Appendix:Bodzvokhan orthography: Difference between revisions

From The Languages of David J. Peterson
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(11 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{LangBar|Bodzvokhan|Bright}}
{{LangBar|Bodzvokhan|Bright dialogue}}


The [[Bodzvokhan language]] is written with the Vukht script, an abjad, as well as with the Cyrillic alphabet, from which Vukht borrowed several letters. Vukht also uses ligatures to write some geminate consonants, those are not used when [ǝ], which is usually unwritten in Vukht, separates 2 identical consonants.
The [[Bodzvokhan language]] is written with the Vukht script, an abjad, as well as with the Cyrillic alphabet, from which Vukht borrowed several letters.


=== Letters ===
== Vowels ==
Most of Bodzvokhan's vowels are written with their own letters:


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5"
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;" cellpadding="5"
|-
|-
! Vukht
! Romanization
! Romanization
! Cyrillization
! Cyrillization
! IPA
! IPA
! Notes
! Notes
! style=max-width:10em | Vukht
|-
|-
| '''a'''
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=a}}
| '''а'''
| '''a''', '''ǝ'''
| a
| '''а''', '''ы'''
| Marked by a diacritic under the following consonant. The final form is very rarely used and is not distinguished from '''ǝ'''.
| a, ǝ, ɨ
| Preconsonantal: {{bodz-orth-big|form=ab ach ad}} etc.<br>Final: {{bodz-orth-big|form=a}}
| Only appears word-finally, rarely used. Stands for both '''a''' and '''ǝ''', the correct pronunciation is deduced from vowel harmony and context. '''ǝ''' is sometimes pronounced [ɨ] in Russian loanwords by bilingual speakers.
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=e}}
| '''e'''
| '''э'''
| ɛ
| Not distinguished from '''y''' in Vukht.
 
|-
|{{bodz-orth-big|form=i}}
| '''i'''
| '''и'''
| i
| Not distinguished from '''ay''' in Vukht.
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=o}}
| '''o'''
| '''о'''
| ɔ
| Not distinguished from '''aw''' in Vukht.
 
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ö}}
| '''ö''', '''yo'''
| '''ё'''
| œ, jɔ
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=u}}
| '''u'''
| '''у'''
| u
| Not distinguished from '''w''' in Vukht.
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ü}}
| '''ü''', '''yu'''
| '''ю'''
| y
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ya}}
| '''ya'''
| '''я'''
| ja, æ
| Borrowed from Cyrillic. Stands for [æ] in English loanwords.
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ye}}
| '''ye'''
| '''е'''
| jɛ
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
|}
 
However, in Vukht, preconsonantal '''a''' is marked by a diacritic under the following consonant instead, so '''ab''' is {{bodz-orth-big|form=ab}}, '''ach''' is {{bodz-orth-big|form=ach}}, '''ad''' is {{bodz-orth-big|form=ad}}, etc.
 
Aside from the rarely-used final form it shares with '''a''', '''ǝ''' is unwritten in Vukht. However, Vukht uses ligatures to write some geminate consonants, but not when an unwritten '''ǝ''' separates 2 identical consonants, so for instance, '''hh''' is spelt {{bodz-orth-big|form=hh}} but '''hǝh''' is spelt {{bodz-orth-big|form=hǝh}}. Furthermore, '''r''' is spelt {{bodz-orth-big|form=ä}} only if it directly follows a stop, so if an unwritten '''ǝ''' separates a stop from '''r''', {{bodz-orth-big|form=ä}} is not used and '''r''' is instead spelt with {{bodz-orth-big|form=gh}}, {{bodz-orth-big|form=gq}} or {{bodz-orth-big|form=r}} depending on its etymology, for instance '''pr''' is spelt {{bodz-orth-big|form=pr}} but '''pǝr''' is spelt {{bodz-orth-big|form=pgh}}, {{bodz-orth-big|form=pgq}} or {{bodz-orth-big|form=pǝr}}. The former sequence /ɢʁ/ is spelt {{bodz-orth-big|form=gqr}} but is now pronounced /ʁː/ and romanized '''rr'''.
 
== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable orth" style="text-align:center;" cellpadding="5"
|-
! Vukht
! Romanization
! Cyrillization
! IPA
! Notes
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=b}}
| '''b'''
| '''b'''
| '''б'''
| '''б'''
| b
| b
|
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=b}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ch}}
| '''ch''' ('''cch''' when geminate)
| '''ch''' ('''cch''' when geminate)
| '''ч'''
| '''ч'''
| tʃ
| tʃ
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ch}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=d}}
| '''d'''
| '''d'''
| '''д'''
| '''д'''
| d
| d
|
|
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=d}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=dd}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=dd}}
| '''dd'''
| '''дд'''
| dː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=dz}}
| '''dz'''
| '''dz'''
| '''ѕ'''
| '''ѕ'''
| dz
| dz
|
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=dz}}
|-
| '''e'''
| '''э'''
| ɛ
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=e}}
|-
| '''ǝ'''
| '''ы'''
| ǝ, ɨ
| Usually unwritten. The final form is very rarely used and is not distinguished from '''a'''. Sometimes pronounced [ɨ] in Russian loanwords by bilingual speakers.
| Final: {{bodz-orth-big|form=ǝ}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=f}}
| '''f'''
| '''f'''
| '''ф'''
| '''ф'''
| f
| f
|  
|  
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=f}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=ff}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ff}}
| '''ff'''
| '''фф'''
| fː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=g}}
| '''g'''
| '''g'''
| '''г'''
| '''г'''
| g
| g
|
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=g}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=h}}
| '''h'''
| '''h'''
| '''ҳ'''
| '''ҳ'''
| ħ
| ħ
|
|
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=h}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=hh}}
|-
|-
| '''i'''
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=hh}}
| '''и'''
| '''hh'''
| i
| '''ҳҳ'''
| Not distinguished from '''y''' in Vukht.
| ħː
|{{bodz-orth-big|form=i}}
|
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=j}}
| '''j'''
| '''j'''
| '''җ'''
| '''җ'''
| dʒ
| dʒ
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=j}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=k}}
| '''k'''
| '''k'''
| '''к'''
| '''к'''
| k
| k
|  
|  
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=k}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=kk}}
|-
|-
| '''kh''' ('''kkh''' when geminate)
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=kk}}
| '''kk'''
| '''кк'''
| kː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=kh}}
| '''kh'''
| '''х'''
| '''х'''
| x
| x
|
|
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=kh}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=kkh}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=kkh}}
| '''kkh'''
| '''хх'''
| xː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=l}}
| '''l'''
| '''l'''
| '''л'''
| '''л'''
| l
| l
|
|
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=l}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=ll}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ll}}
| '''ll'''
| '''лл'''
| lː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=m}}
| '''m'''
| '''m'''
| '''м'''
| '''м'''
| m
| m
|
|
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=m}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=mm}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=mm}}
| '''mm'''
| '''мм'''
| mː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=n}}
| '''n'''
| '''n'''
| '''н'''
| '''н'''
| n
| n
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=nn}}
| '''nn'''
| '''нн'''
| nː
| Irregular geminate ligature.
| Irregular geminate ligature.
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=n}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=nn}}
|-
|-
| '''ng''' ('''nng''' when geminate)
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ng}}
| '''ng'''
| '''ң'''
| '''ң'''
| ŋ
| ŋ
|  
|  
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=ng}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=nng}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=nng}}
| '''nng'''
| '''ңң'''
| ŋː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ñ}}
| '''ny''' ('''nny''' when geminate)
| '''ny''' ('''nny''' when geminate)
| '''њ'''
| '''њ'''
| ɲ
| ɲ
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ñ}}
|-
| '''o'''
| '''о'''
| ɔ
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=o}}
|-
| '''ö'''
| '''ё'''
| œ
| Not distinguished from '''yo''' in Cyrillic and Vukht.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ö}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=p}}
| '''p'''
| '''p'''
| '''п'''
| '''п'''
| p
| p
|
|
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=p}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=pp}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=pp}}
| '''pp'''
| '''пп'''
| pː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=q}}
| '''q'''
| '''q'''
| '''қ'''
| '''қ'''
| q
| q
|
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=q}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=gh}}
| '''r'''
| '''ғ'''
| ʁ
| Used to stand for */ɣ/, merged with */ʁ/.
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=gq}}
| '''r'''
| '''ӷ'''
| ʁ
| Used to stand for */ɢ/, merged with */ʁ/.
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=r}}
| '''r'''
| '''р'''
| ʁ
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=rr}}
| '''rr'''
| '''рр'''
| ʁː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ä}}
| '''r'''
| '''r'''
| '''ғ''', '''ӷ''', '''ъ''', '''р'''
| '''ъ'''
| ʀ
| ˣ
| Spelt differently in Cyrillic and Vukht depending on etymology and position. The Vukht equivalent of '''ъ''' is borrowed from Cyrillic.
| Borrowed from Cyrillic. Only appears after stops as an allophone of /ʁ/.
| *[ɣ] ('''ғ'''): {{bodz-orth-big|form=gh}}<br>*[ɢ] ('''ӷ'''): {{bodz-orth-big|form=gq}}<br>*[ʀ] after stops ('''ъ'''): {{bodz-orth-big|form=ä}}<br>*[ʀ] elsewhere ('''р'''): {{bodz-orth-big|form=r}}<br>Geminate *[ʀ]: {{bodz-orth-big|form=rr}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=s}}
| '''s'''
| '''s'''
| '''с'''
| '''с'''
| s
| s
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ss}}
| '''ss'''
| '''сс'''
| sː
| Irregular geminate ligature.
| Irregular geminate ligature.
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=s}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=ss}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=sh}}
| '''sh''' ('''ssh''' when geminate)
| '''sh''' ('''ssh''' when geminate)
| '''ш'''
| '''ш'''
| ʃ
| ʃ
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=sh}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=t}}
| '''t'''
| '''t'''
| '''т'''
| '''т'''
| t
| t
|
|
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=t}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=tt}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=tt}}
| '''tt'''
| '''тт'''
| tː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ts}}
| '''ts'''
| '''ts'''
| '''ц'''
| '''ц'''
| ts
| ts
|
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ts}}
|-
| '''u'''
| '''у'''
| u
| Not distinguished from '''w''' in Vukht.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=u}}
|-
| '''ü'''
| '''ю'''
| y
| Not distinguished from '''yu''' in Cyrillic and Vukht.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ü}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=v}}
| '''v'''
| '''v'''
| '''в'''
| '''в'''
| v
| v
|
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=v}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=w}}
| '''w'''
| '''w'''
| '''ў'''
| '''ў'''
| w
| w
| Found in loanwords. Not distinguished from '''u''' in Vukht.
| Found in loanwords. Not distinguished from '''u''' in Vukht.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=w}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=y}}
| '''y'''
| '''y'''
| '''й''', '''ь'''
| '''й''', '''ь'''
| j
| j
| Found in loanwords. Not distinguished from '''i''' in Vukht. '''ь''' is distinguished from '''й''' in Cyrillic only and is rarely used.
| Found in loanwords. Not distinguished from '''i''' in Vukht. '''ь''' is distinguished from '''й''' in Cyrillic only and is rarely used.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=y}}
|-
| '''ya'''
| '''я'''
| ja, æ
| Stands for [æ] in English loanwords.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ya}}
|-
| '''ye'''
| '''е'''
| jɛ
|
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=ye}}
|-
| '''yo'''
| '''ё'''
| jɔ
| Not distinguished from '''ö''' in Cyrillic and Vukht.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=yo}}
|-
| '''yu'''
| '''ю'''
| ju
| Not distinguished from '''ü''' in Cyrillic and Vukht.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=yu}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=z}}
| '''z'''
| '''z'''
| '''з'''
| '''з'''
| z
| z
|
|
| Plain: {{bodz-orth-big|form=z}}<br>Geminate: {{bodz-orth-big|form=zz}}
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=zz}}
| '''zz'''
| '''зз'''
| zː
|
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=zh}}
| '''zh''' ('''zzh''' when geminate)
| '''zh''' ('''zzh''' when geminate)
| '''ж'''
| '''ж'''
| ʒ
| ʒ
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| Borrowed from Cyrillic.
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=zh}}
|}
|}


=== Numerals ===
=== Numerals ===


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable orth" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Vukht
! Latin/Cyrillic
! Latin/Cyrillic
! Vukht
|-
|-
| 0
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=0}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=0}}
| '''0'''
|-
|-
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=1}}
| 1
| 1
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=1}}
|-
|-
| 2
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=2}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=2}}
| '''2'''
|-
|-
| 3
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=3}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=3}}
| '''3'''
|-
|-
| 4
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=4}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=4}}
| '''4'''
|-
|-
| 5
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=5}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=5}}
| '''5'''
|-
|-
| 6
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=6}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=6}}
| '''6'''
|-
|-
| 7
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=7}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=7}}
| '''7'''
|-
|-
| 8
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=8}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=8}}
| '''8'''
|-
|-
| 9
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=9}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=9}}
| '''9'''
|}
|}


=== Punctuation ===
== Punctuation ==


Only the signs differing noticeably from their Latin and Cyrillic equivalents are listed here.
Only the punctuation marks differing noticeably from their Latin and Cyrillic equivalents are listed below:
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
 
{| class="wikitable orth" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Vukht
! Latin/Cyrillic
! Latin/Cyrillic
! Vukht
|-
|-
| ?
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=?}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=?}}
| '''?'''
|-
|-
| $
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=$}}
| {{bodz-orth-big|form=$}}
| '''$'''
|}
|}


[[Category:Bodzvokhan language|Orthography]]
[[Category:Bodzvokhan language|Orthography]]
[[Category:Bodzvokhan appendices|Orthography]]
[[Category:Bodzvokhan appendices|Orthography]]
[[Category:Vukht script]]
[[Category:Script appendices]]

Latest revision as of 12:49, 10 May 2024

Bodzvokhan Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Orthography, Dialogue

The Bodzvokhan language is written with the Vukht script, an abjad, as well as with the Cyrillic alphabet, from which Vukht borrowed several letters.

Vowels

Most of Bodzvokhan's vowels are written with their own letters:

Vukht Romanization Cyrillization IPA Notes
a a, ǝ а, ы a, ǝ, ɨ Only appears word-finally, rarely used. Stands for both a and ǝ, the correct pronunciation is deduced from vowel harmony and context. ǝ is sometimes pronounced [ɨ] in Russian loanwords by bilingual speakers.
e e э ɛ Not distinguished from y in Vukht.
i i и i Not distinguished from ay in Vukht.
o o о ɔ Not distinguished from aw in Vukht.
ö ö, yo ё œ, jɔ Borrowed from Cyrillic.
u u у u Not distinguished from w in Vukht.
ü ü, yu ю y Borrowed from Cyrillic.
ya ya я ja, æ Borrowed from Cyrillic. Stands for [æ] in English loanwords.
ye ye е jɛ Borrowed from Cyrillic.

However, in Vukht, preconsonantal a is marked by a diacritic under the following consonant instead, so ab is ab, ach is ach, ad is ad, etc.

Aside from the rarely-used final form it shares with a, ǝ is unwritten in Vukht. However, Vukht uses ligatures to write some geminate consonants, but not when an unwritten ǝ separates 2 identical consonants, so for instance, hh is spelt hh but hǝh is spelt hǝh. Furthermore, r is spelt ä only if it directly follows a stop, so if an unwritten ǝ separates a stop from r, ä is not used and r is instead spelt with gh, gq or r depending on its etymology, for instance pr is spelt pr but pǝr is spelt pgh, pgq or pǝr. The former sequence /ɢʁ/ is spelt gqr but is now pronounced /ʁː/ and romanized rr.

Consonants

Vukht Romanization Cyrillization IPA Notes
b b б b
ch ch (cch when geminate) ч tʃ Borrowed from Cyrillic.
d d д d
dd dd дд dː
dz dz ѕ dz
f f ф f
ff ff фф fː
g g г g
h h ҳ ħ
hh hh ҳҳ ħː
j j җ dʒ Borrowed from Cyrillic.
k k к k
kk kk кк kː
kh kh х x
kkh kkh хх xː
l l л l
ll ll лл lː
m m м m
mm mm мм mː
n n н n
nn nn нн nː Irregular geminate ligature.
ng ng ң ŋ
nng nng ңң ŋː
ñ ny (nny when geminate) њ ɲ Borrowed from Cyrillic.
p p п p
pp pp пп pː
q q қ q
gh r ғ ʁ Used to stand for */ɣ/, merged with */ʁ/.
gq r ӷ ʁ Used to stand for */ɢ/, merged with */ʁ/.
r r р ʁ
rr rr рр ʁː
ä r ъ ˣ Borrowed from Cyrillic. Only appears after stops as an allophone of /ʁ/.
s s с s
ss ss сс sː Irregular geminate ligature.
sh sh (ssh when geminate) ш ʃ Borrowed from Cyrillic.
t t т t
tt tt тт tː
ts ts ц ts
v v в v
w w ў w Found in loanwords. Not distinguished from u in Vukht.
y y й, ь j Found in loanwords. Not distinguished from i in Vukht. ь is distinguished from й in Cyrillic only and is rarely used.
z z з z
zz zz зз zː
zh zh (zzh when geminate) ж ʒ Borrowed from Cyrillic.

Numerals

Vukht Latin/Cyrillic
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9

Punctuation

Only the punctuation marks differing noticeably from their Latin and Cyrillic equivalents are listed below:

Vukht Latin/Cyrillic
? ?
$ $
Retrieved from "https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Appendix:Bodzvokhan_orthography&oldid=517919"