Appendix:Fjerdan pronunciation: Difference between revisions

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{{LangBar|Fjerdan|Shadow and Bone}}
{{LangBar|Fjerdan|Shadow and Bone}}


The [[Fjerdan language]] has 21 consonants, 9 vowels, and 2 glides.  
The [[Fjerdan language]] has 22 consonants, 9 vowels, and 2 glides.  


==Standard Romanization==
==Standard Romanization==
Line 10: Line 10:
! English example
! English example
! Notes
! Notes
|-
| ''' ' '''
| ʔ, ∅
| uh'''-'''oh, —
| Not phonemic. Written between two subsequent vowels, where an epenthetic [ʔ] is pronounced, which for example distinguishes '''a'i''' [ɑʔi] from '''ai''' [aj]. Also used to write clitics, where it does not represent any sound.
|-
|-
| '''a'''
| '''a'''
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|-
|-
| '''ai'''
| '''ai'''
| aj
| ai
| l'''ie'''
| l'''ie'''
|
| Transcribed as [aj] in some online sources, but as [ai] here for internal consistency on the wiki.
|-
|-
| '''ä'''
| '''ä'''
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| '''h'''am, '''h'''uge
| '''h'''am, '''h'''uge
| Pronounced [ç] after front vowels, [h] elsewhere.
| Pronounced [ç] after front vowels, [h] elsewhere.
|-
| '''hr'''
| ʀ̥
| —
| Voiceless equivalent of '''r'''.
|-
|-
| '''hw'''
| '''hw'''
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| ca'''s'''ual
| ca'''s'''ual
|
|
|-
| ''' ' '''
| ∅, ʔ
| it'''''''s, uh'''-'''oh
| The apostrophe is used to write clitics, and as such does not represent any sound, but it sometimes coincides with an epenthetic [ʔ] when the application of the clitic results in two subsequent vowels, which for example distinguishes '''a'i''' [ɑʔi] from '''ai''' [ai].
|}
|}


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===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Fjerdan has 22 phonemic consonants and 2 glides:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 |
! Labial !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m || n ||  ||  || ng [ŋ] ||  ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop/Affricate !! <small>voiceless</small>
| p || t || ch [tʃ] ||  || k ||  || ([ʔ])
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| b || d || j [dʒ] ||  || ɡ ||  ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative !! <small>voiceless</small>
| f || s || sh [ʃ] || hy [ç] || hw [ʍ] ||  || h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| v ||  || zh [ʒ] ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| w || l ||  || y [j] ||  ||  ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Trill !! <small>voiceless</small>
| ||  ||  ||  ||  || hr [ʀ̥] ||
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| ||  ||  ||  ||  || r [ʀ] ||
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


Fjerdan has 8 phonemic monophthongal vowels.
Fjerdan has 8 phonemic monophthongal vowels:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Front !! rowspan=2 | Central !! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
! <small>unrounded</small> !! <small>rounded</small>
|-
! Close
| i || ü [y] ||  || u
|-
! Mid
| e || ö [ø] || (e [ǝ]) || o
|-
! Open
| ä [æ] ||  ||  || a [ɑ]
|}


====Diphthongs====
====Diphthongs====
The Fjerdan language includes the following diphthong(s):
The Fjerdan language has the diphthong '''ai''' [ai].
* '''ai''' [aj]


==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
Some key rules for the phonetic realization of Fjerdan words include:
Vowel sequences are broken up by an epenthetic glottal stop [ʔ], where vowel hiatus would otherwise occur. This applies both within words (e.g. for clitics) and across word boundaries.  
* Word-initial vowels are realized with an epenthetic glottal stop [ʔ] before them, which is not written in the romanization. Subsequent vowels are also pronounced with a medial epenthetic glottal stop, where vowel hiatus would otherwise occur. This glottal stop can co-occur with an apostrophe (''' ' ''') in the romanization, at least in some cases in order to prevent ambiguity with diphthongs.


[[Category:Fjerdan language|Pronunciation]]
[[Category:Fjerdan language|Pronunciation]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]

Latest revision as of 22:24, 17 May 2024

Fjerdan Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Orthography, Dialogue

The Fjerdan language has 22 consonants, 9 vowels, and 2 glides.

Standard Romanization

Letter IPA English example Notes
a ɑ father
ai ai lie Transcribed as [aj] in some online sources, but as [ai] here for internal consistency on the wiki.
ä æ cat
b b bother
ch tʃ watch
d d dog
e e ~ ǝ bait, sofa Pronounced [ǝ] in unstressed syllables, [e] elsewhere.
f f food
g ɡ good
h h ~ ç ham, huge Pronounced [ç] after front vowels, [h] elsewhere.
hr ʀ̥ — Voiceless equivalent of r.
hw ʍ what (certain pronunciations)
hy ç huge
i i machine
j dʒ jog
k k skill
l l left
m m man
n n no Assimilates to a following velar consonant.
ng ŋ sing
o o moat
ö ø — Like the ai in bait pronounced with rounded lips.
p p span
r ʀ — Pronounced roughly like the r in French rouge.
s s see
sh ʃ sheep
t t stop
u u rude
ü y — Like the i in machine pronounced with rounded lips.
v v voice
w w wet
y j young
zh ʒ casual
' ∅, ʔ it's, uh-oh The apostrophe is used to write clitics, and as such does not represent any sound, but it sometimes coincides with an epenthetic [ʔ] when the application of the clitic results in two subsequent vowels, which for example distinguishes a'i [ɑʔi] from ai [ai].

Notes:

  • Geminates: To pronounce a geminate consonant, simply pronounce it twice. They are written by doubling the consonant letter. In the case of digraphs, only the first letter of the digraph is doubled.

Phonetics

Consonants

Fjerdan has 22 phonemic consonants and 2 glides:

Labial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ng [ŋ]
Stop/Affricate voiceless p t ch [tʃ] k ([ʔ])
voiced b d j [dʒ] ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s sh [ʃ] hy [ç] hw [ʍ] h
voiced v zh [ʒ]
Approximant w l y [j]
Trill voiceless hr [ʀ̥]
voiced r [ʀ]

Vowels

Fjerdan has 8 phonemic monophthongal vowels:

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i ü [y] u
Mid e ö [ø] (e [ǝ]) o
Open ä [æ] a [ɑ]

Diphthongs

The Fjerdan language has the diphthong ai [ai].

Phonotactics

Vowel sequences are broken up by an epenthetic glottal stop [ʔ], where vowel hiatus would otherwise occur. This applies both within words (e.g. for clitics) and across word boundaries.

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