User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/3-2

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Lesson 2| Participles and Infinitives

Participles

Participles derive from verbs and function like adjectives. In English, there exist two forms: the present participle that ends in '-ing,' and the past participle that ends in '-ed.' High Valyrian has eight participle forms for the active present, aorist, future, and past habitual; and for the passive aorist, future, perfect, and past habitual. The below table summarizes the endings for participles where √ is the verb root, M is the theme vowel, and MF is the future theme vowel which is ē for -agon and -ogon, and ī for -egon, -igon, and -ugon.

Consonant Final Vowel Final
Active Present √-are √-M-re
Passive Perfect √-a √-a
Active Aorist √-ire √-M-je
Passive Aorist √-iarza √-M-ssiarza
Active Future √-ilare √-MF-lare
Passive Future √-ilaksa √-MF-laksa
Active Past Habitual √-re √-re
Passive Past Habitual √-iarza √-iarza

We begin with the forms common to English.

The Present Participle

Present participles convey that a verb is ongoing. The present participle has a number of translations as evident in the example dārie iotāptī dāeremari buzdarī which may be translated:

  • We respect the queen freeing the slaves.
  • We respect the queen who is freeing the slaves.
  • We respect the queen while she is freeing the slaves.
  • We respect the queen because she is freeing the slaves.

Consonant final verbs form the active present participle thusly; √-are, where √ is the verbal stem.

Vowel final verbs form the active present participle thusly; √-M-re, where √ is the verbal stem and M is the theme vowel.

High Valyrian English
Daeneri, dāeremari buzdarī, dārȳsa brōstaks Daenerys, freeing the slaves, was named queen
Daenerys, who is freeing the slaves, was named queen
Daenerys, while she is freeing the slaves, was named queen
Daenerys, because she is freeing the slaves, was named queen

The Past Participle

In High Valyrian, the passive past participle indicates a verbal action that occurred before the main verb. This participle is easy to form; simply add -a to a perfect verbal stem, or as an expression: √P-a.

The past participle also has a number of translations as evident in the example dārie iotāptī sēnto āeksȳti ondossi which may be translated:

  • We respect the queen (having been) killed at the hands of the masters.
  • We respect the queen who has been killed at the hands of the masters.
  • We respect the queen after she has been killed at the hands of the masters.
  • We respect the queen because she has been killed at the hands of the masters.

Recall that participles function as adjectives and thusly agree with a noun in gender, case, and number like any ordinary adjective.

The Aorist Participles

The aorist participle could be translated as '(after) having undertaken an action.' For example in English: 'after having freed,' implying the speaker is the liberator. Because this form has an ending beginning with i, remember that ñ becomes n and lj becomes l. Form this participle thusly:

  • Consonant final verbs: √-ire
  • Vowel final verbs: √-M-je

The passive aorist participle could be translated as '(after) having been acted upon.' For example in English: 'after having been freed,' implying the speaker was the slave. Form them like this:

  • Consonant final verbs: √-iarza
  • Vowel final verbs: √-M-ssiarza

The Future Participles

The future participle can be translated as 'going to act' or 'due to act.' Example: 'going to write.' Because this form has an ending beginning with i, remember that ñ becomes n and lj becomes l. Form this participle thusly:

  • Consonant final verbs: √-ilare
  • Vowel final verbs: √-M-lare
    Where M is ē for -agon and -ogon and -ī for -igon, -egon, -ugon.

The passive future participle can be translated as 'due to be acted upon', 'necessary to be acted upon.' Example: 'necessary to write.' Again, watch the palatals ñ and lj.

  • Consonant final verbs: √-ilaksa
  • Vowel final verbs: √-M-laksa
    Where M is ē for -agon and -ogon and -ī for -igon, -egon, -ugon.

The Past Habitual Participles

Form the past habitual participle for both consonant final and vowel final verbs thusly:

  • √P-re

Form the passive past habitual participle for both consonant final and vowel final verbs thusly:

  • Consonant final verbs: √P-iarza
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