Appendix:Tpaalha pronunciation: Difference between revisions
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{{LangBar|Tpaalha}} | {{LangBar|Tpaalha}} | ||
The [[Tpaalha language]] has | The [[Tpaalha language]] has 27 consonants, 8 vowels, and 2 glides. | ||
== Standard Romanization == | == Standard Romanization == | ||
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| '''d''' | | '''d''' | ||
| ɖ | | ɖ | ||
| | | '''d'''og (''Indian English'') | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''dy''' | | '''dy''' | ||
| ɟ | | ɟ | ||
| | | '''g'''ules | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
| ɸ | | ɸ | ||
| '''f'''ood | | '''f'''ood | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''g''' | | '''g''' | ||
| Line 75: | Line 75: | ||
| ɭ | | ɭ | ||
| — | | — | ||
| | | Like the '''rl''' in Swedish ''so'''rl'''''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''lh''' | | '''lh''' | ||
| ꞎ | | ꞎ | ||
| — | | — | ||
| | | Like the '''ll''' in Welsh '''''Ll'''ewelyn'', but with the tongue curled backwards. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ly''' | | '''ly''' | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
| n ~ ɳ | | n ~ ɳ | ||
| '''n'''o, — | | '''n'''o, — | ||
| | | The latter is pronounced like '''rn''' in Swedish ''ga'''rn'''''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ng''' | | '''ng''' | ||
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| ɻ | | ɻ | ||
| — | | — | ||
| | | Like the '''r''' in English '''''r'''ed'', but with the tongue curled backwards. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''s''' | | '''s''' | ||
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| '''t''' | | '''t''' | ||
| ʈ | | ʈ | ||
| | | '''t'''ime (''Indian English'') | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''ty''' | | '''ty''' | ||
| c | | c | ||
| | | '''c'''ute | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''u''' | | '''u''' | ||
| ɯ | | ɯ | ||
| | | r'''u'''de (''some Calfornia varieties'') | ||
| | | Like the '''u''' in ''r'''u'''de'' in most English varieties, but with the lips unrounded. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''v''' | | '''v''' | ||
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| '''w''' | | '''w''' | ||
| ʍ | | ʍ | ||
| '''wh'''at ('' | | '''wh'''at (''some varieties'') | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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== Phonetics == | == Phonetics == | ||
Some notable features of Tpaalha's sound system are the retroflex series of consonants including a lateral fricative, as well as unrounded back vowels. | |||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
* [w] is of uncertain status as a phoneme. [ʍ] is more common, and is what is | * [w] is of uncertain status as a phoneme. [ʍ] is more common, and usually is what is meant by '''w''' in the romanization. | ||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | | ||
! Front | ! Front | ||
! Central | ! Central | ||
! Back | ! Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Close | ! rowspan=2 | Close !! <small>short</small> | ||
| i [i | | i [i] | ||
| | | | ||
| u [ɯ | | u [ɯ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! <small>long</small> | ||
| ii [iː] | |||
| | |||
| uu [ɯː] | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Mid | |||
| e [ɛ] | | e [ɛ] | ||
| | | | ||
| o [ʌ] | | o [ʌ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! rowspan=2 | Open !! <small>short</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| a [a]< | | a [a] | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
! <small>long</small> | |||
| | |||
| aa [aː] | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 12:29, 8 January 2024
The Tpaalha language has 27 consonants, 8 vowels, and 2 glides.
Standard Romanization
| Letter | IPA | English example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | father | |
| b | b | bog | |
| d | ɖ | dog (Indian English) | |
| dy | ɟ | gules | |
| e | ɛ | bet | |
| f | ɸ | food | |
| g | g | good | |
| gh | ɣ | — | Approximately like the r in French rouge. |
| h | h | ham | |
| i | i | machine | |
| k | k | skill | |
| kh | x | loch (Scottish English) | |
| l | ɭ | — | Like the rl in Swedish sorl. |
| lh | ꞎ | — | Like the ll in Welsh Llewelyn, but with the tongue curled backwards. |
| ly | ʎ | million | |
| m | m | man | |
| n | n ~ ɳ | no, — | The latter is pronounced like rn in Swedish garn. |
| ng | ŋ | sing | |
| ny | ɲ | onion | |
| o | ʌ | cut | |
| p | p | span | |
| r | ɻ | — | Like the r in English red, but with the tongue curled backwards. |
| s | s | see | |
| sh | ʂ | sheep | |
| sy | ç | huge | |
| t | ʈ | time (Indian English) | |
| ty | c | cute | |
| u | ɯ | rude (some Calfornia varieties) | Like the u in rude in most English varieties, but with the lips unrounded. |
| v | β | voice | |
| w | ʍ | what (some varieties) | |
| y | j | yawn | |
| z | z | zoo | |
| zh | ʐ | azure | |
| zy | ʝ | — | Like the h in "huge" but voiced. |
Notes:
- Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel letter.
Phonetics
Some notable features of Tpaalha's sound system are the retroflex series of consonants including a lateral fricative, as well as unrounded back vowels.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m [n] | n [n ~ ɳ] | ny [ɲ] | ng [ŋ] | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p [p] | t [ʈ] | ty [c] | k [k] | ||
| voiced | b [b] | d [ɖ] | dy [ɟ] | g [g] | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f [ɸ] | s [s] | sh [ʂ] | sy [ç] | kh [x] | h [h] |
| voiced | v [β] | z [z] | zh [ʐ] | zy [ʝ] | gh [ɣ] | ||
| Lateral | voiceless | lh [ꞎ] | |||||
| voiced | l [ɭ] | ly [ʎ] | |||||
| Approximant | voiceless | w [ʍ] | |||||
| voiced | ([w]) | r [ɻ] | y [j] | ||||
Notes:
- [w] is of uncertain status as a phoneme. [ʍ] is more common, and usually is what is meant by w in the romanization.
Vowels
Tpaalha has five vowel qualities, with the three cardinal vowels having two lengths, making up a total of eight monophthongs:
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | short | i [i] | u [ɯ] | |
| long | ii [iː] | uu [ɯː] | ||
| Mid | e [ɛ] | o [ʌ] | ||
| Open | short | a [a] | ||
| long | aa [aː] | |||
Diphthongs
There are a number of diphthongs, for example uo [ɯʌ] and ou [ʌɯ].