User:Najahho/High Valyrian Verb Conjugation

This page covers High Valyrian verb conjugation, specifically the unambiguously inflectional categories of tense, voice, and mood. For the verbal prefixes which straddle the line between inflection and derivation, see High Valyrian Verbal Prefixes.

Verb classes

There are two basic types of regular verb in High Valyrian:

• "Consonant final" verbs (sometimes called "athematic" "consonant-stem" verbs)
• "Vowel final" verbs (sometimes called "thematic" or "a-stem," "e-stem" etc. verbs)

Each of these can be divided into different sub-classes.

This will be discussed in more detail in the descriptions of the individual tenses.

Time and aspect

Notice that HV verb tenses seem to follow a pattern, which might be interpreted as a combination of "time" and "aspect":

	Basic aspect	Imperfective aspect	Perfective aspect
Present time	jaelza	jaelilza	jēldas
Past time	—	jaeliles	jēldes
Timeless	jaelis	—	jēldis

Which is to say:

	Basic aspect	Imperfective aspect	Perfective aspect
Present time	Present	Future	Perfect
Past time	—	Imperfect	Pluperfect
Timeless	Aorist	—	Past Habitual

Present Active

The present tense is most commonly used for things that are happening right now. Unlike the English present tense, it is not generally used for "timeless" actions (e.g. "I speak Valyrian"), or general truths (e.g. "One plus one is two"); these generally go in the Aorist instead.

It is worthwhile to treat the present indicative and subjunctive separately, although we will not be doing this for most other tenses.

Indicative

Consonant-final and vowel-final verbs each have their own complications for the present indicative.

Consonant final

The basic endings are as follows:

	Singular	Plural
1	-an	-i
2	-ā	-āt
3	-za, -sa, -as	-zi, -si, -is

The third person forms, singular and plural, are the only complication. Historically, the original form was *-s, eventually becoming -za and then, in some cases -as. The -za is older, but by the time High Valyrian was canonized in its classical form, -as had gained enough ground to be on roughly equal footing. This trend would continue, and by the time we reach AV, -as (and its V-fin. equivalents) is nearly universal (the sole exception being irregular verbs, like sa and eza).

As things stand in Classical High Valyrian, which ending is to be used essentially depends on the final consonant of the stem. In many cases either form may be used.

• After a liquid (except lj), -za must be used.
• After a voiceless stop, -sa is usual. -as may also be used, but it is non-standard.
• After a nasal (except ñ), either -za or -as may be used. They are approximately equal in acceptability.
  • A verb that ends in a nasal also has the option of conjugating like emagon. That is, in the third person the n is dropped in front of the z, with the preceding vowel lengthened in compensation. But this is very unusual, except in the case of emagon and verbs derived from it.
• After a voiced stop, -as is usual. -za may also be used, but it is non-standard.
• After a fricative, semivowel, or consonant cluster, -as is mandatory.
• The palatal resonants, that is lj and ñ, are mostly treated as consonant clusters. Thus, morghūljas (as opposed to ilza), gūrēñas (as opposed to simonza). Note, however, that the i of the plural form causes the resonant to lose its palatalization, resulting in forms like morghūlis and gūrēnis (which happen to be identical to the 3s aorist forms).

In sum:

Final Consonant	Liquids		Voiceless Stops				Nasals		Voiced Stops			Fricatives						Palatal Resonants		Consonant Clusters
	l	r	p	t	k	q	m	n	b	d	g	h	s	z	gh	v	j	ñ	lj
-za or -sa	-za mandatory		-sa regular				-za acceptable		-za non-standard			—
-as	—		-as non-standard				-as acceptable		-as regular			-as mandatory
Notes							Forms with compensatory lengthening may also occur, but are only regular for emagon (ēza)											Some exceptions Depalatalized in pl: -lis, -nis

	jaelagon "to want"	epagon "to ask for"	sēnagon "to kill"	derēbagon "to gather"	pāsagon "to trust"	verdagon "to arrange"	morghūljagon "to die"
1s	jaelan	epan	sēnan	derēban	pāsan	verdan	morghūljan
2s	jaelā	epā	sēnā	derēbā	pāsā	verdā	morghūljā
3s	jaelza —	epsa (epas)	sēnza (sēza) sēnas	(derēbza) derēbas	— pāsas	— verdas	— morghūljas
1pl	jaeli	epi	sēni	derēbi	pāsi	verdi	morghūli
2pl	jaelāt	epāt	sēnāt	derēbāt	pāsāt	verdāt	morghūljāt
3pl	jaelzi —	epsi (epis)	sēnzi (sēzi) sēnis	(derēbzi) derēbis	— pāsis	— verdis	— morghūlis

Vowel-final

Vowel-final verbs are comparatively simple here: we get the "reversed" endings in the singular, but the vowel is replaced by that of the stem. Furthermore, the 1pl form is ī instead of i.

On the other hand, the infinitive of an a-stem vowel-final verb is identical to that of a consonant-final verb (e.g. ep·agon "to ask for," vs. penda·gon "to wonder.) So it is impossible to tell these two apart from the infinitive alone.

	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"
1s	iliman	ōren	sindin	nekton	bardun
2s	ilimā	ōrē	sindī	nektō	bardū
3s	ilimas	ōres	sindis	nektos	bardus
1pl	ilimī	ōrī	sindī	nektī	bardī
2pl	ilimāt	ōrēt	sindīt	nektōt	bardūt
3pl	ilimasi	ōresi	sindisi	nektosi	bardusi

Irregular

	sagon "to be"	emagon "to have"	jagon "to go"
1s	iksan	eman	jān
2s	iksā	emā	jā
3s	issa	ēza	is
1pl	iksi	emi	jī
2pl	iksāt	emāt	jāt
3pl	issi	ēzi	isi

Subjunctive

The basic endings for the present subjunctive are very similar to the present active of o-stems—compare the forms of nektogon, above:

	Singular	Plural
1	-on	-oty
2	-ō	-ōt
3	-os	-osy

Note, though, that the 1pl and 3pl are surprisingly different.

Consonant final

The consonant-final conjugation is somewhat simpler in the subjunctive, as there is no variation in the third person forms:

	jaelagon "to want"	epagon "to ask for"	sēnagon "to kill"	derēbagon "to gather"	pāsagon "to trust"	verdagon "to arrange"	morghūljagon "to die"
1s	jaelon	epon	sēnon	derēbon	pāson	verdon	morghūljon
2s	jaelō	epō	sēnō	derēbō	pāsō	verdō	morghūljō
3s	jaelos	epos	sēnos	derēbos	pāsos	verdos	morghūljos
1pl	jaeloty	epoty	sēnoty	derēboty	pāsoty	verdoty	morghūljoty
2pl	jaelōt	epōt	sēnōt	derēbōt	pāsōt	verdōt	morghūljōt
3pl	jaelosy	eposy	sēnosy	derēbosy	pāsosy	verdosy	morghūljosy

Vowel-final

Vowel-final verbs are slightly more complicated in the subjunctive, because they require both their stem-vowel, and the o of the ending:

	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"
1s	ilimaon	ōrion	sindion	nektvon	bardvon
2s	ilimaō	ōriō	sindiō	nektvō	bardvō
3s	ilimaos	ōrios	sindios	nektvos	bardvos
1pl	ilimaoty	ōrioty	sindioty	nektvoty	bardvoty
2pl	ilimaōt	ōriōt	sindiōt	nektvōt	bardvōt
3pl	ilimaosy	ōriosy	sindiosy	nektvosy	bardvosy

Irregular

Emagon and jagon are essentially regular in the present subjunctive. Only sagon is truly irregular.

	sagon "to be"	emagon "to have"	jagon "to go"
1s	ikson	emon	jon
2s	iksō	emō	jō
3s	iksos	emos	jos
1pl	soty	emoty	joty
2pl	iksōt	emōt	jōt
3pl	sosy	emosy	josy

Participle

The present active participle is a class II adjective ending in -re -rior:

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final					Irregular
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"
Lunar/Solar	jaelare	ilimare	ōrere	sindire	nektore	bardure	issare
Terrestrial/aquatic	jaelarior	ilimarior	ōrerior	sindirior	nektorior	bardurior	issarior

Imperative

All imperative forms are stressed on the final syllable.

For consonant-final verbs the regular imperative ending is -ās, pl. -ātās. Vowel-final verbs replace the ā with the long form of their stem vowel:

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final					Irregular
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"
Singular	jaelās	ilimās	ōrēs	sindīs	nektōs	bardūs	sās
Plural	jaelātās	ilimātās	ōrētēs	sindītīs	nektōtōs	bardūtūs	sātās

Special expressions

Negative commands are not expressed with the imperative, but with the infinitive + daor. Thus "Write!" is bardūs, but "Do not write!" is bardugon daor.

Simlarly, it appears that the "first person plural imperative" is supplied by the "permissive command" construction: in other words īlot plus the infinitive:

Sesīr īlot jagon!

—Now let us go!

"Third person commands" are expressed by a vocative, followed by an infinitive:

Dohaerirus māzigon!

—May a slave come!

Passive

The present is the only tense for which we have a full paradigm, but the endings are likely similar in all tenses:

	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1	verdaks	verdaksi	verdoks	verdoksy
2	verdāks	verdāks	verdōks	verdōks
3	verdaks	verdaksi	verdoks	verdoksy

Notice that in the passive many forms repeat: whereas the active has a different form for each person and number, the passive distinguishes only a few.

The present passive infinitive is verdakson. There is no present passive participle.

Aorist

The aorist of consonant-final verbs is formed by adding a i to the stem, causing the conjugation to look very similar to that of sindigon (the endings are, however, slightly different; see below). For vowel-final verbs, the suffix is, instead, ssi.

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"
1s	jaelin	ilimassin	ōressin	sindissin	nektossin	bardussin
2s	jaelia	ilimassia	ōressia	sindissia	nektossia	bardussia
3s	jaelis	ilimassis	ōressis	sindissis	nektossis	bardussis
1pl	jaelī	ilimassī	ōressī	sindissī	nektossī	bardussī
2pl	jaeliat	ilimassiat	ōressiat	sindissiat	nektossiat	bardussiat
3pl	jaelisi	ilimassi	ōressi	sindissi	nektossi	bardussi

The subjunctive is similar, but with endings in u:

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"
1s	jaelun	ilimassun	ōressun	sindissun	nektossun	bardussun
2s	jaelua	ilimassua	ōressua	sindissua	nektossua	bardussua
3s	jaelus	ilimassus	ōressus	sindissus	nektossus	bardussus
1pl	jaeluty	ilimassuty	ōressuty	sindissuty	nektossuty	bardussuty
2pl	jaeluat	ilimassuat	ōressuat	sindissuat	nektossuat	bardussuat
3pl	jaelusy	ilimassusy	ōressusy	sindissusy	nektossusy	bardussusy

The aorist of sagon is almost never used—it is high-register, and possibly even pedantic, and is nearly always replaced by the present tense. It does, however, exist:

	Indicative	Subjunctive
1s	iksin	iksun
2s	sia	sua
3s	iksis	iksus
1pl	siti	suty
2pl	siat	suat
3pl	sisi	susy

The indicative forms given here are certain, but the subjunctive is specuative.

The aorist infinitive is formed as you might expect, e.g. jaeligon, ȳdrassigon. The aorist participle is slighly more complicated, being -ire for vowel stems, and -je for vowel stems:

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"
Lunar/Solar	jaelire	ilimaje	ōreje	sindije	nektoje	barduje
Terrestrial/Aquatic	jaelirior	ilimajior	ōrejior	sindijior	nektojior	bardujior

Passive

Thus far, most of the simple passives we've seen happen to be aorists:

• 1s aor pass ind: Nykēlo syt ūndon daor luo valzȳro ñoghossi ōressiks "I find myself held by the arms of a husband I never expected to have," zāliks "I'm burned."
• 3s aor pass ind: valar ipradiks "all men must be eaten."
• 3pl aor pass subj is probably represented by DJP's typo Morghot nēdyssy sesīr zūguksy azantys vestras, which might possibly mean "The knight says that even brave men are feared for/at death."

On analogy to the perfect passive, it is likely that the second person form is *verdiaks.

	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1	verdiks	verdiksi	verduks	verduksy
2	verdiaks	verdiaks	verduaks	verduaks
3	verdiks	verdiksi	verduks	verduksy

The aorist passive infinitive is verdiakson.

The Aorist Passive Participle takes the form jaeliarza (adj. I; cf. jorrāeliarza "dear," raqiarza "beloved.")

Imperfect

The imperfect is marked by the suffix -ile- in the indicative and -ilo- in the subjunctive. When a vowel-final verb takes this suffix, the stem-vowel coalesces with the i to produce a long vowel: in the case of a-stems and o-stems, this vowel is ē. In all others it's ī. Note as well the 1pl -ilin. Other than these small complications, the imperfect is very regular.

The imperfect is used to indicate action in progress, especially when setting the scene for a more instantaneous action in the perfect It can generally be translated with a "was {verb}ing" construction in English. Unlike many languages, the High Valyrian imperfect cannot be used to express habitual action. For this, use the Past Habitual instead.

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final					Irregular
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	emagon "to have
1s	jaelilen	ilimēlen	ōrīlen	sindīlen	nektēlen	bardīlen	īlen	emilen
2s	jaelilē	ilimēlē	ōrīlē	sindīlē	nektēlē	bardīlē	īlē	emilē
3s	jaeliles	ilimēles	ōrīles	sindīles	nektēles	bardīles	īles	emiles
1pl	jaelilin	ilimēlin	ōrīlin	sindīlin	nektēlin	bardīlin	īlin	emilin
2pl	jaelilēt	ilimēlēt	ōrīlēt	sindīlēt	nektēlēt	bardīlēt	īlēt	emilēt
3pl	jaelilis	ilimēlis	ōrīlis	sindīlis	nektēlis	bardīlis	īlis	emilis

Likewise, the subjunctive:

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final					Irregular
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	emagon "to have
1s	jaelilon	ilimēlon	ōrīlon	sindīlon	nektēlon	bardīlon	īlon	emilon
2s	jaelilō	ilimēlō	ōrīlō	sindīlō	nektēlō	bardīlō	īlō	emilō
3s	jaelilos	ilimēlos	ōrīlos	sindīlos	nektēlos	bardīlos	īlos	emilos
1pl	jaeliloty	ilimēloty	ōrīloty	sindīloty	nektēloty	bardīloty	īloty	emiloty
2pl	jaelilōt	ilimēlōt	ōrīlōt	sindīlōt	nektēlōt	bardīlōt	īlōt	emilōt
3pl	jaelilosy	ilimēlosy	ōrīlosy	sindīlosy	nektēlosy	bardīlosy	īlosy	emilosy

Passive

Our one imperfect passive form attested is zālileks "I was being burned." From this we may surmise:

	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1	verdileks	verdiliks	verdiloks	verdiloksy
2	verdilēks	verdilēks	verdilōks	verdilōks
3	verdileks	verdiliks	verdiloks	verdiloksy

Future

The future appears to be very similar to the imperfect, except that the endings are consonant-final instead of e-stem. Note in particular that in the 1s form, *-il·na assimilates to -inna. The future of sagon is known to be suppletive: kessa in the 3s ind, and kesos in the 3s subj, from which we me guess the rest of the paradigm

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final					Irregular
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	emagon "to have
1s	jaelinna	ilimēnna	ōrīnna	sindīnna	nektēnna	bardīnna	kesan	eminna
2s	jaelilā	ilimēlā	ōrīlā	sindīlā	nektēlā	bardīlā	kesā	emilā
3s	jaelilza	ilimēlza	ōrīlza	sindīlza	nektēlza	bardīlza	kessa	emilza
1pl	jaelili	ilimēli	ōrīli	sindīli	nektēli	bardīli	kesi	emili
2pl	jaelilāt	ilimēlāt	ōrīlāt	sindīlāt	nektēlāt	bardīlāt	kesāt	emilāt
3pl	jaelilzi	ilimēlzi	ōrīlzi	sindīlzi	nektēlzi	bardīlzi	kessi	emilzi

The future subjunctive appears to be formed off the stem-vowel u. The 1s -un, and 3s -us are certain, the rest surmised.

	Consonant-final	Vowel-final					Irregular
	jaelagon "to want"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	emagon "to have
1s	jaelilun	ilimēlun	ōrīlun	sindīlun	nektēlun	bardīlun	keson	emilun
2s	jaelilū	ilimēlū	ōrīlū	sindīlū	nektēlū	bardīlū	kesō	emilū
3s	jaelilus	ilimēlus	ōrīlus	sindīlus	nektēlus	bardīlus	kesos	emilus
1pl	jaeluty	ilimēluty	ōrīluty	sindīluty	nektēluty	bardīluty	kesoty	emiluty
2pl	jaelilūt	ilimēlūt	ōrīlūt	sindīlūt	nektēlūt	bardīlūt	kesōt	emilūt
3pl	jaelilusy	ilimēlusy	ōrīlusy	sindīlusy	nektēlusy	bardīlusy	kesosy	emilusy

Future participles, and are formed exactly as the present participle is, e.g. jaelilare "going to want, about to want." There does not appear to be a future infinitive. The future imperative seems to be formed like the present imperative: idērēbilātas "you (pl.) shall choose."

Passive

The future passive is not attested, except for zālilaks "I will have been burned," and the participle (see below), but on that basis, we can reconstruct the following paradigm with some certainty:

	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1	verdilaks	verdiliks	verdiluks	verdiluksy
2	verdilāks	verdilāks	verdilūks	verdilūks
3	verdilaks	verdiliks	verdiluks	verdiluksy

It is not certain if the gloss "I will have been burned" should be taken to mean that the passive has a future-perfect sense that the active does not.

The participle is verdilaksa (adj. I). Although it most literally means something like "which will be done," it often has broader uses, as attested by liorilaksa "to be sold (i.e. for sale)" and the nominalized gaomilaksir "that which is to be done (i.e. mission)."

Perfect

The perfect is formed off a different stem from the present (though it is generally formed from the present stem with t added to the end.) It is generally better to memorize the perfect stem along with the present stem, rather than trying to predict it, as it is so unpredictable.

Nevertheless, here are some rules of thumb:

• Vowel-final verbs are usually very predictable: simply add -t- to the final vowel. E.g. pryjagon → pryjatan, angogon → angotan and so on. On the other hand, māzigon → māstan.
• Consonant-final verbs are much more complex.
  • If the present stem ends with a consonant cluster, the perfect is regularly -etan, with an epenthetic e: vestragon → vestretan. On the other hand, verdagon → vettan, umbagon → umptan.
  • If the present stem ends in a nasal, the perfect will usually be in -ntan: gaomagon → gōntan, gūrēñagon → gūrēntan
    • However, emagon, and verbs derived from it, use -ēdan instead.
  • If the present stem ends in a liquid, the perfect will usually be a simple -tan (with lj becoming a simple l): dohaeragon → dohaertan, morghūljagon → morghūltan. On the other hand, jaelagon → jēldan.
  • ** If the present stem ends in t or d, the perfect will be in -ttan: ipradagon → iprattan, vāedagon → vāettan.
  • If the present stem ends in k, the perfect will also be in -ttan: jehikagon → jehittan, sikagon → sittan. This appears to be true for q as well: raqagon → rattan.
  • If the present stem ends in b (as many do!) then the perfect will be in -ptan: derēbagon → derēptan, rȳbagon → rȳptan
  • If the present stem ends in s or z, then the perfect will be in -stan: pāsagon → pāstan, brōzagon → brōstan.
  • If the present ends in gh, j, or v (or if the verb is derived from emagon), the perfect will end in -dan, and the stem vowel will usually be lengthened: leghagon → lēdan, tyvagon → tȳdan. But rijagon → riddan, with a double d and short i.

These rules, however, are just tendencies and should not be taken as absolute.

	Consonant-final					Vowel-final					Irregular
	derēbagon "to gather"	epagon "to ask for"	verdagon "to arrange"	jaelagon "to want"	morghūljagon "to die"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	jagon "to go"	emagon "to have"
1s	derēptan	eptan	vettan	jēldan	morghūltan	ilimatan	ōretan	sinditan	nektotan	bardutan	istan		ēdan
2s	derēptā	eptā	vettā	jēldā	morghūltā	ilimatā	ōretā	sinditā	nektotā	bardutā	istā		ēdā
3s	derēptas	eptas	vettas	jēldas	morghūltas	ilimatas	ōretas	sinditas	nektotas	bardutas	istas		ēdas
1pl	derēpti	epti	vetti	jēldi	morghūlti	ilimati	ōreti	sinditi	nektoti	barduti	isti		ēdi
2pl	derēptāt	eptāt	vettāt	jēldāt	morghūltāt	ilimatāt	ōretāt	sinditāt	nektotāt	bardutāt	istāt		ēdāt
3pl	derēptis	eptis	vettis	jēldis	morghūltis	ilimatis	ōretis	sinditis	nektotis	bardutis	istis		ēdis

The subjunctive of the perfect doubles as the pluperfect subjunctive. It is as follows:

	Consonant-final					Vowel-final					Irregular
	derēbagon "to gather"	epagon "to ask for"	verdagon "to arrange"	jaelagon "to want"	morghūljagon "to die"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	jagon "to go"	emagon "to have"
1s	derēpton	epton	vetton	jēldon	morghūlton	ilimaton	ōreton	sinditon	nektoton	barduton	iston		ēdon
2s	derēptō	eptō	vettō	jēldō	morghūltō	ilimatō	ōretō	sinditō	nektotō	bardutō	istō		ēdō
3s	derēptos	eptos	vettos	jēldos	morghūltos	ilimatos	ōretos	sinditos	nektotos	bardutos	istos		ēdos
1pl	derēptoty	eptoty	vettoty	jēldoty	morghūltoty	ilimatoty	ōretoty	sinditoty	nektototy	bardutoty	istoty		ēdoty
2pl	derēptōt	eptōt	vettōt	jēldōt	morghūltōt	ilimatōt	ōretōt	sinditōt	nektotōt	bardutōt	istōt		ēdōt
3pl	derēptosy	eptosy	vettosy	jēldosy	morghūltosy	ilimatosy	ōretosy	sinditosy	nektotosy	bardutosy	istosy		ēdosy

The perfect infinitive ("to have gathered," etc.) is formed from the perfect stem, plus the usual -agon ending: derēptagon, ōretagon etc. The single perfect participle is normally analyzed as a passive form, although it sometimes has an active meaning.

Passive

There is a simple perfect form in HV, and this is represented by zāltaks "I was burned" sittāks "you were born" (which would make this 2s perf.pass.ind.), from which we might reconstruct a paradigm something like this:

	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1	vettaks	vettaksi	vettoks	vettoksy
2	vettāks	vettāks	vettōks	vettōks
3	vettaks	vettaksi	vettoks	vettoksy

The same thought may also be expressed periphrastically by means of the perfect participle with a form of sagon, as in keliton issa "is ended."

The perfect passive infinitive is vettakson.

Perfect Participle

The perfect participle (also called the "Perfect Passive Participle" or "Perfect Absolutive Participle") is perfect in tense, but its effective meaning varies from passive, for transitive verbs (e.g. barduta "written, having been written"), to active, for intransitive verbs (e.g. ēdruta "having slept".) In form the perfect participle is a simple class I adjective formed off the perfect stem:

	Consonant-final					Vowel-final					Irregular
	derēbagon "to gather"	epagon "to ask for"	verdagon "to arrange"	jaelagon "to want"	morghūljagon "to die"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	jagon "to go"	emagon "to have"
Lunar	derēpta	epta	vetta	jēlda	morghūlta	ilimata	ōreta	sindita	nektota	barduta	ista		ēda
Solar	derēptys	eptys	vettys	jēldys	morghūltys	ilimatys	ōretys	sinditys	nektotys	bardutys	istys		ēdys
Terrestrial	derēpton	epton	vetton	jēldon	morghūlton	ilimaton	ōreton	sinditon	nektoton	barduton	iston		ēdon
Aquatic	derēptor	eptor	vettor	jēldor	morghūltor	ilimator	ōretor	sinditor	nektotor	bardutor	istor		ēdor

Past Habitual

The "Past Habitual" tense, is used to indicate things that were true over a period of time, and may frequently be translated with a "used to" form in English. It is in form an aorist based off of the perfect stem, except for the 3pl form, which is -isi, making it distinct from the perfect and pluperfect equivalents.

	Consonant-final					Vowel-final					Irregular
	derēbagon "to gather"	epagon "to ask for"	verdagon "to arrange"	jaelagon "to want"	morghūljagon "to die"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	jagon "to go"	emagon "to have"
1s	derēptin	eptin	vettin	jēldin	morghūltin	ilimatin	ōretin	sinditin	nektotin	bardutin	istin		ēdin
2s	derēptia	eptia	vettia	jēldia	morghūltia	ilimatia	ōretia	sinditia	nektotia	bardutia	istia		ēdia
3s	derēptis	eptis	vettis	jēldis	morghūltis	ilimatis	ōretis	sinditis	nektotis	bardutis	istis		ēdis
1pl	derēpti?	epti?	vetti?	jēldi	morghūlti?	ilimati?	ōreti?	sinditi?	nektoti?	barduti?	isti?		ēdi?
2pl	derēptiat	eptiat	vettiat	jēldiat	morghūltiat	ilimatiat	ōretiat	sinditiat	nektotiat	bardutiat	istiat		ēdiat
3pl	derēptisi	eptisi	vettisi	jēldisi	morghūltisi	ilimatisi	ōretisi	sinditisi	nektotisi	bardutisi	istisi		ēdisi

Subjunctive:

	Consonant-final					Vowel-final					Irregular
	derēbagon "to gather"	epagon "to ask for"	verdagon "to arrange"	jaelagon "to want"	morghūljagon "to die"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	jagon "to go"	emagon "to have"
1s	derēptun	eptun	vettun	jēldun	morghūltun	ilimatun	ōretun	sinditun	nektotun	bardutun	istun		ēdun
2s	derēptua	eptua	vettua	jēldua	morghūltua	ilimatua	ōretua	sinditua	nektotua	bardutua	istua		ēdua
3s	derēptus	eptus	vettus	jēldus	morghūltus	ilimatus	ōretus	sinditus	nektotus	bardutus	istus		ēdus
1pl	derēptuty	eptuty	vettuty	jēlduty	morghūltuty	ilimatuty	ōretuty	sindituty	nektotuty	bardututy	istuty		ēduty
2pl	derēptuat	eptuat	vettuat	jēlduat	morghūltuat	ilimatuat	ōretuat	sindituat	nektotuat	bardutuat	istuat		ēduat
3pl	derēptusy	eptusy	vettusy	jēldusy	morghūltusy	ilimatusy	ōretusy	sinditusy	nektotusy	bardutusy	istusy		ēdusy

The past-habitual active participle is formed with the suffix -tre (adj. II): derēptre, vettre and so on. There is no past-habitual infinitive.

Passive

Our one attestation is zāltiks "I used to be burned."

	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1	vettiks	vettiksi	vettuks	vettuksy
2	vettiaks	vettiaks	vettuaks	vettuaks
3	vettiks	vettiksi	vettuks	vettuksy

The past-habitual passive participle is formed with the suffix -tiarza (adj. I): derēptiarza, vettiarza and so on.

Pluperfect

The pluperfect is formed off the perfect stem, but with a thematic vowel of -e-. The subjunctive is identical to that of the perfect, and cannot be distinguished. The 3pl form of the indicative is also identical to the perfect.

Since the only forms we have attested are zālten and zālteks, everything but the 1s form should be regarded as speculation.

	Consonant-final					Vowel-final					Irregular
	derēbagon "to gather"	epagon "to ask for"	verdagon "to arrange"	jaelagon "to want"	morghūljagon "to die"	ilimagon "to mourn"	ōregon "to hold"	sindigon "to buy"	nektogon "to cut"	bardugon "to write"	sagon "to be"	jagon "to go"	emagon "to have"
1s	derēpten	epten	vetten	jēlden	morghūlten	ilimaten	ōreten	sinditen	nektoten	barduten	isten		ēden
2s	derēptē	eptē	vettē	jēldē	morghūltē	ilimatē	ōretē	sinditē	nektotē	bardutē	istē		ēdē
3s	derēptes	eptes	vettes	jēldes	morghūltes	ilimates	ōretes	sindites	nektotes	bardutes	istes		ēdes
1pl	derēptin	eptin	vettin	jēldin	morghūltin	ilimatin	ōretin	sinditin	nektotin	bardutin	istin		ēdin
2pl	derēptēt	eptēt	vettēt	jēldēt	morghūltēt	ilimatēt	ōretēt	sinditēt	nektotēt	bardutēt	istēt		ēdēt
3pl	derēptis	eptis	vettis	jēldis	morghūltis	ilimatis	ōretis	sinditis	nektotis	bardutis	istis		ēdis

The passive should be:

	Indicative		Subjunctive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1	vetteks	vettiks	vettoks	vettoksy
2	vettēks	vettēks	vettōks	vettōks
3	vetteks	vettiks	vettoks	vettoksy