User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/3-5

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Lesson 5| The Pluperfect

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 2s 2pl
Active
prs. √-an √-ā √-as √-i √-āt √-is √-on √-ō √-os √-oty √-ōt √-osy √-ās √-ātās √-are (adj. II) √-agon
aor. √-in √-ia √-is √-iti √-iat √-isi √-un √-ua √-us √-uty √-uat √-usy √-iās √-iātās √-ire (adj. II) √-igon
fut. √-inna √-ilā √-ilza √-ili √-ilāt √-ilzi √-ilun √-ilū √-ilus √-iluty √-ilūt √-ilusy √-ilās √-ilātās √-ilare (adj. II) —
npfv. √-ilen √-ilē √-iles √-ilin √-ilēt √-ilis √-ilon √-ilō √-ilos √-iloty √-ilōt √-ilosy — —
pfv. √P-an √P-ā √P-as √P-i √P-āt √P-is √P-on √P-ō √P-os √P-oty √P-ōt √P-osy — see below √P-agon
plup. √P-en √P-ē √P-es √P-in √P-ēt — —
phab. √P-in √P-ia √P-is √P-iti √P-iat √P-isi √P-un √P-ua √P-us √P-uty √P-uat √P-usy √P-re (adj. II)
Passive prs. √-aks √-āks √-aks √-aksi √-āks √-aksi √-oks √-ōks √-oks √-oksy √-ōks √-oksy √-āks — √-akson
aor. √-iks √-iaks √-iks √-iksi √-iaks √-iksi √-uks √-uaks √-uks √-uksy √-uaks √-uksy √-iāks √-iarza (adj. I) √-iakson
fut. √-ilaks √-ilāks √-ilaks √-iliks √-ilāks √-iliks √-iluks √-ilūks √-iluks √-iluksy √-ilūks √-iluksy √-ilāks √-ilaksa (adj. I) —
npfv. √-ileks √-ilēks √-ileks √-ilēks √-iloks √-ilōks √-iloks √-iloksy √-ilōks √-iloksy — —
pfv. √P-aks √P-āks √P-aks √P-aksi √P-āks √P-aksi √P-oks √P-ōks √P-oks √P-oksy √P-ōks √P-oksy — √P-a (Adj. I) √P-akson
plup. √P-eks √P-ēks √P-eks √P-iks √P-ēks √P-iks — —
phab. √P-iks √P-iaks √P-iks √P-iksi √P-iaks √P-iksi √P-uks √P-uaks √P-uks √P-uksy √P-uaks √P-uksy √P-iarza (adj. I)

The Present Pluperfect

The pluperfect combines the past tense (reference to a past time) and the perfect aspect (referring to a completed verbal action).

In English, the pluperfect looks like "I had stood." In High Valyrian, this phrase translates as iōrten.

Consonant Final Verbs

Below shows the present imperfect conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.

magh-ilen I was carrying first person singular
magh-ilē you were carrying second person singular
magh-iles he, she, it was carrying third person singular
magh-ilin we were carrying first person plural
magh-ilēt you (all) were carrying second person plural
magh-ilis they were carrying third person plural

Vowel Final Verbs

There are also five vowel final verb forms that have two forms in the imperfect, similar to the future. These are similar to the consonant final verbs except that the 'i' becomes either 'ē' or 'ī'. The imperfect is formed from the verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They stick to this changed vowel and have an otherwise identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, √ is the verb stem and M is the theme vowel change.

For -agon and -ogon, M=ē.

For -egon, -igon, and -ugon, M=ī.

√-M-len first person singular
√-M-lē second person singular
√-M-les third person singular
√-M-lin first person plural
√-M-lēt second person plural
√-M-lis third person plural

Exercise 1

Conjugate the following verbs in the imperfect.

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