''ai''' is spelled '''aai'''.
In some online sources /ɑ/ is spelled '''aa''' and the schwa /ə/ is spelled with a single '''a''', as in '''aarko''' ([https://dedalvs.tumblr.com/post/167813106320/hey-david-just-curious-i-was-reading-through-a DJP Tumblr]). In that system, the diphthong '''ai''' is spelled '''aai'''.


=== Word Stress ===
=== Word Stress ===


* Most words are stressed on the penultimate syllable.
* Most words are stressed on the penultimate syllable.
* If a word ends in '''ə''' the stress is antepenultimate.
* If a word's final or penultimate syllable contains '''ə''', the stress is antepenultimate.
* Imperatives involve an accent shift towards the end of the word; '''ǝthít!''' ''go!'' ([[Season_1_Defiance_Dialogue|S1E1]]).
* Imperatives involve an accent shift towards the end of the word; '''ǝthít!''' ''go!'' ([[Season_1_Defiance_Dialogue|S1E1]]).
* Some verb auxiliary forms take a final accent.
* Some verb auxiliary forms take a final accent.
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* Borrowed words may have an irregular stress accent.
* Borrowed words may have an irregular stress accent.


In dialog meant for actors, the stress is always indicated with an acute accent.
In dialogue meant for actors, the stress is always indicated with an acute accent.
 
==Phonotactics==
Irathient allows various consonant clusters in onsets and codas, the maximal possible syllable is CCCVCCC, most consonants may be geminated but vowel sequences very rarely occur. Words commonly start but rarely end with consonant clusters.


== Phonotactics and Allophony ==
Adjacent obstruents must agree in voicing, voicing assimilation is regressive. Sonorants and [v], an allophone of /w/, do not affect voicing. Syllables do not end with /l/ or /w/, and /h/ does not appear after stops and fricatives.


* Adjacent obstruents must agree in voicing.  Voicing assimilation is regressive.  Sonorants do not affect voicing.
==Vowel harmony==
* '''w''' undergoes fortition to '''v''' before '''u''' and '''o''': '''zlawe''' ''singer'' becomes '''zlavu''' in the plural, not '''*zlawu'''; '''zavo''' ''apothecary,'' pl. '''zawalə'''
Some affixes contain underspecified high or low vowels that harmonize either with the group /i a/ or the group /u ɛ/.
* Coda '''w''' and '''l''' meld into the previous vowel:
** '''aw, al''' > '''o''' (e.g., '''the<u>lo</u>''' ''singing,'' but '''t<u>law</u>e''' ''song;'' '''zavo''' ''apothecary,'' pl. '''zawalə''')
** '''ul, uw, el, ew''' > '''u'''
** '''iw, il''' > '''u''', but also palatalizes the previous consonant:
*** '''s, t, th, h, k''' > '''sh
*** '''z''' > '''sh''' (sometimes > '''gy''')
*** '''n, ng''' > '''ny'''
*** '''d, g, l''' > '''gy'''
* Before a coda nasal, '''e''' > '''ei''' and '''a''' > '''o''' (e.g., '''spom''' ''tainted meat,'' plural '''spamə'''; '''drurein''' ''an Irathient fruit,'' plural '''drurenə''')


== Izra ==
For instance, the active form of a verb begins with an underspecified low vowel and the passive form with an underspecified high one, so the verb '''shrazu''', whose root is '''raz''', has the active form '''arazǝ''' and the passive form '''irazǝ''', but the verb '''sheligu''', whose root is '''elig''', has the active form '''eneligǝ''' and the passive form '''uneligǝ''', the prefixes harmonize with the roots' first vowels.
The Irathient writing system, Izra, is described [[Appendix:Izra script|in this article]] (see also [https://dedalvs.tumblr.com/tagged/Izra this Tumblr post]).


[[Category:Irathient language|Phonology]]
[[Category:Irathient language|Phonology]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]

Latest revision as of 11:32, 13 November 2024

Irathient Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Dictionary, Orthography, Dialogue


Standard Romanization

Irathient IPA English example Notes
a ɑ father
ai ɑi nice
b b bad
d d deck
e ɛ get
ei e gate
ə ə sofa
f f feather only used in borrowed words, not native to Irathient
g g goat never as in genius
gy ɟ close to joke, eggyolk used for /j/ in borrowed words
h h hop always pronounced, even if at end of a word (except for sh and th digraphs)
hw ʍ when
i i machine
k kʰ kite
l l love always clear, never velarized "dark" [ɫ]
m m matter
n n never
ng ŋ sing can occur at the start of a word; never as in anger
ngg ŋg anger
ny ɲ onion
o o hope
p pʰ pike
r r Spanish perro may reduce to tap in some clusters
s s sad
sh ʃ shack used for [tʃ] when borrowing words
t tʰ take
th θ thin never as in that
u u crude
v v very allophone of /w/ before /u/ and /o/
w w war
z z zebra

In some online sources /ɑ/ is spelled aa and the schwa /ə/ is spelled with a single a, as in aarko (DJP Tumblr). In that system, the diphthong ai is spelled aai.

Word Stress

  • Most words are stressed on the penultimate syllable.
  • If a word's final or penultimate syllable contains ə, the stress is antepenultimate.
  • Imperatives involve an accent shift towards the end of the word; ǝthít! go! (S1E1).
  • Some verb auxiliary forms take a final accent.
  • Some possessive suffixes are written attached to the noun, but do not cause a shift in accent, as in rólame my roller (S1E1).
  • Borrowed words may have an irregular stress accent.

In dialogue meant for actors, the stress is always indicated with an acute accent.

Phonotactics

Irathient allows various consonant clusters in onsets and codas, the maximal possible syllable is CCCVCCC, most consonants may be geminated but vowel sequences very rarely occur. Words commonly start but rarely end with consonant clusters.

Adjacent obstruents must agree in voicing, voicing assimilation is regressive. Sonorants and [v], an allophone of /w/, do not affect voicing. Syllables do not end with /l/ or /w/, and /h/ does not appear after stops and fricatives.

Vowel harmony

Some affixes contain underspecified high or low vowels that harmonize either with the group /i a/ or the group /u ɛ/.

For instance, the active form of a verb begins with an underspecified low vowel and the passive form with an underspecified high one, so the verb shrazu, whose root is raz, has the active form arazǝ and the passive form irazǝ, but the verb sheligu, whose root is elig, has the active form eneligǝ and the passive form uneligǝ, the prefixes harmonize with the roots' first vowels.

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