Appendix:Ravkan pronunciation: Difference between revisions

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{{LangBar|Ravkan|Shadow and Bone}}
{{LangBar|Ravkan|Shadow and Bone}}


Ravkan has 38 consonants, 8 vowels and 2 glides.
[[Ravkan language|Ravkan]] has 38 consonants, 8 vowels and 2 glides.


== Standard Romanization ==
== Standard Romanization ==
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|-
|-
| '''a'''
| '''a'''
| a
| a, ə
| f'''a'''ther
| f'''a'''ther, sof'''a'''
|
| Pronounced [ə] in post-tonic syllables, [a] elsewhere.
|-
|-
| '''ai'''
| '''ai'''
| aj
| ai
| l'''ie'''
| l'''ie'''
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''by'''
| '''by'''
| bj ~ bʲ
| bʲ
| '''b'''eauty
| '''b'''eauty
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''dy'''
| '''dy'''
| dj ~ dʲ
| dʲ
| '''d'''ew (''British English'')
| a'''dd y'''ou
| Always pronounced with a '''y''' sound following, unlike American pronunciations with {{wl|yod-dropping}}.
|  
|-
|-
| '''dz'''
| '''dz'''
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|-
|-
| '''dzy'''
| '''dzy'''
| dzj ~ dzʲ
| dzʲ
| a'''dds y'''ou
| a'''dds y'''ou
|  
|  
|-
|-
| '''e'''
| '''e'''
| ɛ
| e ~ ɛ
| b'''e'''t
| g'''a'''te or b'''e'''t
|
|
|-
|-
| '''ei'''
| '''ei'''
| ɛj
| ei ~ ɛi
| b'''ai'''t
| b'''ai'''t
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''fy'''
| '''fy'''
| fj ~ fʲ
| fʲ
| '''f'''ew
| '''f'''ew
|
|
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| '''g'''ood
| '''g'''ood
|
|
|-
| '''gh'''
| ɣ
| —
| Roughly like French '''r''' in '''''r'''ouge'' or like Spanish '''g''' in ''la'''g'''o''.
|-
| '''ghy'''
| ɣj ~ ɣʲ
| —
| Roughly like French '''ri''' in ''Ma'''ri'''elle''.
|-
|-
| '''gy'''
| '''gy'''
| ɡj ~ ɡʲ
| ɡʲ
| '''g'''ules
| '''g'''ules
|  
|  
|-
|-
| '''i'''
| '''i'''
| i, ɨ
| mach'''i'''ne, chick'''e'''n
| Pronounced [ɨ] in unstressed syllables.
|-
| '''ii'''
| i
| i
| mach'''i'''ne
| mach'''i'''ne
|
|  
|-
|-
| '''j'''
| '''j'''
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|-
|-
| '''ky'''
| '''ky'''
| kj ~ kʲ
| kʲ
| s'''k'''ew
| s'''k'''ew
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''my'''
| '''my'''
| mj ~ mʲ
| mʲ
| '''m'''ule
| '''m'''ule
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''o'''
| '''o'''
| ɔ
| o ~ ɔ, ə
| l'''o'''t
| l'''o'''t or c'''oa'''t, sof'''a'''
|
| Pronounced [ə] in final, post-tonic syllables, [ɔ] elsewhere. Exceptions are found in some compounds.
|-
|-
| '''oi'''
| '''oi'''
| ɔj
| oi ~ ɔi
| p'''oi'''nt
| p'''oi'''nt
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''py'''
| '''py'''
| pj ~ pʲ
| pʲ
| s'''p'''ew
| s'''p'''ew
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''ry'''
| '''ry'''
| ɾj ~ ɾʲ
| ɾʲ
| me'''di'''um
| me'''di'''um
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''sy'''
| '''sy'''
| sj ~ sʲ
| sʲ
| '''s'''ue (''British English'')
| pa'''ss y'''ou
| Always pronounced with a '''y''' sound following, unlike American pronunciations with {{wl|yod-dropping}}.
|  
|-
|-
| '''t'''
| '''t'''
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|-
|-
| '''tsy'''
| '''tsy'''
| tsj ~ tsʲ
| tsʲ
| pi'''ts y'''ou
| pi'''ts y'''ou
|
|
|-
|-
| '''ty'''
| '''ty'''
| tj ~ tʲ
| tʲ
| s'''t'''ew (''British English'')
| lis'''t y'''ou
| Always pronounced with a '''y''' sound following, unlike American pronunciations with {{wl|yod-dropping}}.
|  
|-
|-
| '''u'''
| '''u'''
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|-
|-
| '''vy'''
| '''vy'''
| vj ~ vʲ
| vʲ
| '''vi'''ew
| '''vi'''ew
|
|
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|-
|-
| '''zy'''
| '''zy'''
| zj ~ zʲ
| zʲ
| bu'''zz y'''ou
| bu'''zz y'''ou
|
|
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=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===


Ravkan has 38 phonemically distinct consonants:
Ravkan has 38 phonemic consonants and 2 phonemic glides:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m || my [mʲ] || n || || ny [ɲ] || (n [ŋ]) ||   
| m || my [mʲ] || n || colspan="2" | ny [ɲ] || (n [ŋ]) ||   
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
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|-
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| v || vy [vʲ] || z || zy [zʲ] || zh [ʒ] || gh [ɣ] || ghy [ɣʲ]
| v || vy [vʲ] || z || zy [zʲ] || zh [ʒ] || ||  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Glide
! colspan="2" | Glide
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Lateral
! colspan="2" | Lateral
| || || l || || ly [ʎ] || ||
| || || l || colspan="2" | ly [ʎ] || ||
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Tap
! colspan="2" | Tap
| || || r [ɾ] || ry [ɾʲ] ||  ||  ||  
| || || r [ɾ] || ry [ɾʲ] ||  ||  ||  
|}
|}
With the exception of the postalveolar /tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ/, palatalized consonants are depalatalized when they appear word-finally and resurface in case of suffixation.


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Ravkan has six phonemically distinct monophthongal vowels:
Ravkan has five phonemic monophthongs:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| i, ii [i]
| i
| i [ɨ]
|  
| u
| u
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| e [ɛ]
| e [e ~ ɛ]
|  
|  
| o [ɔ]
| o [o ~ ɔ ~ ə]
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|
|
| a
| a [a ~ ə]
|  
|  
|}
|}


==== Diphthongs ====
==== Diphthongs ====
Ravkan has three diphthongs: '''ai''' [ai], '''ei''' [ei ~ ɛi], and '''oi''' [oi ~ ɔi].
=== Stress ===
Ravkan words can only be stressed on one of the last three syllables of the word (the antepenultimate, the penultimate and the final). Most Ravkan words are stressed on their penultimate syllable, although some are irregularly stressed. Furthermore, some suffixes move stress to the final or antepenultimate syllable. Some of the exceptions are as follows:


Ravkan has three diphthongs: '''ai''' [aj], '''ei''' [ɛj], and '''oi''' [ɔj].
* The word {{m|ravk|soldat}} has word-final stress.
* The suffix {{m|ravk|-ost}} attracts stress, making it final.
* The instrumental singular is stressed finally.
* Any suffix of the shape ''-*VyV(C)'' leaves stress on the antepenultimate.
* The past tense forms generally leave stress in place. However, past tense forms ending in ''-uwaya'' shift stress to the antepenultimate, since it cannot fall before.  


[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]
[[Category:Ravkan language|Pronunciation]]
[[Category:Ravkan language|Pronunciation]]

Latest revision as of 01:56, 3 September 2024

Ravkan Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Orthography, Dialogue

Ravkan has 38 consonants, 8 vowels and 2 glides.

Standard Romanization

Letter IPA English example Notes
a a, ə father, sofa Pronounced [ə] in post-tonic syllables, [a] elsewhere.
ai ai lie
b b bath
by bʲ beauty
ch tʃ watch
d d dog
dy dʲ add you
dz dz adze
dzy dzʲ adds you
e e ~ ɛ gate or bet
ei ei ~ ɛi bait
f f food
fy fʲ few
g ɡ good
gy ɡʲ gules
i i machine
j dʒ jog
k k skill
ky kʲ skew
l l left
ly ʎ million
m m man
my mʲ mule
n n no Assimilates to a following velar consonant.
ny ɲ onion
o o ~ ɔ, ə lot or coat, sofa Pronounced [ə] in final, post-tonic syllables, [ɔ] elsewhere. Exceptions are found in some compounds.
oi oi ~ ɔi point
p p span
py pʲ spew
r ɾ battle
ry ɾʲ medium
s s see
sh ʃ sheep
sy sʲ pass you
t t stop
ts ts pits
tsy tsʲ pits you
ty tʲ list you
u u rude
v v voice
vy vʲ view
w w wet
y j young
z z zone
zh ʒ casual
zy zʲ buzz you

Phonetics

Consonants

Ravkan has 38 phonemic consonants and 2 phonemic glides:

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
plain palatalized plain palatalized plain palatalized
Nasal m my [mʲ] n ny [ɲ] (n [ŋ])
Stop voiceless p py [pʲ] t ty [tʲ] k ky [kʲ]
voiced b by [bʲ] d dy [dʲ] g gy [ɡʲ]
Affricate voiceless ts tsy [tsʲ] ch [tʃ]
voiced dz dzy [dzʲ] j [dʒ]
Fricative voiceless f fy [fʲ] s sy [sʲ] sh [ʃ]
voiced v vy [vʲ] z zy [zʲ] zh [ʒ]
Glide w y [j]
Lateral l ly [ʎ]
Tap r [ɾ] ry [ɾʲ]

With the exception of the postalveolar /tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ/, palatalized consonants are depalatalized when they appear word-finally and resurface in case of suffixation.

Vowels

Ravkan has five phonemic monophthongs:

Front Mid Back
Close i u
Mid e [e ~ ɛ] o [o ~ ɔ ~ ə]
Open a [a ~ ə]

Diphthongs

Ravkan has three diphthongs: ai [ai], ei [ei ~ ɛi], and oi [oi ~ ɔi].

Stress

Ravkan words can only be stressed on one of the last three syllables of the word (the antepenultimate, the penultimate and the final). Most Ravkan words are stressed on their penultimate syllable, although some are irregularly stressed. Furthermore, some suffixes move stress to the final or antepenultimate syllable. Some of the exceptions are as follows:

  • The word soldat has word-final stress.
  • The suffix -ost attracts stress, making it final.
  • The instrumental singular is stressed finally.
  • Any suffix of the shape -*VyV(C) leaves stress on the antepenultimate.
  • The past tense forms generally leave stress in place. However, past tense forms ending in -uwaya shift stress to the antepenultimate, since it cannot fall before.
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