Project:Criteria for inclusion
As a dictionary, The Languages of David J. Peterson is intended to include all words in all his languages, subject to the following criteria.
General rule
A term should be included if it's likely that someone would run across it and want to know what it means. This in turn leads to the somewhat more formal guideline of including a term if it is attested and, when that is met, if it is a single word or it is idiomatic.
Terms
A term need not be limited to a single word in the usual sense. Any of these are also acceptable:
- Compounds and multiple-word terms such as post office.
- Idioms such as go on and give up the ghost.
- Proverbs.
- Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms such as NBA.
- Prefixes and suffixes such as re- and -ist.
- Characters used in ideographic or phonetic writing such as 字 or ʃ.
Attestation
“Attested” means verified through
- clearly widespread use, or
- use in permanently recorded media, conveying meaning, in at least three independent instances spanning at least a year (different requirements apply for certain languages).
Where possible, it is better to cite sources that are likely to remain easily accessible over time, so that someone referring to The Languages of David J. Peterson years from now is likely to be able to find the original source.
- As The Languages of David J. Peterson is an online dictionary, this naturally favors media such as Usenet groups, which are durably archived by Google.
- Other online-only sources may also contribute towards attestation requirements if editors come to a consensus through a discussion lasting at least two weeks.
- Print media such as books and magazines will also do, particularly if their contents are indexed online. When citing a quotation from a book, please include the ISBN.
- Other recorded media such as audio and video are also acceptable, provided they are of verifiable origin and are durably archived.
- We do not quote other Wikimedia sites (such as Wikipedia), but we may use quotations found on them (such as quotations from books available on Wikisource).
Conveying meaning
This filters out appearance in raw word lists, commentary on the form of a word, such as “The word ‘foo’ has three letters,” lone definitions, and made-up examples of how a word might be used. For example, an appearance in someone’s online dictionary is suggestive, but it does not show the word actually used to convey meaning. On the other hand, a sentence like “They raised the jib (a small sail forward of the mainsail) in order to get the most out of the light wind,” appearing in an account of a sailboat race, would be fine. It happens to contain a definition, but the word is also used for its meaning.
Number of citations
For languages well documented on the Internet, three citations in which a term is used is the minimum number for inclusion in The Languages of David J. Peterson. For terms in extinct languages, one use in a contemporaneous source is the minimum, or one mention is adequate subject to the below requirements. For all other spoken languages that are living, only one use or mention is adequate, subject to the following requirements:
- the community of editors for that language should maintain a list of materials deemed appropriate as the only sources for entries based on a single mention,
- each entry should have its source(s) listed on the entry or citation page, and
- a box explaining that a low number of citations were used should be included on the entry page (such as by using the
{{LDL}}template).
Independent
This serves to prevent double-counting of usages that are not truly distinct. Roughly speaking, we generally consider two uses of a term to be "independent" if they are in different sentences by different people, and to be non-independent if:
- one is a verbatim or near-verbatim quotation of the other; or
- both are verbatim or near-verbatim quotations or translations of a single original source; or
- both are by the same author.
If two or more usages are not independent of each other, then only one of them can be used for purposes of attestation.
Spanning at least a year
This is meant to filter out words that may appear and see brief use, but then never be used again. The one-year threshold is somewhat arbitrary, but appears to work well in practice.
To allow The Languages of David J. Peterson to cover new coinages and emerging vocabulary, "hot words" (words for which all identified durably archived sources have been published within the last two years) are exempt from the "spanning at least a year" criterion. For example, a word which first appeared in a book published on 1 July 2021 is not subject to the "spanning at least a year" criterion before 1 July 2023, but this "hot word" must still satisfy all other criteria for inclusion and may be challenged under those criteria at any time.
Derogatory terms
If a term is derogatory to an individual, group of persons, or geographical location, it must meet the usual attestation requirements within:
- two weeks of the term being created, or if this period has passed,
- two weeks of the term being nominated for deletion or verification.
Otherwise, it may be speedily deleted after that period.
A term is considered derogatory if it is apparently intended to:
- denigrate a named individual in any way; or
- denigrate an unnamed person, group of persons, or geographical location on the basis of ancestry, ethnicity, gender or sex, religion, or sexual orientation, or with the use of a demeaning or obscene term.
The speedy deletion of a term is without prejudice to its re-creation if the attestation requirements can be satisfied as described above.
Idiomaticity
An expression is idiomatic if its full meaning cannot be easily derived from the meaning of its separate components. Non-idiomatic expressions are called sum-of-parts (SOP).
For example, this is a door is not idiomatic, but shut up and red herring are.
This criterion is sometimes referred to as the fried egg test, as a fried egg generally means an egg (and generally a chicken egg or similar) fried in a particular way. It generally doesn't denote a scrambled egg, which may nonetheless be cooked by frying.
See Project:Idioms that survived RFD for other examples. However, many idioms are clearly idiomatic, for example red herring. These tests are invoked only in discussion of unclear cases.
Phrasebook entries are very common expressions that are considered useful to non-native speakers. Although these are included as entries in the dictionary (in the main namespace), they are not usually considered in these terms. For instance, what is your name is clearly a summation of its parts.
Unidiomatic terms made up of multiple words are included if they are significantly more common than single-word spellings that meet criteria for inclusion; for example, coalmine meets criteria for inclusion, so its more common form coal mine is also included.
An attested integer word (such as twenty-three or twenty-third) or a decimal numeral (sequence of 0, ..., 9 digits) that is ≥ 0 and ≤ 100 should be kept even if it is not idiomatic. In sequences of digits such as 125, the digits are considered to be separate components for the purpose of idiomaticity, and therefore, the sequences are often not idiomatic.
In rare cases, a phrase that is arguably unidiomatic may be included by the consensus of the community, based on the determination of editors that inclusion of the term is likely to be useful to readers.
Idiomaticity rules apply to hyphenated compounds in the same way as to spaced phrases. For example, wine-lover, green-haired, harsh-sounding and ex-teacher are all excluded as they mean no more than the sum of their parts, while green-fingered and good-looking are included as idiomatic. The definition of a hyphenated compound merely as an attributive form of the corresponding spaced phrase is not eligible for inclusion. For example a definition of periodic-table as "attributive form of periodic table" is ineligible.
Descendant hubs
Attested terms that would otherwise fail the criteria of inclusion may still be included if they contain at least two inclusion-worthy descendants.
Translation hubs
A translation hub (translation target) is a common English multi-word term or collocation that is useful for hosting translations. Some attested translation hubs should be included despite being non-idiomatic and some excluded, but there is no agreement on precise, all-encompassing rules for deciding which are which. Therefore, the following criteria for inclusion of attested non-idiomatic translation hubs are tentative:
- The attested English term has to be common; rare terms don't qualify.
- A translation does not qualify to support the English term if it is:
- a closed compound that is a word-for-word translation of the English term: German Autoschlüssel does not qualify to support the English "car key"; or
- a multi-word phrase that is a word-for-word translation of the English term; or
- a diminutive: Spanish mecedorcito does not qualify to support the English "small rocking chair"; or
- an augmentative: Portuguese amigão does not qualify to support the English "good friend"; or
- a comparative or a superlative; or
- a phrase in a language that does not use spaces to separate words.
- At the very least, two qualifying translations must support the English term. Editor judgment can require a higher number, on a case-by-case basis.
- The existence of a rare single-word English synonym of the considered English term does not disqualify the considered English term: the existence of Anglistics, which is rare, does not disqualify English studies.
Numbers, numerals, and ordinals
Numbers, numerals, and ordinals over 100 that are not single words or are sequences of digits should not be included in the dictionary, unless the number, numeral, or ordinal in question has a separate idiomatic sense that meets the CFI.
Spellings
All attested spellings except for some misspellings (see below for more) should be included on The Languages of David J. Peterson. There is no simple hard and fast rule, particularly in English, for determining which category (correct spellings, misspellings, variant spellings) a specific spelling belongs to. Published dictionaries, grammars, style guides, and statistics can be useful guides in this regard but they are not necessarily binding.
Misspellings
Only common misspellings should be included. For example, occurence with one r is a common misspelling of occurrence. This also applies to intentional misspellings.
Typos are words whose spelling comes about by an accident of typing or type-setting, without the intention of the writer. Typos should not be included, not even if they are relatively frequent. When a misspelling only differs from a correct spelling by one character, especially if the alternate characters are adjacent on the keyboard layout that the writer has likely used, this is a good indication that the misspelling may be a typo. Typos can often also be recognized as such by the fact that the term also occurs in the correct spelling in the same work. Conversely, when an author consistently uses a misspelled form, it is a sign that the misspelling is not merely a typo.
Variant spellings
Regional or historical variations are not misspellings. For example, in English, there are well-known differences between British and American spelling, such as color (US) versus colour (UK). Both should be included. And musick, now archaic, was once the most common way to spell music. A spelling considered incorrect in one region may not occur at all in another, and may even dominate in yet another.
Combining characters
Combining characters (like the combining acute accent) should exist as main-namespace redirects to their non-combining forms (like the plain acute accent) if the latter exist.
Inflections
The entries for such inflected forms as cameras, geese, asked, and were should indicate what form they are, and link to the main entry for the word (camera, goose, ask, or be, respectively, for the preceding examples). Except with multi-word idioms, they should not merely redirect.
At entries for inflected forms with idiomatic senses, such as blues and smitten, predictable meanings should be distinguished from idiomatic ones.
Repetitions
Attested repetitive words formed by repeating letters or syllables in other attested words for emphasis, and having no other meaning in any language shall be treated as follows:
- Each attested repetitive form that has no more than three repetitions shall have an entry.
- Each attested repetitive form that has more than three repetitions shall be hard-redirected to the entry having three repetitions. The three-repetition entry shall have a usage note indicating that additional instances of the letter or syllable may be added for the purely literary effect of indicating emphasis.
An example of repeated letters is the repeated "e" in "pleeease" and "pleeeeeease" compared to "please".
An example of repeated syllables is the repeated "ha" in "hahahahaha" compared to "hahaha".
As for repetition counting: "hahaha" is considered to have three repetitions, while "haha" has two repetitions.
To hard-redirect is to use "#REDIRECT", which immediately takes the reader to the target page.
The above treatment may be overriden by consensus, for example where a variation having four repetitions is more common, or where an additional repetition would cause the word to shift to a different pronunciation or intonation.
Idiomatic phrases
Many phrases take several forms. It is not necessary to include every conceivable variant. When present, minor variants should simply redirect to the main entry. For the main entry, prefer the most generic form, based on the following principles:
Pronouns
Prefer the generic personal pronoun one (one's) when an action is usually reflexive, and someone (someone's) when an action is usually not reflexive. Thus, feel one’s oats (preferable to feel his oats), breathe down someone's neck. Use of other personal pronouns, especially in the singular, should be avoided except where they are essential to the meaning.
Articles
Omit an initial article unless it makes a difference in the meaning. For example, our entry is named girl next door instead of the girl next door. However, the bomb exists as a separate entry from bomb.
Verbs
Use the infinitive form of the verb (but without “to”) for the principal verb of a verbal phrase. Thus for the saying It’s raining cats and dogs, or It was raining cats and dogs, or I think it’s going to rain cats and dogs any minute now, or It’s rained cats and dogs for the last week solid the entry should be (and is) under rain cats and dogs. The other variants are derived by the usual rules of grammar (including the use of it with weather terms and other impersonal verbs).
Proverbs
A proverb entry's title begins with a lowercase letter, whether it is a full sentence or not. The first word may still be capitalized on its own:
Languages to include
Natural languages
All natural languages are acceptable. However, it is important to note that the question of whether a proposed language is considered a living language or a dialect of or alternate name for another language is inherently subjective in some cases, and either designation may have political overtones.
Sign languages
Terms in signed languages are acceptable as entries, and should be entered as described in the policy document Project:About sign languages.
Constructed languages
Constructed languages have not developed naturally, but are the product of conscious effort in the fulfillment of some purpose.
All constructed languages are excluded from the main namespace except for Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Volapük.
Some individual terms from constructed languages have been adopted into other languages. These should be treated as terms in the adoptive language, and the origin noted in the etymology, regardless of whether the constructed language as a whole is included.
Other constructed languages should not be included as entries or translations in the main namespace, but may have lexicons in the Appendix namespace at the community's discretion. One use in a durably archived source is the minimum attestation required for an individual entry in an appendix-only constructed language.
Reconstructed languages
Terms in reconstructed languages such as Proto-Indo-European do not meet the criteria for inclusion. They may be entered in the Reconstruction namespace, and are referred to from etymology sections.
Exclusions
Fictional universes
Terms originating in fictional universes which have three citations in separate works, but which do not have three citations which are independent of reference to that universe may be included only in appendices of words from that universe, and not in the main dictionary space. With respect to names of persons or places from fictional universes, they shall not be included unless they are used out of context in an attributive sense.
For purposes of defining a single work, a series of books, films, or television episodes by the same author, documenting the exploits of a common set of characters in a fictional universe (e.g. the Harry Potter books, Tolkien's Middle Earth books, the Star Wars films), shall be considered a single work in multiple parts.
- The vote "pl-2010-10/Disallowing certain appendices" is relevant to this section, without specifying text to be amended in this document, so please see it for details.
The Languages of David J. Peterson is not an encyclopedia
Care should be taken so that entries do not become encyclopedic in nature; if this happens, such content should be moved to Wikipedia, but the dictionary entry itself should be kept.
The Languages of David J. Peterson articles are about words, not about people or places. Articles about the specific places and people belong in Wikipedia.
Sarcastic usage
The straightforward sarcastic use of irony, understatement and hyperbole does not usually qualify for inclusion. This means, for example, that big should not be defined as “(ironic) small”, “(understatement) gigantic” or “(hyperbole) moderately large”. Common rhetorical use can be explained in a usage note, a context tag (such as (usually sarcastic)) or as part of the literal definition. Terms which are seldom or never used literally (e.g. fat chance) are not covered by this rule, and can be included on their own merits.
Language-specific issues
Individual languages may have additional restrictions on inclusion. These will be mentioned on that language's About page. For instance, Project:English entry guidelines notes that the community has voted to not allow most modern English possessives.
Chemical formulae
All chemical formulae are Translingual. To be included, chemical formulae must be attested in publications that (1) are not written for a scientific or technical audience; (2) don't make clear that they're formulae by e.g. explicitly discussing chemical formulae or by listing their component parts; and (3) do not otherwise explain the meaning of the formula. So, a textbook saying "AsH₃ is made up of an As and three H atoms" wouldn't support AsH₃, but a murder mystery saying "the air in his scuba tank had been replaced with CO2" could support CO₂.
Names
Names fall into several categories, including company names, the names of products, given names, family names, and the full names of specific people, places, and things. The Languages of David J. Peterson classifies all as proper nouns, but applies caveats to each.
Generic terms are common rather than proper nouns. For example: Remington is used as a synonym for any sort of rifle, and Hoover as a synonym for any sort of vacuum cleaner. (Both are also attested family name words, and are included on that basis as well, of course.) Hamburger is used as generic term for a type of sandwich. One good rule of thumb as to whether a name has become a generic word is whether the word can be used without capitalization (as indeed sandwich was in the previous sentence).
Brand names
A brand name for a product or service should be included if it has entered the lexicon. Apart from genericized trademarks, this is measured objectively by the brand name’s use in at least three independent durably archived citations spanning a period of at least three years. The sources of these citations:
- must be independent of any parties with economic interest in the brand, including the manufacturer, distributors, retailers, marketers, and advertisers, their parent companies, subsidiaries, and affiliates, at time of authorship; and
- must not identify any such parties.
If the term has legal protection as a trademark, the original source must not indicate such. The sources also must not be written:
- by any person or group associated with the type of product or service;
- about any person or group specifically associated with the product or service; or
- about the type of product or service in general.
The text preceding and surrounding the citation must not identify the product or service to which the brand name applies, whether by stating explicitly or implicitly some feature or use of the product or service from which its type and purpose may be surmised, or some inherent quality that is necessary for an understanding of the author’s intent.
Given and family names
Given names (such as Gunther, Leslie, and Lyudmila) and family names (such as Baker, Bautista, Li, Nganga, and Nishimura) are words, and subject to the same criteria for inclusion as any other words. The Languages of David J. Peterson has main articles giving etymologies, alternative spellings, meanings, and translations for given names and family names, and has two appendices for indexing those articles: Appendix:Names, Appendix:Surnames/A.
For most given names and family names, it is relatively easy to demonstrate that the word fulfills the criteria, as for most given names and family names the name words are in widespread use in both spoken communication and literature. However, being a name per se does not automatically qualify a word for inclusion. A new name, that has not been attested, is still a protologism. A name that occurs only in the works of fiction of a single author, a television series or a video game, or within a closed context such as the works of several authors writing about a single fictional universe, is not used independently and should not be included.
Hypocoristics, diminutives, and abbreviations of names (such as Jock, Misha, Kenny, Ken, and Rog) are held to the same standards as names.
Genealogical content
The Languages of David J. Peterson is not a genealogy database. The Languages of David J. Peterson articles on family names, for example, are not intended to be about the people who share the family name. They are about the name as a word. For example: Whilst Yoder will tell the reader that the word originated in Switzerland (as well as give its pronunciations and alternative spellings), it is not intended to include information about the ancestries of people who have the family name Yoder.
Names of specific entities
This section regulates the inclusion and exclusion of names of specific entities, that is, names of individual people, names of geographic features, names of celestial objects, names of mythological creatures, names and titles of various works, etc. Examples include Internet, Magna Carta, Mona Lisa, Qur'an, Red Cross, Titanic, and World War II.
A name of a specific entity must not be included if it does not meet the attestation requirement. Among those that do meet that requirement, many should be excluded while some should be included, but there is no agreement on precise, all-encompassing rules for deciding which are which. However, policies exist for names of certain kinds of entities. In particular:
- No individual person should be listed as a sense in any entry whose page title includes both a given name or diminutive and a family name or patronymic. For instance, Walter Elias Disney, the film producer and voice of Mickey Mouse, is not allowed a definition line at Walt Disney.
- Names of specific companies are subject to the “Company names” section of this page.
- Names of fictional people and places are subject to the “Fictional universes” section of this page.
Place names are subject to the “Place names” section of this page.
Such definitions as are included should be succinct rather than encyclopedic.
Company names
Being a company name does not guarantee inclusion. To be included, the use of the company name other than its use as a trademark (i.e., a use as a common word or family name) has to be attested.
Place names
The following place names shall be included if they fulfill attestation requirements:
- Land masses: continents, islands, archipelagos, etc.
- Bodies of water: oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, etc.
- Geological landforms and regions: mountains, hills, deserts, tectonic plates, etc.
- Biomes that constitute geographical regions: forests, coral reefs, etc.
- Cultural and geographical regions and dividing lines
- Countries and their administrative divisions: states, provinces, counties, etc.
- Human settlements: cities, towns, villages, etc.
- Districts and neighborhoods of cities and towns
All place names not listed above shall be included if they have three citations of figurative use that fulfill attestation requirements. Most manmade structures, including buildings, airports, ports, bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, individual roads and streets, as well as gardens, parks, and beaches may only be attested through figurative use. Figurative use refers to figurative language (e.g., simile, metaphor, metonymy) that makes reference to one or more of the place's characteristics. In the case of simile and metaphor, the definition should note the place's relevant characteristics.
The figurative use requirement for place names not listed above does not apply to limited documentation languages. All place names in these languages shall be included if they fulfill attestation requirements.
Celestial objects
The following names of celestial objects shall be included if they fulfill attestation requirements:
- Constellations and asterisms
- Proper names of stars, galaxies, quasars, nebulae, and black holes
- Proper names of planets, minor planets, and moons (excluding associated numbers)
- Clouds, belts, clusters, voids, and other named regions of space
- Meteor showers
All systematic names of celestial objects, as well as celestial objects not listed above (including comets and manmade objects in space) shall be included if they have three citations of figurative use that fulfill attestation requirements, in the same manner as place names above. Geographic features on celestial objects are covered by the policy on place names.
The figurative use requirement for celestial objects not listed above does not apply to limited documentation languages. All names of celestial objects in these languages shall be included if they fulfill attestation requirements.
Issues to consider
Attestation vs. the slippery slope
There is occasionally concern that adding an entry for a particular term will lead to entries for a large number of similar terms. This is not a problem, as each term is considered on its own based on its usage, not on the usage of terms similar in form.