Appendix:Tpaalha pronunciation: Difference between revisions

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{{LangBar|Tpaalha}}
{{LangBar|Tpaalha}}


The [[Tpaalha language]] has 23 consonants, 8 vowels, and 2 glides.
The [[Tpaalha language]] has 27 consonants, 8 vowels, and 2 glides.


== Standard Romanization ==
== Standard Romanization ==
Line 13: Line 13:
|-
|-
| '''a'''
| '''a'''
| a, æ
| a
| f'''a'''ther, c'''a'''t
| f'''a'''ther
| Pronounced [æ] when stressed and the product of a historic monophthong.
|  
|-
|-
| '''b'''
| '''b'''
Line 22: Line 22:
|
|
|-
|-
| '''ch'''
| '''d'''
| tʃ
| ɖ
| wa'''tch'''
| '''d'''og (''Indian English'')
|  
|  
|-
|-
| '''d'''
| '''dy'''
| d
| ɟ
| '''d'''og
| '''g'''ules
|  
|  
|-
|-
| '''e'''
| '''e'''
| e
| ɛ
| b'''ai'''t
| b'''e'''t
|
|
|-
|-
| '''f'''
| '''f'''
| f
| ɸ
| '''f'''ood
| '''f'''ood
|
|  
|-
|-
| '''g'''
| '''g'''
Line 60: Line 60:
| i
| i
| mach'''i'''ne
| mach'''i'''ne
|
|-
| '''j'''
| dʒ
| '''j'''udge
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 78: Line 73:
|-
|-
| '''l'''
| '''l'''
| l
| ɭ
| '''l'''eft
| —
|
| Like the '''rl''' in Swedish ''so'''rl'''''.
|-
| '''lh'''
| ꞎ
| —
| Like the '''ll''' in Welsh '''''Ll'''ewelyn'', but with the tongue curled backwards.
|-
|-
| '''ly'''
| '''ly'''
Line 93: Line 93:
|-
|-
| '''n'''
| '''n'''
| n
| n ~ ɳ
| '''n'''o
| '''n'''o, —
|  
| The latter is pronounced like '''rn''' in Swedish ''ga'''rn'''''.
|-
|-
| '''ng'''
| '''ng'''
| ŋ
| ŋ
| si'''ng'''
| si'''ng'''
| Can occur at the beginning of a word.
|  
|-
|-
| '''ny'''
| '''ny'''
Line 108: Line 108:
|-
|-
| '''o'''
| '''o'''
| o
| ʌ
| c'''oa'''t
| c'''u'''t
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 116: Line 116:
| s'''p'''an
| s'''p'''an
|
|
|-
| '''r'''
| ɻ
| —
| Like the '''r''' in English '''''r'''ed'', but with the tongue curled backwards.
|-
|-
| '''s'''
| '''s'''
Line 123: Line 128:
|-
|-
| '''sh'''
| '''sh'''
| ʃ
| ʂ
| '''sh'''eep
| '''sh'''eep
|
|-
| '''sy'''
| ç
| '''h'''uge
|  
|  
|-
|-
| '''t'''
| '''t'''
| t
| ʈ
| s'''t'''op
| '''t'''ime (''Indian English'')
|  
|-
| '''ty'''
| c
| '''c'''ute
|  
|  
|-
|-
| '''u'''
| '''u'''
| u
| ɯ
| r'''u'''de
| r'''u'''de (''some Calfornia varieties'')
|  
| Like the '''u''' in ''r'''u'''de'' in most English varieties, but with the lips unrounded.
|-
|-
| '''v'''
| '''v'''
| v
| β
| '''v'''oice
| '''v'''oice  
|
|
|-
|-
| '''w'''
| '''w'''
| w
| ʍ
| '''w'''et
| '''wh'''at (''some varieties'')
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| '''zh'''
| '''zh'''
| ʒ
| ʐ
| a'''z'''ure
| a'''z'''ure
|  
|  
|-
| '''zy'''
| ʝ
| —
| Like the '''h''' in "'''h'''uge" but voiced.
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
* Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel letter.


== Phonetics ==
== Phonetics ==
Some notable features of Tpaalha's sound system are the retroflex series of consonants including a lateral fricative, as well as unrounded back vowels.


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m || colspan=2 |  n [n ~ ɳ]  || ny [ɲ] || ng [ŋ] ||
| m [n] || colspan=2 |  n [n ~ ɳ]  || ny [ɲ] || ng [ŋ] ||
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| p ||  || t [ʈ] || ty [c] || k ||
| p [p] ||  || t [ʈ] || ty [c] || k [k]||
|-
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| b ||  || d [ɖ] || dy [ɟ]  || g ||
| b [b] ||  || d [ɖ] || dy [ɟ]  || g [g] ||
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| f [ɸ] || s || sh [ʂ] || sy [ç] || kh [x] || h
| f [ɸ] || s [s] || sh [ʂ] || sy [ç] || kh [x] || h [h]
|-
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| v [β] || z || zh [ʐ] || zy [ʝ] || gh [ɣ] ||  
| v [β] || z [z] || zh [ʐ] || zy [ʝ] || gh [ɣ] ||  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Lateral
! rowspan="2" | Lateral
Line 205: Line 230:
|-
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| (w) ||  || r [ɻ] || y [j]  ||  ||
| ([w]) ||  || r [ɻ] || y [j]  ||  ||
|}
|}


'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''


* [w] is of uncertain status as a phoneme. [ʍ] is more common, and is what is usually spelled '''w''' in the romanization.
* [w] is of uncertain status as a phoneme. [ʍ] is more common, and usually is what is meant by '''w''' in the romanization.


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!
! colspan=2 |
! Front
! Front
! Central
! Central
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! Close
! rowspan=2 | Close !! <small>short</small>
| i [i]<br>ii [iː]
| i [i]
|
| u [ɯ]
|-
! <small>long</small>
| ii [iː]
|
|
| u [ɯ] <br>uu [ɯː]
| uu [ɯː]
|-
|-
! Mid
! colspan=2 | Mid
| e [ɛ]
| e [ɛ]
|  
|  
| o [ʌ]
| o [ʌ]
|-
|-
! Open
! rowspan=2 | Open !! <small>short</small>
|  
|  
| a [a]<br>aa [aː]
| a [a]
|
|-
! <small>long</small>
|
| aa [aː]
|
|
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 12:29, 8 January 2024

Tpaalha Language Navigation: Home, Phonology, Grammar, Vocabulary, Orthography

The Tpaalha language has 27 consonants, 8 vowels, and 2 glides.

Standard Romanization

Letter IPA English example Notes
a a father
b b bog
d ɖ dog (Indian English)
dy ɟ gules
e ɛ bet
f ɸ food
g g good
gh ɣ — Approximately like the r in French rouge.
h h ham
i i machine
k k skill
kh x loch (Scottish English)
l ɭ — Like the rl in Swedish sorl.
lh ꞎ — Like the ll in Welsh Llewelyn, but with the tongue curled backwards.
ly ʎ million
m m man
n n ~ ɳ no, — The latter is pronounced like rn in Swedish garn.
ng ŋ sing
ny ɲ onion
o ʌ cut
p p span
r ɻ — Like the r in English red, but with the tongue curled backwards.
s s see
sh ʂ sheep
sy ç huge
t ʈ time (Indian English)
ty c cute
u ɯ rude (some Calfornia varieties) Like the u in rude in most English varieties, but with the lips unrounded.
v β voice
w ʍ what (some varieties)
y j yawn
z z zoo
zh ʐ azure
zy ʝ — Like the h in "huge" but voiced.

Notes:

  • Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel letter.

Phonetics

Some notable features of Tpaalha's sound system are the retroflex series of consonants including a lateral fricative, as well as unrounded back vowels.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m [n] n [n ~ ɳ] ny [ɲ] ng [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless p [p] t [ʈ] ty [c] k [k]
voiced b [b] d [ɖ] dy [ɟ] g [g]
Fricative voiceless f [ɸ] s [s] sh [ʂ] sy [ç] kh [x] h [h]
voiced v [β] z [z] zh [ʐ] zy [ʝ] gh [ɣ]
Lateral voiceless lh [ꞎ]
voiced l [ɭ] ly [ʎ]
Approximant voiceless w [ʍ]
voiced ([w]) r [ɻ] y [j]

Notes:

  • [w] is of uncertain status as a phoneme. [ʍ] is more common, and usually is what is meant by w in the romanization.

Vowels

Tpaalha has five vowel qualities, with the three cardinal vowels having two lengths, making up a total of eight monophthongs:

Front Central Back
Close short i [i] u [ɯ]
long ii [iː] uu [ɯː]
Mid e [ɛ] o [ʌ]
Open short a [a]
long aa [aː]

Diphthongs

There are a number of diphthongs, for example uo [ɯʌ] and ou [ʌɯ].

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