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=Lesson 5| The Passive=
=Lesson 5| The Passive=
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! colspan="2" | <b>Lesson Vocabulary</b>
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! bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | <font face="Arial" size="4">High Valyrian</font>
! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | <font face="Arial" size="4">English</font>
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''tubī (adv.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''today'''
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==Active verses Passive Verbs==
==Active verses Passive Verbs==
A verb's voice shows the relationship between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. High Valyrian has two voices: active and passive. In the active voice, the subject of the clause performs the verb on something else (the object), e.g., "The girl sees the boy." In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb, e.g., "The boy is seen by the girl."
A verb's voice shows the relationship between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. High Valyrian has two voices: active and passive. In the active voice, the subject of the clause performs the verb on something else (the object), e.g., "The girl sees the boy." In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb, e.g., "The boy is seen by the girl."

Revision as of 16:57, 29 October 2021

Lesson 5| The Passive

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
tubī (adv.) today

Active verses Passive Verbs

A verb's voice shows the relationship between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. High Valyrian has two voices: active and passive. In the active voice, the subject of the clause performs the verb on something else (the object), e.g., "The girl sees the boy." In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb, e.g., "The boy is seen by the girl."

In the perfect, pluperfect and past habitual, the passive voice is formed using a perfect stem discussed in section 2-4.

As stated before, when the passive voice is used, the subject receives the action of the verb from another agent.

The Present Passive

Consonant Final Verbs

Below shows the passive present conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.

magh-aks I am being carried first person singular
magh-āks you are being carried second person singular
magh-aks he, she, it is being carried third person singular
magh-aksi we are being carried first person plural
magh-āks you (all) are being carried second person plural
magh-aksi they are being carried third person plural

Vowel Final Verbs

Here are the personal endings for vowel final verbs. Note they generally follow their theme vowel in the same pattern as the present passive.

-agon -egon -igon -ogon -ugon
1s -aks -eks -iks -oks -uks
2s -āks -ēks -īks -ōks -ūks
3s -aks -eks -iks -oks -uks
1p -aksi -eksi -iksi -oksi -uksi
2p -āks -ēks -īks -ōks -ūks
3p -aksi -eksi -iksi -oksi -uksi

Examples:

  • Active: Riña taobe urnes. (The girl sees the boy.)
  • Passive: Taoba riño ondoso urneks. (The boy is seen by the girl.)
Riño takes ondoso and the genative, as it is a personal agent.
  • Active: zūger vale ondurza. (Fear seizes the man.)
  • Passive: Vala zūgero ondoso onduraks. (The man is seized by fear.)
  • Active: Qrinuntyssy oktion idakotis. (The enemies were attacking the city.)
  • Passive: Oktion qrinuntoti ondoso idakoksi. (The city was being attacked by the enemies.)

Exercise 1

Conjugate the following verbs in the present passive indicative.

The Present Passive Subjunctive

The perfect subjunctive is parallel in concept to the present subjunctive in formation.

Consonant Final Verbs

Below shows the passive present conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.

magh-oks I am being carried first person singular
magh-ōks you are being carried second person singular
magh-oks he, she, it is being carried third person singular
magh-oksy we are being carried first person plural
magh-ōks you (all) are being carried second person plural
magh-oksy they are being carried third person plural

Vowel Final Stems

The passive subjunctive is formed from a verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They generally stick to their theme vowel and have an identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, is the verb stem and M is the theme vowel change.

For -agon, M=a.

For -egon and -igon, M=i.

For -ogon and -ugon, M=v.

√-M-oks first person singular
√-M-ōks second person singular
√-M-oks third person singular
√-M-oksy first person plural
√-M-ōks second person plural
√-M-oksy third person plural

Exercise 2

Translate into High Valyrian.

The Passive Perfect and the Passive Perfect Subjunctive

The passive perfect is simply formed adding the present passive personal endings to the perfect stem; likewise, the passive perfect subjunctive is formed from adding the subjunctive passive personal endings to a perfect stem.