User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/3-2

Lesson 2| Participles and Infinitives

All active voice participles are class II adjectives; all passive voice participles are class I adjectives.

	Indicative							Subjunctive							Imperative			Participle		Infinitive
	Singular			Plural				Singular			Plural				Singular	Plural
	1s	2s	3s	1pl	2pl	3pl		1s	2s	3s	1pl	2pl	3pl		2s	2pl
Active
	prs.	√-an	√-ā	√-as	√-i	√-āt		√-is	√-on	√-ō	√-os	√-oty	√-ōt		√-osy	√-ās		√-ātās		√-are (adj. II)	√-agon
	aor.	√-in	√-ia	√-is	√-iti	√-iat		√-isi	√-un	√-ua	√-us	√-uty	√-uat		√-usy	√-iās		√-iātās		√-ire (adj. II)	√-igon
	fut.	√-inna	√-ilā	√-ilza	√-ili	√-ilāt	√-ilzi	√-ilun	√-ilū	√-ilus	√-iluty	√-ilūt	√-ilusy	√-ilās	√-ilātās	√-ilare (adj. II)	—
	npfv.	√-ilen	√-ilē	√-iles	√-ilin	√-ilēt	√-ilis	√-ilon	√-ilō	√-ilos	√-iloty	√-ilōt	√-ilosy	—		—
	pfv.	√P-an	√P-ā	√P-as	√P-i	√P-āt	√P-is	√P-on	√P-ō	√P-os	√P-oty	√P-ōt	√P-osy	—	see below	√P-agon
	plup.	√P-en	√P-ē	√P-es	√P-in	√P-ēt									—	—
	phab.	√P-in	√P-ia	√P-is	√P-iti	√P-iat	√P-isi	√P-un	√P-ua	√P-us	√P-uty	√P-uat	√P-usy		√P-re (adj. II)
Passive	prs.	√-aks	√-āks	√-aks	√-aksi	√-āks	√-aksi		√-oks	√-ōks	√-oks	√-oksy	√-ōks	√-oksy		√-āks			—		√-akson
	aor.	√-iks	√-iaks	√-iks	√-iksi	√-iaks	√-iksi		√-uks	√-uaks	√-uks	√-uksy	√-uaks	√-uksy		√-iāks			√-iarza (adj. I)		√-iakson
	fut.	√-ilaks	√-ilāks	√-ilaks	√-iliks	√-ilāks	√-iliks	√-iluks	√-ilūks	√-iluks	√-iluksy	√-ilūks	√-iluksy	√-ilāks		√-ilaksa (adj. I)	—
	npfv.	√-ileks	√-ilēks	√-ileks		√-ilēks		√-iloks	√-ilōks	√-iloks	√-iloksy	√-ilōks	√-iloksy	—		—
	pfv.	√P-aks	√P-āks	√P-aks	√P-aksi	√P-āks	√P-aksi	√P-oks	√P-ōks	√P-oks	√P-oksy	√P-ōks	√P-oksy	—	√P-a (Adj. I)	√P-akson
	plup.	√P-eks	√P-ēks	√P-eks	√P-iks	√P-ēks	√P-iks								—	—
	phab.	√P-iks	√P-iaks	√P-iks	√P-iksi	√P-iaks	√P-iksi	√P-uks	√P-uaks	√P-uks	√P-uksy	√P-uaks	√P-uksy		√P-iarza (adj. I)

Participles

Participles derive from verbs and function like adjectives. As High Valyrian is a generally verb-final language, participles are most commonly encountered as postpositive adjectives; that is, the general 'verb last' concept is preserved. In English, there exist two forms: the present participle that ends in '-ing,' and the past participle that ends in '-ed.' High Valyrian has eight participle forms for the active present, aorist, future, and past habitual; and for the passive aorist, future, perfect, and past habitual.

We begin with the forms common to English.

The Present Participle

Present participles convey that a verb is ongoing. The present participle has a number of translations as evident in the example Dārie buzdarī dāeremare iotāptī which may be translated:

• We respect the queen freeing the slaves.
• We respect the queen who is freeing the slaves.
• We respect the queen while she is freeing the slaves.

Consonant final verbs form the active present participle thusly; √-are, where √ is the verbal stem.

Vowel final verbs form the active present participle thusly; √-M-re, where √ is the verbal stem and M is the theme vowel.

High Valyrian	English
Daenerys, buzdarī dāeremare, dārȳsa brōstaks	Daenerys, freeing the slaves, was named queen Daenerys, who is freeing the slaves, was named queen Daenerys, while she is freeing the slaves, was named queen
Āeksia pōja glaesa izūgariar hen oktiot dakotis	The masters, fearing for their lives, ran from the city

These two examples show the participle conveying an action or attribute of the subject. These are in the nominative case. In the first, dāeremare agrees with Daenerys, and buzdarī is in the accusative. In the second, the same concept applies with izūgariar and āeksia.

High Valyrian	English
sesīr zȳhon urnēbion keliton issa	and now his watch is ended

Here, the participle keliton functions as an adjectival predicative expression with the copula issa. The participle is declined nominative, singular, and terrestrial to agree with zȳhon urnēbion. To clarify what a predicative expression is (we've seen them before): in the example taoba sȳz issa, the good boy, sȳz is the predicative expression; likewise, in the sentence zokla gevie issa, the wolf is beautiful, gevie is the predicative expression.

High Valyrian	English
Daenerys va āeksȳti dakoroti drakari jentetas	Daenerys commanded dragon-fire at the running masters
Drogon āeksȳti dakoroti toliot sōvetas se valī ilziri zāltas	Drogon flew above the running masters and burned the scattering men

Notice how in the examples, the participle agrees with the noun in gender, case, and number. Regarding commas, they generally follow the rules of English and do not follow special rules as High Valyrian is intended to be written in distinct orthography. All use of the Latin alphabet is simply a Romanization of the language!

The Past Participle

In High Valyrian, the passive past participle indicates a verbal action that occurred before the main verb. This participle is easy to form; simply add -a to a perfect verbal stem, or as an expression: √_P-a.

The past participle also has a number of translations as evident in the example Dārie āeksȳti ondossi sēnte iotāptī which may be translated:

• We respect the queen (having been) killed at the hands of the masters.
• We respect the queen who has been killed at the hands of the masters.
• We respect the queen after she has been killed at the hands of the masters.

High Valyrian	English
Dohaeriros istin, sindita liortā, qilonta ozbartā	I was a slave once, bought and sold, scourged and branded

This example features istin in the past habitual followed with a sequence of four past participles. All are class I adjectives are declined singular, in the nominative case, and in the lunar gender. A lunar declination occurs frequently in default when there is no subject expressed as in this case. Note how the coordination translates as the list is broken into two pieces.

Recall that participles function as adjectives and thusly agree with a noun in gender, case, and number like any ordinary adjective.

The Aorist Participles

The aorist participle would occur in phrases like "the working man," having a timeless sense. This contrasts to the present participle that would translate more to "the man who is working" as in the man is currently performing work.

The aorist participle has an ending beginning with i, remember that ñ becomes n and lj becomes l. Form this participle thusly:

• Consonant final verbs: √-ire
• Vowel final verbs: √-M-je

The passive aorist participle is formed like this:

• Consonant final verbs: √-iarza
• Vowel final verbs: √-M-ssiarza

The Future Participles

The future participle roughly translates to "going to want" or "about to want," using the verb "to want" as an example.

The future participle has an ending beginning with i, remember that ñ becomes n and lj becomes l. Form this participle thusly:

• Consonant final verbs: √-ilare
• Vowel final verbs: √-M-lare

  Where M is ē for -agon and -ogon and -ī for -igon, -egon, -ugon.

The passive future participle is formed like below. Again, watch the palatals ñ and lj.

• Consonant final verbs: √-ilaksa
• Vowel final verbs: √-M-laksa

  Where M is ē for -agon and -ogon and -ī for -igon, -egon, -ugon.

High Valyrian	English
urnīlaksys raqiros eman	I have a friend to see

This example uses the future passive participle and also has the reading "I have a friend who will be seen."

The Past Habitual Participles

The past habitual participle roughly translates to "used to X-ing" or "kept X-ing" or "used to be X-ing" in the passive.

Form the past habitual participle for both consonant final and vowel final verbs thusly:

• √_P-re

Form the passive past habitual participle for both consonant final and vowel final verbs thusly:

• Consonant final verbs: √_P-iarza

Infinitives

High Valyrian has different tense infinitives for use in infinitive constructions.