User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/1-2: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The ''good'' boy loves the ''wild'' dog.
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The ''good'' boy loves the ''silver'' wolf.
|-
|-
| ''Latin:'' || Puer || '''bonus''' || amat<sup>(1)</sup> || canem<sup>(2)</sup> (acc) || '''ferocem'''<sup>(3)</sup> (acc).
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Taoba || '''sȳz''' || zokle<sup>(1)</sup> || '''gēlenke'''<sup>(2)</sup> (acc) || jorrāelza<sup>(3)</sup> (acc).
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [The] boy || '''good''' || [he] loves || [the] dog || '''wild'''.  
| ''English:'' || [The] boy || '''good''' || [the] wolf || '''silver''' || [he] loves.  
|}
|}
* <sup>(1)</sup> ''amāre'', [to] love. ''amat'', [he] loves.
* <sup>(1)</sup> ''zokla'', wolf (1lun.). ''zokle'', (acc.)
* <sup>(2)</sup> ''canis'', dog (masc.)
* <sup>(2)</sup> ''gēlenka'', silver (adj. I). ''gēlenke'', (acc.)
* <sup>(3)</sup> ''ferox, ferocis'', wild. ''ferocem'' (acc.)
* <sup>(3)</sup> ''`jorrāelagon'', to love. ''jorrāelza'', [he] loves


''Bonus'', a first and second declension adjective, is masculine, nominative, and singular to agree with ''puer'', the word it is describing.
''Sȳz'', a class II adjective, is singular, nominative, and agrees with the lunar ''taoba'', the word it is describing.


''Ferocem'', a third declension adjective, is masculine, accusative, and singular to agree with ''canem''. ''Canem'' is accusative because it is the object of ''amat''.
''Gēlenke'', a class I adjective, is singular, accusative, and lunar to agree with ''zokle''. ''Zokle'' is accusative because it is the object of ''jorrāelza''.


Here is an example of plural adjectives:
Here is an example of plural adjectives:


{| cellpadding="2" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The ''good'' boys love the ''wild'' dogs.
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The ''good'' boys love the ''silver'' wolves.
|-
|-
| ''Latin:'' || Puerī (plur) || '''bonī''' (plur)|| amant (plur) || canes (plur, acc) || '''feroces''' (plur, acc).
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Taobi (plur) || '''sȳri''' (plur)|| zoklī (plur, acc) || '''gēlenkī''' (plur, acc) || jorrāelzi (3p plur).
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [The] boys || '''good''' || [they] love || [the] dogs || '''wild'''.  
| ''English:'' || [The] boys || '''good''' || [the] wolves || '''silver''' || [they] love.  
|}
|}


The words  ''bonus'' and ''ferocem'' become ''boni'' and ''feroces'' to agree with the plurals ''pueri'' and ''canes''.
The word ''sȳz'' becomes ''sȳri'' to agree with the plural ''taobi'' and the word ''gēlenke'' becomes ''gēlenkī'' to agree with the accusative plural ''zoklī''.


However, if a girl ([[wiktionary:en:puella#Latin|puella]]) happened to love that boy:
However, if a girl () happened to love that boy:


{| cellpadding="2" border="1"
{| cellpadding="2" border="1"

Revision as of 18:51, 16 October 2021

Lesson 2| Adjectives

Note: copy/paste from Latin wikibook to see what it looks like.

Overview of Adjectives

An adjective is simply any word that describes a noun, such as an object or subject in a sentence. Of course, whole phrases may be used to describe nouns, but adjectives are individual words. In English, for example:

The red dog attacked the crazy fox.

An adjective can also be used in a sentence opposite a form of "to be." (called a predicate adjective)

The boy is good.

In High Valyrian, the same is true.

Adjectives in High Valyrian

Like nouns, adjectives in High Valyrian are declined. The vast majority are of class I (kostōba -ys -on -or) and the rest are split rather evenly between class II (litse -ior) and class III (sylvie -ior). All such adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in gender, number, and case.

Class II and class III adjectives merge the lunar and solar, and the terrestrial and aquatic. Thusly, class II and class III adjectives have two genders as opposed to the four of a class I adjective.

Class I adjectives will look like the adjective rōva (big, large):

rōva (lunar), rōvys (solar), rōvon (terrestrial), rōvor (aquatic).

Class II and class III adjectives typically look more like sylvie (wise).

sylvie (lunar and solar), sylvior (terrestrial and aquatic).

Adjectives often come before the word they describe; this is called prepositive. However, they may come after the word in the more formal postpositive style. The main differences revolve around the prepositive form shortening case markings, which are clearer in the postpositive. The adjective must appear either before or after the noun it modifies.

For example:

Explanation- The good boy loves the silver wolf.
High Valyrian: Taoba sȳz zokle(1) gēlenke(2) (acc) jorrāelza(3) (acc).
English: [The] boy good [the] wolf silver [he] loves.
  • (1) zokla, wolf (1lun.). zokle, (acc.)
  • (2) gēlenka, silver (adj. I). gēlenke, (acc.)
  • (3) `jorrāelagon, to love. jorrāelza, [he] loves

Sȳz, a class II adjective, is singular, nominative, and agrees with the lunar taoba, the word it is describing.

Gēlenke, a class I adjective, is singular, accusative, and lunar to agree with zokle. Zokle is accusative because it is the object of jorrāelza.

Here is an example of plural adjectives:

Explanation- The good boys love the silver wolves.
High Valyrian: Taobi (plur) sȳri (plur) zoklī (plur, acc) gēlenkī (plur, acc) jorrāelzi (3p plur).
English: [The] boys good [the] wolves silver [they] love.

The word sȳz becomes sȳri to agree with the plural taobi and the word gēlenke becomes gēlenkī to agree with the accusative plural zoklī.

However, if a girl () happened to love that boy:

Explanation- The good girl loves the good boy.
Latin: Puella bona amat puerum (acc) bonum (acc).
English: [The] girl good [she] loves [the] boy good.

Bonus must become bona in order to modify puella, which is feminine.

Finally, if the girl isn't good, but rather wild:

Explanation- The wild girl loves the good boy.
Latin: Puella ferox amat puerum (acc) bonum (acc).
English: [The] girl wild [she] loves [the] boy good.

Even though puella is first declension, ferox remains third declension. In the same way, a good lion would be bonus leo.

Adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case, but not necessarily in declension.

The Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Adjectives

The positive form of the adjective is the plain form of the adjective (e.g. good), the comparative form is used to compare two things (e.g. better), and the superlative form is used to compare more than two things (e.g. best).

To make most Latin adjectives comparative you add -ior to the adjective. To translate back into English you would say either the adjective -er (e.g. taller) or more the adjective (e.g. more tall). To form the superlative you add -issmus. This translates to either the adjective -est (e.g. strongest) or most the adjective (e.g. most strong).

However not all adjectives follow this rule; the following are irregular adjectives and their English translations:

Irregular Adjectives
English Positive Comparative Superlative
good bonus melior optimus
bad malus peior pessimus
small parvus minor minimus
large magnus māior maximus
much multus plūs plūrimus
thrifty frūgī frūgālior frūgālissimus
worthless nēquam nēquior nēquissimus

Exercise

Latin/Exercise|Translate|

  1. est bonus. • sum ferox. • estis boni. • sunt bonae.

|

  1. He is good. • I am wild. • You (pl.) are good. • They are good.