User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/3-6

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Lesson 6| Irregular Verbs

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
bēvilagon (c-fin.) must, to have to, to be necessary
gōvilagon (c-fin.) to be under, underneath, below, or beneath; to lie under, underneath, below, or beneath
jagon (c-fin.) to go
jorilagon (c-fin.) to rest, to nap, to take a nap
sahagon (c-fin.) to use; to cause; to force to make
vilagon (c-fin.) to be at, in, or on; to lie at, in, or on; to rest at, in, or on

The Verb "To Be"

High Valyrian features two forms of the verb "to be". Sagon serves as the primary copulative in sentences like "the wolf is happy" and "the cloak is red". Contrast to ilagon, the extential copulative used in the sense of being in a certain place, in the sense of "there is" or "there are". For example "there is a dragon in the valley" or "the man is in the inn". First, we will cover sagon.

Neither sagon or ilagon has a passive voice.

High Valyrian English
kona ābra kirinkta sīr issa that woman is happier now
ñuhyz azantyssy rihot ilzi my knights are in the canyon

These examples illustrate the differences between the two forms of "to be". The first describes a quality of the woman; she is happier now. The second describes where the knights are--in the canyon. Note the first example features the comparative declination of the adjective kirine to alter the meaning of the adjective "happy" to "happier".

Sagon

Sagon is a highly irregular verb; the irregularities ought to be memorized.

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 2s 2pl
Active
prs. iksan iksā issa iksi iksāt issi ikson iksō iksos soty iksōt sosy sās sātās issare (adj. II) sagon
aor. iksin sia iksis siti siat sisi iksun sua iksus suty suat susy siās siātās issire (adj. II) sigon
fut. kesan kesā kessa kesi kesāt kessi keson kesō kesos kesoty kesōt kesosy kesās kesātās kesare (adj. II) —
npfv. īlen īlē īles īlin īlēt īlis īlon īlō īlos īloty īlot īlosy — —
pfv. istan istā istas isti istāt istis iston istō istos istoty istōt istosy — ista istagon
plup. isten istē istes istin istēt — —
phab. istin istia istis istiti istiat istisi istun istua istus istuty istuat istusy istre (adj. II)

The present tense of sagon uses the stem ik- except for the third person singular and plural, which uses is-. The present subjunctive also uses the stem ik- except for the irregular first person singular and third person plural which use the stem s-.

The aorist tense of sagon is rarely used, being high register and even possibly pedantic. Why say "the book ever is good" when "the book is good" means basically the same thing? The present aorist uses the stem ik- in the first and third person singular; it uses the stem s- in all other conjugations. The endings are regular. In the subjunctive, this same stem pattern holds.

The future tense of sagon follows the pattern of the present tense using the stem kes- with irregularities in the third person singular and plural. The future subjunctive conjugates regularly.

The imperfect tense of sagon essentially is only the typical imperfect endings except the initial i is lengthened to ī.

The perfect tense, pluperfect tense, and past habitual tense of sagon are all regular.

The present active participle and aorist active participle use the irregular stem iss-; the future active participle uses the future stem kes-.

Ilagon

Ilagon mostly follows a regular conjugation pattern with the exception of the future and imperfect tenses. The verbs bēvilagon, gōvilagon, jorilagon, vilagon are all derived from ilagon and follow the same irregular conjugation pattern described below.

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 2s 2pl
Active
prs. ilan ilā ilza ili ilāt ilzi ilon ilō ilos iloty ilōt ilosy ilās ilātās ilare (adj. II) ilagon
aor. ilin ilia ilis iliti iliat ilisi ilun ilua ilus iluty iluat ilusy iliās iliātās ilire (adj. II) iligon
fut. unna ulā ulza uli ulāt ulzi ulun ulū ulus uluty ulūt ulusy ulās ulātās ulare(adj. II) —
npfv. ulen ulē ules ulin ulēt ulis ulon ulō ulos uloty ulōt ulosy — —
pfv. iltan iltā iltas ilti iltāt iltis ilton iltō iltos iltoty iltōt iltosy — ilta iltagon
plup. ilten iltē iltes iltin iltēt — —
phab. iltin iltia iltis iltiti iltiat iltisi iltun iltua iltus iltuty iltuat iltusy iltre (adj. II)

The present tense of ilagon is irregular in the third person singular and plural, taking the endings -za and -zi respectively.

The future tense and imperfect tense of ilagon essentially are the regular endings for each tense with the first letter being u instead of i.

The Verb "To Have"

Emagon means "to have." This is an important irregular to have memorized for -emagon is a common verb ending. Whenever it occurs, it follows the conjugation pattern of emagon itself.

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 2s 2pl
Active
prs. eman emā ēza emi emāt ēzi emon emō emos emoty emōt emosy emās emātās emare (adj. II) emagon
aor. emin emia emis emiti emiat emisi emun emua emus emuty emuat emusy emiās emiātās emire (adj. II) emigon
fut. eminna emilā emilza emili emilāt emilzi emilun emilū emilus emiluty emilūt emilusy emilās emilātās emiare(adj. II) —
npfv. emilen emilē emiles emilin emilēt emilis emilon emilō emilos emiloty emilōt emilosy — —
pfv. ēdan ēdā ēdas ēdi ēdāt ēdis ēdon ēdō ēdos ēdoty ēdōt ēdosy — see below ēdagon
plup. ēden ēdē ēdes ēdin ēdēt — —
phab. ēdin ēdia ēdis ēditi ēdiat ēdisi ēdun ēdua ēdus ēduty ēduat ēdusy ēdre(adj. II)
Passive prs. emaks emāks emaks emaksi emāks emaksi emoks emōks emoks emoksy emōks emoksy emāks — emakson
aor. emiks emiaks emiks emiksi emiaks emiksi emuks emuaks emuks emuksy emuaks emuksy emiāks emiarza (adj. I) emiakson
fut. emilaks emilāks emilaks emiliks emilāks emiliks emiluks emilūks emiluks emiluksy emilūks emiluksy emilāks emilaksa (adj. I) —
npfv. emileks emilēks emileks emilēks emiloks emilōks emiloks emiloksy emilōks emiloksy — —
pfv. ēdaks ēdāks ēdaks ēdaksi ēdāks ēdaksi ēdoks ēdōks ēdoks ēdoksy ēdōks ēdoksy — ēda (Adj. I) ēdakson
plup. ēdeks ēdēks ēdeks ēdiks ēdēks ēdiks — —
phab. ēdiks ēdiaks ēdiks ēdiksi ēdiaks ēdiksi ēduks ēduaks ēduks ēduksy ēduaks ēduksy ēdiarza (adj. I)

The present tense of emagon is irregular in the third person singular and plural. These forms feature a nasal deletion--when a n or m precedes an s, the nasal consonant (n or m) is deleted, the preceding vowel lengthened, and the s becomes a z. To see this in practice, if emagon was regular, the third person singular form would be x emsa; following the preceding rules, delete the m, lengthen the e to ē, change the s to z and arrive at the correct form ēza. Nasal deletion is a standard High Valyrian convention and not specific to the conjugation of the verb emagon.

The perfect tense, pluperfect tense, and past habitual tense all use the perfect stem ēd- instead of the predicted x emt-. Other than this stem change, the conjugations are regular.

The Verb "To Go"

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 2s 2pl
Active
prs. jān jā is jī jāt isi jon jō jos joty jōt josy jās jātās jare (adj. II) jagon
aor. jin ja jis jiti jat jisi jun jua jus juty juat jusy jās jātās jire (adj. II) jigon
fut. īnna īlā īlza īli īlāt īlzi īlun īlū īlus īluty īlūt īlusy īlās īlātās īlare(adj. II) —
npfv. īlen īlē īles īlin īlēt īlis īlon īlō īlos īloty īlōt īlosy — —
pfv. istan istā istas isti istāt istis iston istō istos istoty istōt istosy — ista istagon
plup. isten istē istes istin istēt — —
phab. idin idia idis iditi idiat idisi idun idua idus iduty iduat idusy idre (adj. II)

The present tense of jagon is irregular in the first and third person singular and the third person plural. It conjugates regularly in the present subjunctive.

The aorist tense of jagon is only irregular in the second person singular, being ja instead of the expected x jia.

The future tense of jagon essentially is the vowel final future tense endings for -egon, -igon, and -ugon.

The imperfect tense, perfect tense, and pluperfect tense of jagon is identical to that of sagon. The imperfect tense is essentially the vowel final future tense endings for -egon, -igon, and -ugon. The perfect and pluperfect use the irregular stem ist- and conjugate regularly.

The past habitual tense of jagon uses the irregular stem id- and conjugates regularly otherwise.

If you are paying close attention, you may have noticed that the imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect forms of jagon and sagon are identical. In fact, the jagon forms are used in place of the sagon forms.

The Verb "To Use, To Cause, To Force, To Make

The verb sahagon is a highly irregular verb.

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 2s 2pl
Active
prs. sān sā sas sē sāt sēs sahon sahō sahos sahoty sahōt sahosy sās sātās sāre (adj. II) sahagon
aor. sīn saja sēs sēti sajat sēsi sahun sahua sahus sahuty sahuat sahusy sajās sajātās sahire (adj. II) sahigon
fut. sīnna sīlā sīlza sīli sīlāt sīlzi sīlun sīlū sīlus sīluty sīlūt sīlusy sīlās sīlātās sīare (adj. II) —
npfv. sīlen sīlē sīles sīlin sīlēt sīlis sīlon sīlō sīlos sīloty sīlōt sīlosy — —
pfv. sētan sētā sētas sēti sētāt sētis sēton sētō sētos sētoty sētōt sētosy — see below sētagon
plup. sēten sētē sētes sētin sētēt — —
phab. sētin sētia sētis sētiti sētiat sētisi sētun sētua sētus sētuty sētuat sētusy sētre (adj. II)
Passive prs. sāks sāks sāks sāksi sāks sāksi sahoks sahōks sahoks sahoksy sahōks sahoksy sāks — sahakson
aor. sēks sajaks sēks sēksi sajaks sēksi sahuks sahuaks sahuks sahuksy sahuaks sahuksy sajāks sajarza (adj. I) sajakson
fut. sīlaks sīlāks sīlaks sīliks sīlāks sīliks sīluks sīlūks sīluks sīluksy sīlūks sīluksy sīlāks sīlaksa (adj. I) —
npfv. sīleks sīlēks sīleks sīlēks sīloks sīlōks sīloks sīloksy sīlōks sīloksy — —
pfv. sētaks sētāks sētaks sētaksi sētāks sētaksi sētoks sētōks sētoks sētoksy sētōks sētoksy — sēta (adj. I) sētakson
plup. sēteks sētēks sēteks sētiks sētēks sētiks — —
phab. sētiks sētiaks sētiks sētiksi sētiaks sētiksi sētuks sētuaks sētuks sētuksy sētuaks sētuksy sētiarza (adj. I)

The present tense and aorist tense of sahagon are completely irregular and must be memorized. However, the present and aorist subjunctives is conjugated regularly.

The future tense and imperfect tense of sahagon in both the active and passive voices use the stem s- and conjugates regularly as if it were a vowel final verb ending in -egon, -igon, or -ugon beginning wach ending with -ī-.

The perfect tense, pluperfect tense, and past habitual tense in both the active and passive voices uses the stem sēt- and conjugates regularly in the indicative and subjunctive.

The present passive is irregular in the first and third person singular, appearing as sāks. This makes this form rather ambiguous as the first person, second person, third person singular, the second person plural, and the imperative all appear the same.

Examples

Recall from lesson 2-3 that sahagon can be used in causative constructions that capture how some action was caused. In this paradigm, the nominative case indicates the doer, the dative case indicates the one made to act, the verbal action appears in the infinitive, and the verb sahagon is conjugated.

High Valyrian English
qryldī arghīles luot dārot keligon se vale baelagon sēti we made the king, who was hunting boars, stop and help the man
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