Appendix:Ravkan pronunciation
Ravkan has 38 consonants, 8 vowels and 2 glides.
Standard Romanization
Letter | IPA | English example | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
a | a ~ ə | father, sofa | Pronounced [ə] in post-tonic syllables, [a] elsewhere. |
ai | aj | lie | |
b | b | bath | |
by | bʲ ~ bj | beauty | |
ch | tʃ | watch | |
d | d | dog | |
dy | dʲ ~ dj | add you | |
dz | dz | adze | |
dzy | dzʲ ~ dzj | adds you | |
e | ɛ | bet | |
ei | ɛj | bait | |
f | f | food | |
fy | fʲ ~ fj | few | |
g | ɡ | good | |
gy | ɡʲ ~ ɡj | gules | |
i | i, ɨ | machine, chicken | Pronounced [ɨ] in post-tonic syllables, [i] elsewhere. |
j | dʒ | jog | |
k | k | skill | |
ky | kʲ ~ kj | skew | |
l | l | left | |
ly | ʎ | million | |
m | m | man | |
my | mʲ ~ mj | mule | |
n | n | no | Assimilates to a following velar consonant. |
ny | ɲ | onion | |
o | ɔ | lot | |
oi | ɔj | point | |
p | p | span | |
py | pʲ ~ pj | spew | |
r | ɾ | battle | |
ry | ɾʲ ~ ɾj | medium | |
s | s | see | |
sh | ʃ | sheep | |
sy | sʲ ~ sj | pass you | |
t | t | stop | |
ts | ts | pits | |
tsy | tsʲ ~ tsj | pits you | |
ty | tʲ ~ tj | list you | |
u | u | rude | |
v | v | voice | |
vy | vʲ ~ vj | view | |
w | w | wet | |
y | j | young | |
z | z | zone | |
zh | ʒ | casual | |
zy | zʲ ~ zj | buzz you |
Phonetics
Consonants
Ravkan has 38 phonemic consonants and 2 phonemic glides:
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | palatalized | plain | palatalized | plain | palatalized | |||
Nasal | m | my [mʲ] | n | ny [ɲ] | (n [ŋ]) | |||
Stop | voiceless | p | py [pʲ] | t | ty [tʲ] | k | ky [kʲ] | |
voiced | b | by [bʲ] | d | dy [dʲ] | g | gy [ɡʲ] | ||
Affricate | voiceless | ts | tsy [tsʲ] | ch [tʃ] | ||||
voiced | dz | dzy [dzʲ] | j [dʒ] | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | fy [fʲ] | s | sy [sʲ] | sh [ʃ] | ||
voiced | v | vy [vʲ] | z | zy [zʲ] | zh [ʒ] | |||
Glide | w | y [j] | ||||||
Lateral | l | ly [ʎ] | ||||||
Tap | r [ɾ] | ry [ɾʲ] |
Vowels
Ravkan has five phonemic monophthongs:
Front | Mid | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i [i] | (i [ɨ]) | u |
Mid | e [ɛ] | (a [ə]) | o [ɔ] |
Open | a |
Diphthongs
Ravkan has three diphthongs: ai [aj], ei [ɛj], and oi [ɔj].
Stress
Most Ravkan words are stressed on their penultimate syllable, although some are irregularly stressed. Furthermore, some suffixes move stress to the final or antepenultimate syllable.