|
|
| (4 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{LangBar|Dothraki|Game of Thrones}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Appendix:Dothraki pronunciation]] |
| | |
| The Dothraki language has 20 consonants, 4 vowels and 2 glides.
| |
| | |
| == Standard Orthography ==
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Dothraki
| |
| ! IPA
| |
| ! Informal
| |
| ! English example
| |
| ! Notes
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''a'''
| |
| | a
| |
| | aah
| |
| | f'''a'''ther
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ch'''
| |
| | t͡ʃ
| |
| | ch
| |
| | '''ch'''eck
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''d'''
| |
| | d̪
| |
| | d
| |
| | '''d'''og
| |
| | dental
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''e'''
| |
| | e
| |
| | e
| |
| | pl'''ay'''
| |
| | "Then" would be pronounced as [e]. [e] makes the sound in s'''ay''' and gr'''ea'''t
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''f'''
| |
| | f
| |
| | ff
| |
| | '''f'''ool
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''g'''
| |
| | g
| |
| | g
| |
| | '''g'''ood
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''h'''
| |
| | h
| |
| | hh
| |
| | '''h'''am
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''i'''
| |
| | i
| |
| | ee
| |
| | mach'''i'''ne
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''j'''
| |
| | d͡ʒ
| |
| | j
| |
| | '''j'''u'''dg'''e
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''k'''
| |
| | k
| |
| | k
| |
| | '''k'''ill
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''kh'''
| |
| | x
| |
| | x
| |
| | Ba'''ch'''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''l'''
| |
| | l̪
| |
| | ll
| |
| | '''l'''eft
| |
| | dental
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''m'''
| |
| | m
| |
| | mm
| |
| | '''m'''an, ha'''m'''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''n'''
| |
| | n̪
| |
| | nn
| |
| | '''n'''o, ti'''n'''
| |
| | dental
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''o'''
| |
| | o
| |
| | oh
| |
| | t'''oe'''
| |
| | Not as a diphthong. Said like the Minnesota "o"
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''q'''
| |
| | q
| |
| | k
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''r'''
| |
| | ɾ, r
| |
| | rr
| |
| |
| |
| | trilled when at the beginning of the word and followed by a vowel; at the end of the word; when doubled; tap medially elsewhere
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''s'''
| |
| | s
| |
| | ss
| |
| | '''s'''ee, '''c'''ity
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''sh'''
| |
| | ʃ
| |
| | shh
| |
| | '''sh'''ip
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''t'''
| |
| | t̪
| |
| | t'
| |
| | s'''t'''op, '''t'''op
| |
| | dental
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''th'''
| |
| | θ
| |
| | th
| |
| | '''th'''in
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''v'''
| |
| | v
| |
| | vuh
| |
| | '''v'''oice, ha'''v'''e
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''w'''
| |
| | w
| |
| | wuh
| |
| | '''w'''ave, do'''w'''ager
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''y'''
| |
| | j
| |
| | y'
| |
| | '''y'''es
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''z'''
| |
| | z
| |
| | zz
| |
| | '''z'''oo
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''zh'''
| |
| | ʒ
| |
| |
| |
| | a'''z'''ure
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Apart from names, the letters '''p''', '''b''', '''u''' and '''x''' do not appear in the ortography of diegetically modern Dothraki, and '''c''' appears only in the digraph '''ch'''.
| |
| | |
| === Geminates ===
| |
| For phonemes that are marked with digraph, the geminate has a reduced ortography, eg. '''kkh''' instead of '''khkh'''. This does not affect the pronunciation, these are geminates just as any others.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Dothraki
| |
| ! IPA
| |
| ! Never
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''kkh'''
| |
| | xx
| |
| | *kx
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ssh'''
| |
| | ʃʃ
| |
| | *sʃ
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''tth'''
| |
| | θθ
| |
| | *tθ
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''zzh'''
| |
| | ʒʒ
| |
| | *zʒ
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''cch'''
| |
| | tt͡ʃ
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Consonants ==
| |
| Dothraki has 22 consonant phonemes. The IPA pronunciation symbol is indicated in square brackets when different from the standard orthography:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Consonnants of Dothraki
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |
| |
| ! Labial
| |
| ! Dental
| |
| ! Alveolar
| |
| ! Palatal
| |
| ! Velar
| |
| ! Uvular
| |
| ! Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
| |
| | '''{{IPA link|m}}''' || '''n''' {{IPAblink|n̪}} || || || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Plosive/Affricate
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | || '''t''' {{IPAblink|t̪}} || || '''ch''' {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} || '''{{IPA link|k}}''' || '''{{IPA link|q}}''' ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>voiced</small>
| |
| | || '''d''' {{IPAblink|d̪}} || || '''j''' {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} || '''{{IPA link|g}}''' || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | Fricative
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | '''{{IPA link|f}}''' || '''th''' {{IPAblink|θ}} || '''{{IPA link|s}}''' || '''sh''' {{IPAblink|ʃ}} || '''kh''' {{IPAblink|x}} || || '''h''' <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{IPA link|h}} ~ {{IPA link|ħ}}]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''{{IPA link|v}}''' || || '''{{IPA link|z}}''' || '''zh''' {{IPAblink|ʒ}} || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | Approximant
| |
| | '''{{IPA link|w}}''' || '''l''' {{IPAblink|l̪}} || || '''y''' {{IPAblink|j}} || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | Rhotic
| |
| | || || '''r''' <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{IPA link|r}} ~ {{IPA link|ɾ}}] || || || ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The digraphs '''kh''', '''sh''', '''th''' and '''zh''' are all fricatives, while '''ch''' and '''j''' are affricates.
| |
| | |
| Doubled consonants are always pronounced geminated.
| |
| | |
| ===Allophones of consonnants===
| |
| As in any natural or natural-aspiring language, there are some phones in Dothraki that are considered—and even heard—the same with each other.
| |
| | |
| ====Complementary Distribution====
| |
| Some phonemes change according to the surrounding phones, to ease the pronunciation.
| |
| :*In syllable-final position, '''h''' [h] shifts to [ħ]
| |
| :*Stop produced at the same region of mouth as the fricative following it changes to geminate of the fricative. This can occur when words are derived, especially when compounds are formed. The changed consonant cluster is marked in the ortography.
| |
| | |
| ====Free Variation====
| |
| There is no definite line between complementary distribution and free variation; some variation happens always when the surrounding phones call for it, some may happen. Some variation is indifferent of the surrounding phones.
| |
| :*While Dothraki has no labial plosives, [p] or [b], both of these have been available in the past and have developed into [f] and [v], respectively. The [p] and [b] phones can still be met as free variants of '''f''' [f] and '''v''' [v], and should generally go unnoticed.
| |
| :*Voiceless stops, '''t''' [t], '''k''' [k] and '''q''' [q] even '''ch''' [t͡ʃ] may be aspirated.
| |
| | |
| == Vowels ==
| |
| Dothraki has four vowel phonemes:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Vowels of Dothraki
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! Front
| |
| ! Back
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Close
| |
| | '''i''' [i] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Mid
| |
| | '''e''' [e] || '''o''' [o]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Open
| |
| | '''a''' [a] ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| There are no diphthongs or long vowels.
| |
| | |
| ===Allophones of vowels===
| |
| With only four vowel phonemes, Dothraki vowels have more room to shift than in other languages. They should be treated as little less precisely placed than vowels in English. Because the sound [q] is produced far in the throat, vowels immediately following [q] undergo a considerable shift:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Vowel shift
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Normal
| |
| ! After q
| |
| |-
| |
| | i
| |
| | e
| |
| |-
| |
| | e
| |
| | ɛ
| |
| |-
| |
| | o
| |
| | ɔ
| |
| |-
| |
| | a
| |
| | ɑ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In addition, '''o''' may be pronounced [u] after the velar consonants '''g''' [g], '''k''' [k], and '''kh''' [x].
| |
| | |
| ==Relevant Information Elsewhere==
| |
| *{{cite dothraki.com|date=16 September 2011|title=Long (or Doubled) Consonants|url=http://www.dothraki.com/2011/09/long-or-doubled-consonants/}}
| |
| *{{cite dothraki.com|date=14 November 2011|title=Qute Noises|url=http://www.dothraki.com/2011/11/qute-noises/}}
| |
| | |
| {{topic navbox|Phonology of ''Game of Thrones'' Languages}}
| |
| | |
| | |
| [[category:Dothraki|Phonology]]
| |
| [[category:Phonology|Dothraki]]
| |