User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/2-5
Lesson 5| The Passive
Active verses Passive Verbs
A verb's voice shows the relationship between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. High Valyrian has two voices: active and passive. In the active voice, the subject of the clause performs the verb on something else (the object), e.g., "The girl sees the boy." In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb, e.g., "The boy is seen by the girl."
In the perfect, pluperfect and past habitual, the passive voice is formed using a perfect stem discussed in section 2-4.
As stated before, when the passive voice is used, the subject receives the action of the verb from another agent.
The Present Passive
Consonant Final Verbs
Below shows the passive present conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.
| magh-aks | I am being carried | first person singular |
| magh-āks | you are being carried | second person singular |
| magh-aks | he, she, it is being carried | third person singular |
| magh-aksi | we are being carried | first person plural |
| magh-āks | you (all) are being carried | second person plural |
| magh-aksi | they are being carried | third person plural |
Vowel Final Verbs
Here are the personal endings for vowel final verbs. Note they generally follow their theme vowel in the same pattern as the present passive with the exception of verbs ending in -ogon that use an ē where an ō would be expected in the second person endings.
| -agon | -egon | -igon | -ogon | -ugon | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | -aks | -eks | -iks | -oks | -uks |
| 2s | -āks | -ēks | -īks | -ēks | -ūks |
| 3s | -aks | -eks | -iks | -oks | -uks |
| 1p | -aksi | -eksi | -iksi | -oksi | -uksi |
| 2p | -āks | -ēks | -īks | -ēks | -ūks |
| 3p | -aksi | -eksi | -iksi | -oksi | -uksi |
Examples:
- Active: Riña taobe urnes. (The girl sees the boy.)
- Passive: Taoba riño ondoso urneks. (The boy is seen by the girl.)
- Riño takes ondoso and the genative, as it is a personal agent.
- Active: zūger vale ondurza. (Fear seizes the man.)
- Passive: Vala zūgero ondoso onduraks. (The man is seized by fear.)
- Active: Qrinuntyssy oktion idakotis. (The enemies were attacking the city.)
- Passive: Oktion qrinuntoti ondoso idakoksi. (The city was being attacked by the enemies.)
The Present Passive Subjunctive
Consonant Final Verbs
Below shows the passive present conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.
| magh-oks | I am being carried | first person singular |
| magh-ōks | you are being carried | second person singular |
| magh-oks | he, she, it is being carried | third person singular |
| magh-oksy | we are being carried | first person plural |
| magh-ōks | you (all) are being carried | second person plural |
| magh-oksy | they are being carried | third person plural |