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[[User:Aegon/Word_Derivation|Word Derivation]]
[[User:Aegon/Word_Derivation|Word Derivation]]
A work in progress. All information is from an analysis of existing lexicon.
=Deriving Nouns=
The derivation of a new noun in High Valyrian occurs through attaching a suffix to a root. Note that sound and spelling changes may occur.
==From a Noun==
===Augmentative Noun===
An augmentative noun enhances and intensifies the concept conveyed through the word. There exist three suffixes that may derive augmentative nouns from nouns: ''-io'', ''-albar'', and ''-āzma''.
Observations:
# Judging from the word family ''nopon'' (hole, pit), ''nopalbar'' (cave), and ''nopāzma'' (hell), ''-āzma'' may exceed ''-albar'' in augmentation.
# A third aquatic noun ending in ''-or'' has the ''o'' deleted and the ''r'' retained; this is called a ''vowel elison'' or ''syncope''.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Augmentative Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-io''
| kēli || cat || kēlio || lion
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-āzma''
| bantis || night || bantāzma || long night, midnight or the darkest part of the night
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-āzma''
| brāedion || copper || brāedāzma || bronze
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-āzma''
| jelmio || wind || jelmāzma || storm, violent wind
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-āzma''
| nopon || pit, hole || nopāzma || hell
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-āzma''
| nūmo || seed || nūmāzma || meaning, essence, the truth of it
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-albar''
| egros || edge, blade, sword || egralbar || spear
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-albar''
| geltion || roof || geltialbar || meeting place, gathering place, exhibition hall
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-albar''
| geron || path, walk, walkway || geralbar || road, street, way, thoroughfare (ready and ample)
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-albar''
| nopon || hole, pit || nopalbar || cave
|-
! colspan="2" | 3aq<ref>Third declension aquatic.</ref>
| jūlor || milk || jūlrāzma || cheese
|}
==From an Adjective==
===Abstract Nouns===
Derive abstract nouns that have the English meaning of ''-ness'' from adjectives. Class I uses the suffix ''-āves'', Class II uses ''-ves'', and Class III uses ''-ives''.
Observations:
# For roots of Class II adjectives ending in ''-n'', replace ''-n'' with ''-m''.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of Adjective Abstraction
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | Class I
| dobotēda || ignorant, untutored, clumsy || dobotēdāves || ignorance
|-
! colspan="2" | Class I
| gīda || equal, even, steady, stable || gīdaves|| equality
|-
! colspan="2" | Class I
| nākostōba || weak || nākostōbāves || weakness
|-
! colspan="2" | Class I
| qrinuntenka || hostile, villainous, antagonistic || qrinuntenkāves || antagonism
|-
! colspan="2" | Class II
| biare || fortunate, lucky, happy || biarves || happiness, jubilation, luck, fortune
|-
! colspan="2" | Class II
| dāerior || free || dāerves || freedom, liberty
|-
! colspan="2" | Class III
| eglie || high, superior, good || eglives || Highness, height; grace, a title of respect for a ruler
|-
! colspan="2" | Class III
| gevie || beautiful || gevives || beauty
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-n'' root
| bāne || something that feels hot || bāmves || heat emanating or radiating off of or from something
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-n'' root
| kirine || happy || kirimves || joy
|}
==From a Verb==
===Action Nouns===
The suffix ''-non'' derives action nouns from verbs. In general, c-fin verbs have ''-agon'' replaced with ''-non'' and v-fin verbs retain the final vowel to which ''-non'' is added.
Observations:
# For verbs ending in ''-jagon'', the stem ends before the ''j''.
# For verbs ending in ''-ēbagon'', the stem ends with ''-en''.
# For stems ending in ''-ñ'', ''-b'', or ''-l'', replace this consonant with ''-n''.
# For stems ending in ''-s'', replace this consonant with ''-z''.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Action Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| ērinagon || to win || ērinnon || victory
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| vaoresagon || to prefer, to favor, to like || vaoreznon || favor
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| iotāptegon || to respect || iotāptenon || respect
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| dakogon || to run || dakonon || running
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-jagon''
| gierūljagon || to gather, assemble || gierūlnon || assembly, gathering, crowd
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ēbagon''
| iderēbagon|| to choose, to decide || iderennon || choice, decision
|}
===Agent Nouns===
To derive agent nouns associated with the one performing a verb, generally use the suffixes ''-kio'' for v-fin and ''-io'' for c-fin. V-fin verbs will retain the final vowel in the root.
Observations:
# For v-fin verbs with the ending ''-ligon'', the root ends in ''-l''.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Agent Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| kȳvagon || to plan || kȳvakio || strategist
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| laodigon || to steal || laodikio || their, robber, plunderer
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| qrimpālegon || to betray, double-cross || qrimpālekio || traitor, turncoat, double-crosser
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| sētegon || to smith, to forge || sētekio || smith, forger
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| kaerīnagon || to save, to deliver || kaerīnio || savior
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| kostagon || to be able to, can, may || kostio || hero, champion
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| lioragon || to sell || liorio || seller, monger, purveyor
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| mīsagon || to protect, defend || mīsio || protector
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| sytiotāpagon || to advise, counsel || sytiotāpio || advisor
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ligon''
| judligon || to respond to, answer || judlio || archon
|}
===Implement Nouns===
The suffix ''-vos'' derives implement nouns from verbs. Only c-fin verbs attested to; to them, replace ''-agon'' with ''-vos''.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Implement Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| hepagon ||to climb, to ascend || hepvos || ladder, stairs, staircase
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| mīsagon || to protect, to defend || mīsvos || armor
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| ohīlagon || to stab || ohīlvos || dagger, knife
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| qrimbrōzagon || to curse || qrimbrōzvos || curse
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| zgiēñemagon || to cure, to treat, to heal of things || zgiēñemvos || cure, medicine, treatment
|}
===Event Nouns===
The suffix ''-nes'' derives event nouns from verbs. In general, c-fin verbs have ''-agon'' replaced with ''-nes'' and v-fin verbs retain the final vowel to which ''-nes'' is added.
Observations:
# For verbs ending in ''-ēbagon'', the stem ends with ''-en''.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Event Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| dakogon || to run || dakones || race
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| iderēbagon || to choose, to decide || iderennes || trial
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| rhovagon || to make a loud noise || rhovnes || auction
|-
|}
===Evidence Nouns===
The suffix ''-arys'' derives nouns that indicate the evidence of a verb. In general, c-fin verbs have ''-agon'' replaced with ''-arys''. V-fin verbs retain the final vowel and drop the ''a'' in ''-arys'' such that ''-rys'' is added.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Evidence Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| ēdrugon || to sleep || ēdrurys || dream
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| massigon || to happen  || massirys || the present
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| sētegon || to make, to form, to shape  || sēterys || form, shape
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| heghagon || to slaughter  || hegharys || carcass of an animal
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| jaelagon || to want, to wish, to hope  || jaelarys || hope
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| rūnagon || to remember  || rūnarys || nostalgia, reverie, trauma
|}
==From a Noun or Verb==
===Diminutive Nouns===
Diminutive nouns shrink the concept conveyed through a word into a smaller version. There exist three diminutive suffixes: ''-ītsos'', ''-iapos'', and ''-anna''.
Observations:
# ''-ītsos'' only derives nouns from nouns; ''-iapos'' and ''-anna'' may derive nouns from nouns and verbs.
# ''-ītsos'' seems to indicate the smaller version of a noun.
# ''-iapos'' seems to derive articles of clothing and consumable items associated with a verb.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Diminuative Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ītsos''
| kēli || cat || kelītsos || little cat, kitty
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ītsos''
| naejon || front, torso || naejītsos || forehead
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ītsos''
| perzys || fire, flame || perzītsos || little flame
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ītsos''
| riña || girl, child || riñītsos || little child, little girl
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ītsos''
| qēlos || star || qēlītsos || candle
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ītsos''
| zokla || wolf || zoklītsos || little wolf
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-iapos''
| gēlion || silver || gēliapos || silver coin
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-iapos''
| grevion || waist, circumfrence || greviapos || belt
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-iapos''
| laodigon || to steal, abduct || laodiapos || mask
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-iapos''
| parklon || meat || parkliapos || burger
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-iapos''
| rūnagon || to remember || rūniapos || letter, note
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-anna''
| bartos || head || bartanna || skull
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-anna''
| ziksos || neck, scalp || ziksanna || hat, cap
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-anna''
| soljagon || to sail || soljanna || rudder
|}
===Side-Product Nouns===
Side-Product nouns indicate an indirect concept associated with a word. Most end in the suffix ''-illa''; however, ''-īlla'' and ''-ella'' may occur in special cases.
Observations:
# For verbs ending with ''uragon'', use the suffix ''-īlla''.
# For stems ending in ''-ē'', remove the macron and add an ''l'' to the root.
# For verbs ending in ''-egon'', retain the ''e'' and add a ''t'' after or use the suffix ''-ella''.
# A 3aq noun ending in ''-or'' has the ''o'' deleted and the ''r'' retained.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Side-Product Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| āro || barley || ārilla || beer
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| avero || grape || averilla || wine
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| grozion || trench, ditch, furrow || grozilla || boundary, border, bound, limit
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| kostion || power, might, ability || kostilla || value, worth, cost, importance
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| pungos || nose || pungilla || nostril
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| mazumbagon || to settle down || mazumbilla || Nest, roost, in general, the area around the place one has settled in
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| tepagon || to give || tepilla || mercy
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| verdagon || to arrange, make a decision || verdilla || framework
|-
! colspan="2" | 3aq
| sȳndor || shadow || sȳndrilla || color
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-uragon''
| qlādīlluragon || to put stripes on || qlādīlla || stripe, strip, ray, bar
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-egon''
| rakegon || to take part in || rakella || experience (a specific experience)
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-egon''
| pālegon || to turn, twist, rotate || pāletilla || crown
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-ē'' root
| ēs || bee || elilla || honey
|}
==From a Verb, Adjective, or Noun==
===Profession Nouns===
Profession nouns may be derived from other nouns, verbs, or adjective and may end with the suffixes ''-tys'', ''-rys'', or ''-dys''.
Observations:
# For v-fin verbs, the suffix ''-tys'' changes to ''-rys''.
# For verbs ending in ''-emagon'', this suffix is dropped from the root.
# For verbs ending in ''-jagon'', retain the ''a'' as the last letter in the root.
# If the root ends in ''-gh'', change the final consonant in the root to ''-d'' and lengthen the preceding vowel.
# If the root ends in ''-d'' drop this consonant.
# If the root ends in ''-mb'', change ''-m'' to ''-n'' and drop the ''b''
# If the root ends in ''-b'', change it to ''-p''.


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
[[User:Aegon/HV_FAQ|High Valyrian Frequently Asked Questions]]
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Profession Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | Adjective
| qana || sharp || qantys || crab
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| sēnagon || to kill || sēntys || killer, slayer
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| tepagon || to give || teptys || teacher, instructor, mentor
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| arghugon || to hunt|| arghurys || hunter
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| jurnegon || to look at, regard, examine || jurnerys || watch, sentry
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-gh'' root
| heghagon || to slaughter, to prepare food || hēdys || butcher
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-d'' root
| azandy || short sword, sword || azantys || knight, soldier, warrior
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-mb'' root
| qrinumbagon || to occupy, to antagonize || qrinuntys || occupier, enemy, villain, foe
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-b'' root
| quba || low, poor, inferior, bad || quptys || heathen, pagan, infidel
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-emagon''
| vokemagon || to purify || voktys || priest, priestess
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-jagon''
| pryjagon || to destroy, break, strike off || pryjatys || destroyer, breaker
|}


===Place Names===
[[User:Aegon/Practice|Practice]]
Derive nouns representing the place a verb occurs in general using the suffixes ''-ion'' for c-fin verbs and ''-lion'' for v-fin verbs where the final vowel is retained in the new noun. Derive them from nouns or adjectives in general using the suffix ''-urlion''.


Observations:
[[User:Aegon/High_Valyrian_Tutorial|High Valyrian Tutorial]]
# A root ending of ''-b'' uses the suffix ''-lion''.
# A root ending of ''-āb'' uses the suffix ''-ion''.


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;width:80%;"
[[Telltale_Game_of_Thrones_Game_Dialogue|Telltale Dialogue]]
!  colspan="6" | Examples of the Place Suffix
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! Meaning
! Derived Noun
! Derived Noun Meaning
|-
! colspan="2" | Adjective
| gevie || beautiful || gevurlion || park
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| ārilla || beer || ārillurlion || tavern
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| laes || eye || laehurlion || face
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| zentys || guest || zenturlion || inn, hotel
|-
! colspan="2" | Noun
| zgiēñemvos || cure, medicine, treatment || zgiēñemvurlion || apothecary, pharmacy
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| īligon || to cross, to crossover || īlilion || crossing, crossroads
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| sētegon || to smith, to forge || sētelion || forge, smithy, works
|-
! colspan="2" | V-fin
| sindigon || to buy || sindilion || market, marketplace
|-
! colspan="2" | C-fin
| jiōragon || to welcome, accept, recieve || jiōrion || reception hall, receiving room, audience chamber
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-b'' root
| rijībagon || to praise, worship, obey || rijīblion || temple, church
|-
! colspan="2" | ''-āb'' root
| rāenābagon || to clean, wash off || rāenābion || bathroom
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 08:32, 27 May 2023

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Articles contributed:

Word Derivation

High Valyrian Frequently Asked Questions

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High Valyrian Tutorial

Telltale Dialogue

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