User:Aegon/Word Derivation

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A work in progress. All information is from an analysis of existing lexicon.

Noun Derivation

The derivation of a new noun in High Valyrian occurs through attaching a suffix to a root. Note that sound and spelling changes may occur.

From a Noun

Augmentative Noun

An augmentative noun enhances and intensifies the concept conveyed through the word. There exist three suffixes that may derive augmentative nouns from nouns: -io, -albar, and -āzma.

Observations:

1. Judging from the word family nopon (hole, pit), nopalbar (cave), and nopāzma (hell), -āzma may exceed -albar in augmentation.
2. A third aquatic noun ending in -or has the o deleted and the r retained; this is called a vowel elison or syncope.

Examples of the Augmentative Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
-io		kēli	cat	kēlio	lion
-āzma		bantis	night	bantāzma	long night, midnight or the darkest part of the night
-āzma		brāedion	copper	brāedāzma	bronze
-āzma		jelmio	wind	jelmāzma	storm, violent wind
-āzma		nopon	pit, hole	nopāzma	hell
-āzma		nūmo	seed	nūmāzma	meaning, essence, the truth of it
-albar		egros	edge, blade, sword	egralbar	spear
-albar		geltion	roof	geltialbar	meeting place, gathering place, exhibition hall
-albar		geron	path, walk, walkway	geralbar	road, street, way, thoroughfare (ready and ample)
-albar		nopon	hole, pit	nopalbar	cave
3aq		jūlor	milk	jūlrāzma	cheese

From an Adjective

Abstract Nouns

Derive abstract nouns that have the English meaning of -ness from adjectives. Class I adjectives use the suffix -āves, Class II, -ves, and Class III, -ives.

Observations:

1. For roots of Class II adjectives ending in -n, replace -n with -m.

Examples of Adjective Abstraction
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
Class I		dobotēda	ignorant, untutored, clumsy	dobotēdāves	ignorance
Class I		gīda	equal, even, steady, stable	gīdaves	equality
Class I		nākostōba	weak	nākostōbāves	weakness
Class I		qrinuntenka	hostile, villainous, antagonistic	qrinuntenkāves	antagonism
Class II		biare	fortunate, lucky, happy	biarves	happiness, jubilation, luck, fortune
Class II		dāerior	free	dāerves	freedom, liberty
Class III		eglie	high, superior, good	eglives	Highness, height; grace, a title of respect for a ruler
Class III		gevie	beautiful	gevives	beauty
-n root		bāne	something that feels hot	bāmves	heat emanating or radiating off of or from something
-n root		kirine	happy	kirimves	joy

From a Verb

Action Nouns

The suffix -non derives action nouns from verbs. In general, c-fin verbs have -agon replaced with -non and v-fin verbs retain the final vowel to which -non is added.

Observations:

1. For verbs ending in -jagon, the stem ends before the j.
2. For verbs ending in -ēbagon, the stem ends with -en.
3. For stems ending in -ñ, -b, -d, or -l, replace this consonant with -n.
4. For stems ending in -s, replace this consonant with -z.

Examples of the Action Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
C-fin		ērinagon	to win	ērinnon	victory
C-fin		vaoresagon	to prefer, to favor, to like	vaoreznon	favor
V-fin		āgugon	to gulp	āgunon	gulp
V-fin		āmāzigon	to return	āmāzinon	return
V-fin		iotāptegon	to respect	iotāptenon	respect
V-fin		dakogon	to run	dakonon	running
root ending -ñ		arliñagon	to change, to become new, to metamorphize	arlinnon	change, metamorphosis
root ending -d		mundagon	to be miserable, sad	munnon	sorrow
root ending -l		qrīdrolagon	to mix up, confuse	qrīdronnon	confusion
-jagon		gierūljagon	to gather, assemble	gierūlnon	assembly, gathering, crowd
-ēbagon		iderēbagon	to choose, to decide	iderennon	choice, decision
Adjective		ūbrie	Ripe, mature, ready	ūbnon	wait, anticipation, waiting period, hiatus

Agent Nouns

To derive agent nouns associated with the one performing a verb, generally use the suffixes -kio for v-fin and -io for c-fin. V-fin verbs will retain the final vowel in the root.

Observations:

1. For v-fin verbs with the ending -ligon, the root ends in -l.

Examples of the Agent Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
V-fin		kȳvagon	to plan	kȳvakio	strategist
V-fin		laodigon	to steal	laodikio	their, robber, plunderer
V-fin		qrimpālegon	to betray, double-cross	qrimpālekio	traitor, turncoat, double-crosser
V-fin		sētegon	to smith, to forge	sētekio	smith, forger
C-fin		kaerīnagon	to save, to deliver	kaerīnio	savior
C-fin		kostagon	to be able to, can, may	kostio	hero, champion
C-fin		lioragon	to sell	liorio	seller, monger, purveyor
C-fin		mīsagon	to protect, defend	mīsio	protector
C-fin		sytiotāpagon	to advise, counsel	sytiotāpio	advisor
-ligon		judligon	to respond to, answer	judlio	archon

Implement Nouns

The suffix -vos derives implement nouns from verbs. Only c-fin verbs attested to; to them, replace -agon with -vos.

Examples of the Implement Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
C-fin		hepagon	to climb, to ascend	hepvos	ladder, stairs, staircase
C-fin		mīsagon	to protect, to defend	mīsvos	armor
C-fin		ohīlagon	to stab	ohīlvos	dagger, knife
C-fin		qrimbrōzagon	to curse	qrimbrōzvos	curse
C-fin		zgiēñemagon	to cure, to treat, to heal of things	zgiēñemvos	cure, medicine, treatment

Event Nouns

The suffix -nes derives event nouns from verbs. In general, c-fin verbs have -agon replaced with -nes and v-fin verbs retain the final vowel to which -nes is added.

Observations:

1. For verbs ending in -ēbagon, the stem ends with -en.

Examples of the Event Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
V-fin		dakogon	to run	dakones	race
C-fin		iderēbagon	to choose, to decide	iderennes	trial
C-fin		rhovagon	to make a loud noise	rhovnes	auction

Evidence Nouns

The suffix -arys derives nouns that indicate the evidence of a verb. In general, c-fin verbs have -agon replaced with -arys. V-fin verbs retain the final vowel and drop the a in -arys such that -rys is added.

Examples of the Evidence Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
V-fin		ēdrugon	to sleep	ēdrurys	dream
V-fin		massigon	to happen	massirys	the present
V-fin		sētegon	to make, to form, to shape	sēterys	form, shape
C-fin		heghagon	to slaughter	hegharys	carcass of an animal
C-fin		jaelagon	to want, to wish, to hope	jaelarys	hope
C-fin		rūnagon	to remember	rūnarys	nostalgia, reverie, trauma

From a Noun or Verb

Diminutive Nouns

Diminutive nouns shrink the concept conveyed through a word into a smaller version. There exist three diminutive suffixes: -ītsos, -iapos, and -anna.

Observations:

1. -ītsos only derives nouns from nouns; -iapos and -anna may derive nouns from nouns and verbs.
2. -ītsos seems to indicate the smaller version of a noun.
3. -iapos seems to derive articles of clothing and consumable items associated with a verb.

Examples of the Diminuative Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
-ītsos		kēli	cat	kelītsos	little cat, kitty
-ītsos		naejon	front, torso	naejītsos	forehead
-ītsos		perzys	fire, flame	perzītsos	little flame
-ītsos		riña	girl, child	riñītsos	little child, little girl
-ītsos		qēlos	star	qēlītsos	candle
-ītsos		zokla	wolf	zoklītsos	little wolf
-iapos		gēlion	silver	gēliapos	silver coin
-iapos		grevion	waist, circumfrence	greviapos	belt
-iapos		laodigon	to steal, abduct	laodiapos	mask
-iapos		parklon	meat	parkliapos	burger
-iapos		rūnagon	to remember	rūniapos	letter, note
-anna		bartos	head	bartanna	skull
-anna		ziksos	neck, scalp	ziksanna	hat, cap
-anna		soljagon	to sail	soljanna	rudder

Side-Product Nouns

Side-Product nouns indicate an indirect concept associated with a word. Most end in the suffix -illa; however, -īlla and -ella may occur in special cases.

Observations:

1. For verbs ending with uragon, use the suffix -īlla.
2. For stems ending in -ē, remove the macron and add an l to the root.
3. For verbs ending in -egon, retain the e and add a t after or use the suffix -ella.
4. A third aquatic noun ending in -or has the o deleted and the r retained.

Examples of the Side-Product Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
Noun		āro	barley	ārilla	beer
Noun		avero	grape	averilla	wine
Noun		grozion	trench, ditch, furrow	grozilla	boundary, border, bound, limit
Noun		kostion	power, might, ability	kostilla	value, worth, cost, importance
Noun		pungos	nose	pungilla	nostril
C-fin		mazumbagon	to settle down	mazumbilla	Nest, roost, in general, the area around the place one has settled in
C-fin		tepagon	to give	tepilla	mercy
C-fin		verdagon	to arrange, make a decision	verdilla	framework
3aq		sȳndor	shadow	sȳndrilla	color
-uragon		qlādīlluragon	to put stripes on	qlādīlla	stripe, strip, ray, bar
-egon		rakegon	to take part in	rakella	experience (a specific experience)
-egon		pālegon	to turn, twist, rotate	pāletilla	crown
-ē root		ēs	bee	elilla	honey

From a Verb, Adjective, or Noun

Profession Nouns

Profession nouns may be derived from other nouns, verbs, or adjective and may end with the suffixes -tys, -rys, or -dys.

Observations:

1. For v-fin verbs, the suffix -tys changes to -rys.
2. For verbs ending in -emagon, this suffix is dropped from the root.
3. For verbs ending in -jagon, retain the a as the last letter in the root.
4. If the root ends in -gh, change the final consonant in the root to -d and lengthen the preceding vowel.
5. If the root ends in -d drop this consonant.
6. If the root ends in -mb, change -m to -n and drop the b
7. If the root ends in -b, change it to -p.

Examples of the Profession Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
Adjective		qana	sharp	qantys	crab
C-fin		sēnagon	to kill	sēntys	killer, slayer
C-fin		tepagon	to give	teptys	teacher, instructor, mentor
V-fin		arghugon	to hunt	arghurys	hunter
V-fin		jurnegon	to look at, regard, examine	jurnerys	watch, sentry
-gh root		heghagon	to slaughter, to prepare food	hēdys	butcher
-d root		azandy	short sword, sword	azantys	knight, soldier, warrior
-mb root		qrinumbagon	to occupy, to antagonize	qrinuntys	occupier, enemy, villain, foe
-b root		quba	low, poor, inferior, bad	quptys	heathen, pagan, infidel
-emagon		vokemagon	to purify	voktys	priest, priestess
-jagon		pryjagon	to destroy, break, strike off	pryjatys	destroyer, breaker

Place Names

Derive nouns representing the place a verb occurs in general using the suffixes -ion for c-fin verbs and -lion for v-fin verbs where the final vowel is retained in the new noun. Derive them from nouns or adjectives in general using the suffix -urlion.

Observations:

1. A root ending of -b uses the suffix -lion.
2. A root ending of -āb uses the suffix -ion.

Examples of the Place Suffix
		Word	Meaning	Derived Noun	Derived Noun Meaning
Adjective		gevie	beautiful	gevurlion	park
Noun		ārilla	beer	ārillurlion	tavern
Noun		laes	eye	laehurlion	face
Noun		zentys	guest	zenturlion	inn, hotel
Noun		zgiēñemvos	cure, medicine, treatment	zgiēñemvurlion	apothecary, pharmacy
V-fin		īligon	to cross, to crossover	īlilion	crossing, crossroads
V-fin		sētegon	to smith, to forge	sētelion	forge, smithy, works
V-fin		sindigon	to buy	sindilion	market, marketplace
C-fin		jiōragon	to welcome, accept, recieve	jiōrion	reception hall, receiving room, audience chamber
-b root		rijībagon	to praise, worship, obey	rijīblion	temple, church
-āb root		rāenābagon	to clean, wash off	rāenābion	bathroom

Verb Derivation

From a Verb

Temporary Verbs

A temporary verb represents an action with an expected short duration. Derive temporary verbs from verbs with the prefix mī- for words beginning in consonants and mīv- for vowels.

Examples of Temporary Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
mīv-		indigon	to push, to intend	amīvindigon	to taunt, to torture, to torment, to frustrate, to infuriate of things/inanimates
mīv-		ojughagon	to lose, misplace	mīvojughagon	to forget, misplace
mī-		jāelagon	to store, to house	mījāelagon	to pawn, to accept as pledge, to accept as pawned

Causative Verbs

Causative verbs relate to the causes and effects of an action. Derive causative verbs from verbs with the suffix -kagon; use the suffix -ikagon for verbs or nouns.

Observations:

1. -kagon appears to convey what causes the verb; -ikagon appears to convey what the verb causes.
2. -kagon if used with a v-fin verb, appears to delete the final vowel in the root.
3. For -kagon, if the root ends in -z, replace it with -s and remove the macron on the prior vowel.
4. For -ikagon, if the root ends in -t with o as the root vowel, replace o with u.
5. For v-fin verbs of the class -agon, they may follow the pattern seen in ropakagon of retaining the final vowel with -kagon or changing the i in -ikagon to a.

Examples of Causative Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
-kagon		hōzigon	to swell, to swell up	hōskagon	to cause to swell; to inspire pride in, to make proud
-kagon		ropagon	to fall	ropakagon	to cause to fall, to push over, to knock down
-ikagon		hōzigon	to swell, to swell up	hōzikagon	to boil
-ikagon		kisagon	to eat	kisikagon	to feed
-ikagon		kostagon	to be able to, can, may	kustikagon	to strengthen, enable, encourage
-ikagon		ōdres	pain, damage	ōdrikagon	to harm

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs have a meaning parallel to the original verb. Auxiliary suffixes have a changing vowel that appears to match with the vowels contained in the root; the suffixes include -ābagon, -ēbagon, -ībagon, and -ūbagon. Observations:

1. Word formation intrinsically would have a high expected error rate given the flexibility of these suffixes.
2. A root with ae seems to take -ābagon.
3. A root with ie seems to take -ēbagon.

Examples of Auxiliary Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
-ābagon		pāsagon	to trust, believe	pāsābagon	to be a follower of
-ābagon		rāenagon	to wipe, brush	rāenābagon	to clean, wash
-ēbagon		aeragon	to move, to go	aerēbagon	to travel, to move over a great distance
-ēbagon		deragon	to pluck	derēbagon	to gather, collect
-ēbagon		giēñagon	to heal, to become healthy	giēñēbagon	to recuperate
-ēbagon		jemagon	to lead, guide	jemēbagon	to reign, to govern
-ībagon		hīlagon	to punch, to hit, to strike	hīlībagon	to pummel, to beat
-ībagon		pikagon	to follow, walk after	pikībagon	to read
-ībagon		rijagon	to praise, laud	rijībagon	to worship, praise, obey
-ūbagon		dekuragon	to step	dekurūbagon	to walk, to go on foot

From a Noun

Functional Verbs

Functional verbs convey the concept of making use of a noun with the suffix -uragon.

Observations:

1. There appears to be no irregularities in the use of -uragon.

Examples of Functional Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
Noun		belmon	chain	belmuragon	to put chains on, to chain up, to enslave
Noun		deks	foot	dekuragon	to step
Noun		īlinon	crossing, cross	īlinuragon	to crucify
Noun		jeson	dust, powder	jesuragon	to powder, dust, to sprinkle or pour powder or dust
Noun		ondos	hand	onduragon	to grasp, to take up, to grab, to seize, to obtain
Noun		qlādilla	stripe, ray, bar	qlādilluragon	to stripe, to put stripes on
Noun		rytsas	hello	rytsuragon	to call, to greet

Transformative Verbs

Transformative verbs convey the sense of transforming the locative object into the original verb. Derive these adding -ākogon to a noun's stem.

Examples of Transformative Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
Noun		āeksio	master, lord	āeksākogon	to champion, to taut, to talk up
Noun		naena	many, multitude, horde	naenākogon	to multiply, to increase
Noun		zokla	wolf	zoklākogon	to entice, to entreat

From an Adjective

Inchoative Verbs

Inchoative verbs convey the sense of entering into a state; derive them from adjectives with the suffixes -ūljagon for type I and II adjectives and -iljagon for type III adjectives.

Examples of Inchoative Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
Adjective		gierior	whole, complete, together	gierūljagon	to gather, assemble, congregate, get together
Adjective		iosre	cold	iosrūljagon	to cool, to become cold, to cool off
Adjective		morghe	dead	morghūljagon	to die
Adjective		rāpa	soft	rāpūljagon	to soften
-iljagon		ūbrie	ripe, mature, ready	ūbriljagon	to ripen, mature, grow

From an Adjective or a Verb

Factitive Verbs

Factitive verbs convey providing the accusative object some property and have the suffix -emagon that literally means to have. Note that all verbs formed will retain the irregularity of emagon.

Observations:

1. Suffix does not appear to distinguish between c-fin and v-fin verbs.
2. When used with a verb, the new word seems to convey making the accusative object take an action.
3. When used with an adjective, the new word appears to convey the giving of the adjective to the accusative object.
4. For adjectives ending in -enka, drop the whole suffix and add -emagon.
5. If the adjective root ends with -k, remove the macron from the preceding vowel (if it has one).

Examples of Factitive Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
C-fin		botagon	to endure, to work, to suffer	botemagon	to make work, train, tutor, instruct
V-fin		sōvegon	to fly	sōvemagon	to make fly
Adjective		dāerior	free	dāeremagon	to free, to liberate
Adjective		dija	hot, warm	dijemagon	to warm, to warm up, to make warm
Adjective		gīda	equal, even, steady	gīdemagon	to steady, stabilize; to even up, equalize
Adjective		lyka	quiet, silent, calm	lykemagon	to silence, to calm
Adjective		qana	sharp	qanemagon	to sharpen
Adjective		quba	low, poor, bad, inferior	qubemagon	to lower
Adjective		rāpa	soft	rāpemagon	to soften
Adjective		ūbrie	ripe, mature, ready	ūbremagon	to raise, to rear, to tend, to grow
Adjective		vaogenka	dirty, muddy	vaogemagon	to defile
Adjective		vōka	pure	vokemagon	to purify

From a Noun or Verb

Repetitive Verbs

A repetitive verb captures the sense of repeating an action a finite number of times. Derive repetitive verbs from verbs with the prefix ā- or from verbs and nouns with the suffix -ligon.

Observations:

1. ā- appears to act like the English prefix re-.
2. From sikagon with attested examples of both ā- and -ligon, ā- seems to have a more precise meaning than -ligon.
3. For -ligon, replace roots ending in -k with -g.
4. ar- for v-fin verbs has been seen as a rule yet no examples could be located.

Examples of Repetitive Verbs
		Word	Meaning	Derived Verb	Derived Verb Meaning
ā-		māzigon	to come, to arrive	āmāzigon	to return, to come back, to go back
ā-		mazverdagon	to create	āmazverdagon	To recreate, to remake
ā-		sikagon	to give birth to, to ignite	āsikagon	To give rebirth to
-ligon		sikagon	to give birth to, to ignite	sigligon	to give birth to anew; to reinstantiate, to reinitiate, to restart, to reboot; to reignite
-ligon		udir	word	udligon	to respond, to answer, to reply
-ligon		verdagon	to arrange, to make (a decision)	verdligon	to remake, the recreate

Adjective Derivation

From Nouns

Property Adjectives

Property adjectives, with the suffix -enka, capture some property of the original noun.

Observations:

1. A noun of material seems to form adjectives describing an item's material.
2. An animate noun seems to derives an adjective capturing a core property of it.
3. With a good number of attested words, there appear to be no irregularities in spelling.

Examples of Property Adjectives
		Word	Meaning	Derived Adjective	Derived Adjective Meaning
Material		āegion	iron	āegenka	made of iron
Material		jenys	glass	jenenka	made of glass, glass, glassy
Material		kȳdrar	silk	kȳdrenka	made of silk
Material		kyrstor	cloth, fabric, textile	kyrstenka	made of cloth
Material		rongon	leather	rongenka	made of leather
Animate Noun		ābra	woman	ābrenka	female
Animate Noun		dȳñes	animal, beast	dȳñenka	animal, bestial
Animate Noun		nēdys	brave person	nēdenka	brave
Animate Noun		qrinuntys	enemy, occupier, villain, foe	qrinuntenka	hostile, villainous, antagonistic
Animate Noun		quptys	heathen, pagan, infidel	quptenka	vulgar, common, popular, uncivilized, pagan
Animate Noun		vala	man	valenka	male
Animate Noun		hobres	male goat	hobrenka	idiotic
Noun		ēngos	tongue	ēngenka	tasty, flavorful
Noun		gēlion	silver	gēlenka	silver-colored, silver like
Noun		glaeson	life	glaesenka	lifelike
Noun		harris	while, duration	harrenka	appropriate, suitable
Noun		hūra	moon	hūrenka	lunar
Noun		vaogar	mud, filth	vaogenka	dirty, muddy
Noun		vēzos	sun	vēzenka	solar

Origin Adjectives

Origin adjectives, derived with the suffix -ōñe, capture the concept of an item being from something.

Observations:

1. Replace roots ending in -z with -j.

Examples of Origin Adjectives
		Word	Meaning	Derived Adjective	Derived Adjective Meaning
Noun		embar	sea, ocean	embōñe	aquatic, oceanic
Noun		jelmor	north	jelmōñe	northern
Noun		pelar	wave	pelōñe	from the waves
Noun		qelbar	river	qelbōñe	from the river
Noun		tegon	ground, earth	tegōñe	terrestrial
Noun		vēzor	south	vējōñe	southern

Lacking Adjectives

Lacking adjectives, with the suffixes -oqitta and -qitta denote the lacking of the origin noun.

Observations:

1. -oqitta occurs after -gh and -l and likely will occur in other phonological terrain.

Examples of Lacking Adjectives
		Word	Meaning	Derived Adjective	Derived Adjective Meaning
Noun		laehurlion	face	laehurloqitta	faceless
Noun		mōris	end	mōrqitta	endless, ceaseless
Noun		ñōghe	arm	ñōghoqitta	armless

Locative Adjectives

Locative adjectives, derived with the suffix -īha, capture the concept of the location a noun is associated with. Simply replace the noun's ending with this suffix.

Observations:

1. Tyrosīha appears to be an exception to the pattern of replacing the stem ending.
2. Locative Adjectives may be type I substantivized to form a noun for one from a place akin to tolmīhy (one from afar) and valyrīhy (one from Valyria).

Examples of Locative Adjectives
		Word	Meaning	Derived Adjective	Derived Adjective Meaning
Noun		endia	the west	endīha	from the west
Noun		tolmio	far side, far wall	*tolmīha	?
Noun		Tyros	Tyrosh	Tyrosīha	Tyroshi
Noun		Valyria	Valyria	Valyrīha	Valyrian
Noun		Volantis	Volantis	Volantīha	Volantene

From Adjectives

Augmentative Adjectives

Augmentative adjectives, formed from adjectives, intensify the concept conveyed through an adjective with the suffix -ēgrie.

Observations:

1. Replace roots ending in -b with -p.

Examples of Augmentative Adjectives
		Word	Meaning	Derived Adjective	Derived Adjective Meaning
Adjective		quba	low, poor, bad, inferior	qupēgrie	terrible
Adjective		rōva	large, big	rōvēgrie	huge, enormous, excellent, awesome

Prefixes

Negatives

Negative adjectives, formed from adjectives, intensify the concept conveyed through an adjective with the prefix do(r)-. May be similar to the English prefix un-.

Observations:

1. With too few examples to make generalizations; the prefix may take the form dor- before 'o' or perhaps all vowels.

Examples of Negatives
		Word	Meaning	Derived Word	Derived Word Meaning
Adjective		*botēda	?	dobotēda	ignorant, untutored, clumsy
Adjective		olvie	many, much	dorolvie	not many, not much, not a lot, few
Adjective		*kimare	?	dokimare	serious, studious, focused, disciplined, steady, strong, driven
Verb		haeragon	to move (of things)	dohaeragon	to serve
Verb		zalty	one who was burned	dorzalty	unburnt
Verb		vaogēdy	one who was defiled	dovaogēdy	Unsullied

Negations

The prefix nā- negates or reverses the action.

Examples of Negation
		Word	Meaning	Derived Word	Derived Word Meaning
Adjective		kostōba	powerful, strong, mighty	nākostōba	weak
Adjective		morghūlilare	mortal	nāmorghūlilare	immortal
Noun		gīdāves	equality	nāgīdāves	inequality
Noun		pāstys	citizen, disciple	nāpāstys	unbeliever
Noun		rijnon	praise	nārijon	shame
Verb		bēmagon	to latch, to seal, to fasten, to make fast	nābēmagon	to unfasten, to unleash; to fire a siege engine
Verb		dīnagon	to put, to place, to chase, to put to flight, to marry, to wed	nādīnagon	to remove
Verb		geltigon	to cover, to cover up	nāgeltigon	to uncover, to reveal, to expose
Verb		jikagon	to send, to send off, to put	nājikagon	to remove, to move
Verb		qopsemagon	to make difficult, to harden	nāqopsemagon	to make easy, to simplify

Intensification

The prefix os- or oz- intensifies the action.

Examples of Intensification
		Word	Meaning	Derived Word	Derived Word Meaning
Os-		kisagon	to eat	oskisagon	to eat
Os-		*pȳnagon	to press	ospȳnagon	to squeeze
Os-		sēnagon	to kill, to murder	ossēnagon	to kill, to slay
Os-		*sȳngagon	?	ossȳngagon	to terrify, to terrorize
Oz-		baragon	to mark, to smudge, to demarcate, to indicate, to refer to	ozbaragon	to brand
Oz-		dakonon	running	ozdakonon	running away
Oz-		epagon	to ask	ozepagon	to demand
Oz-		gūrogon	to pick up, to get, to take, to earn, to merit, to deserve	ozgūrogon	to capture
Oz-		mijegon	to lack, to be missing, to be apart from	ozmijegon	to miss
Oz-		urnēbagon	to watch	ozurnēbagon	to watch over, to look after
Oz-		zālagon	to burn	ozzālagon	to burn away