User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/2-4: Difference between revisions
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''lurugon (v-fin.)''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''lurugon (v-fin.)''' | ||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to fold''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to fold''' | ||
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''Mīrīn (6for.)''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''Meereen''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==The Perfect== | ==The Perfect== | ||
The perfect tense is used for action that has already been completed. English has two corresponding constructions: present perfect and simple past. The present perfect uses the present of "to have" plus the past participle. ("I have sailed to Braavos twice." "These women have spoken the truth.") The simple past is a separate verb form that indicates a completed action. ("I came, I saw, I conquered.") | The perfect tense is used for action that has already been completed. English has two corresponding constructions: present perfect and simple past. The present perfect uses the present of "to have" plus the past participle. ("I have sailed to Braavos twice." "These women have spoken the truth.") The simple past is a separate verb form that indicates a completed action. ("I came, I saw, I conquered.") | ||
Revision as of 11:59, 17 December 2021
Lesson 4|The Perfect
In the verb conjugation table for this lesson, √P represents the perfect verbal stem, that is, the verbal stem with transformations that are to be covered below. The major item to note here is that the perfect personal endings are identical to the present indicative tense endings, already covered.
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | Participle | Infinitive | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||||
| 1s | 2s | 3s | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | 1s | 2s | 3s | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | 2s | 2pl | ||||||||
| Active | |||||||||||||||||||||
| prs. | √-an | √-ā | √-as | √-i | √-āt | √-is | √-on | √-ō | √-os | √-oty | √-ōt | √-osy | √-ās | √-ātās | √-are (adj. II) | √-agon | |||||
| aor. | √-in | √-ia | √-is | √-iti | √-iat | √-isi | √-un | √-ua | √-us | √-uty | √-uat | √-usy | √-iās | √-iātās | √-ire (adj. II) | √-igon | |||||
| fut. | √-inna | √-ilā | √-ilza | √-ili | √-ilāt | √-ilzi | √-ilun | √-ilū | √-ilus | √-iluty | √-ilūt | √-ilusy | √-ilās | √-ilātās | √-ilare (adj. II) | — | |||||
| npfv. | √-ilen | √-ilē | √-iles | √-ilin | √-ilēt | √-ilis | √-ilon | √-ilō | √-ilos | √-iloty | √-ilōt | √-ilosy | — | — | |||||||
| pfv. | √P-an | √P-ā | √P-as | √P-i | √P-āt | √P-is | √P-on | √P-ō | √P-os | √P-oty | √P-ōt | √P-osy | — | see below | √P-agon | ||||||
| plup. | √P-en | √P-ē | √P-es | √P-in | √P-ēt | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| phab. | √P-in | √P-ia | √P-is | √P-iti | √P-iat | √P-isi | √P-un | √P-ua | √P-us | √P-uty | √P-uat | √P-usy | √P-re (adj. II) | ||||||||
| Passive | prs. | √-aks | √-āks | √-aks | √-aksi | √-āks | √-aksi | √-oks | √-ōks | √-oks | √-oksy | √-ōks | √-oksy | √-āks | — | √-akson | |||||
| aor. | √-iks | √-iaks | √-iks | √-iksi | √-iaks | √-iksi | √-uks | √-uaks | √-uks | √-uksy | √-uaks | √-uksy | √-iāks | √-iarza (adj. I) | √-iakson | ||||||
| fut. | √-ilaks | √-ilāks | √-ilaks | √-iliks | √-ilāks | √-iliks | √-iluks | √-ilūks | √-iluks | √-iluksy | √-ilūks | √-iluksy | √-ilāks | √-ilaksa (adj. I) | — | ||||||
| npfv. | √-ileks | √-ilēks | √-ileks | √-ilēks | √-iloks | √-ilōks | √-iloks | √-iloksy | √-ilōks | √-iloksy | — | — | |||||||||
| pfv. | √P-aks | √P-āks | √P-aks | √P-aksi | √P-āks | √P-aksi | √P-oks | √P-ōks | √P-oks | √P-oksy | √P-ōks | √P-oksy | — | √P-a (Adj. I) | √P-akson | ||||||
| plup. | √P-eks | √P-ēks | √P-eks | √P-iks | √P-ēks | √P-iks | — | — | |||||||||||||
| phab. | √P-iks | √P-iaks | √P-iks | √P-iksi | √P-iaks | √P-iksi | √P-uks | √P-uaks | √P-uks | √P-uksy | √P-uaks | √P-uksy | √P-iarza (adj. I) | ||||||||
Vocabulary
| Lesson Vocabulary | |
|---|---|
| High Valyrian | English |
| lurugon (v-fin.) | to fold |
| Mīrīn (6for.) | Meereen |
The Perfect
The perfect tense is used for action that has already been completed. English has two corresponding constructions: present perfect and simple past. The present perfect uses the present of "to have" plus the past participle. ("I have sailed to Braavos twice." "These women have spoken the truth.") The simple past is a separate verb form that indicates a completed action. ("I came, I saw, I conquered.")
In High Valyrian, the perfect indicative is equivalent to both of these.
Below is a conjugation of maghagon in the perfect. Note first that the personal endings mimic the present tense for consonant final verbs with the exception of the third person plural. Second, notice that the stem of maghagon changed from magh- to mād-. This will be covered next.
| mād-an | I carried | first person singular |
| mād-ā | you carried | second person singular |
| mād-as | he, she, it carried | third person singular |
| mād-i | we carried | first person plural |
| mād-āt | you (all) carried | second person plural |
| mād-is | they carried | third person plural |
The Perfect Subjunctive
The perfect subjunctive is formed with the same personal endings as the present subjunctive--simply add the same personal endings to a perfect stem.
| mād-on | I carried | first person singular |
| mād-ō | you carried | second person singular |
| mād-os | he, she, it carried | third person singular |
| mād-oty | we carried | first person plural |
| mād-ōt | you (all) carried | second person plural |
| mād-osy | they carried | third person plural |
Forming Perfect Stems
Consonant Final Verbs
Consonant final verb perfect stems follow a general pattern that has many deviations. Thankfully, the dictionary is organized such that you can check the perfect stem quickly on the main page! This table conveys general guidelines for forming a perfect stem from any regular consonant final verb. The consonants in the table represent the final consonant of the vowel stem.
Note that verbs ending in -jagon actually end in -ljagon. lj is one consonant. √ represents the verbal stem, √(consonant) means that the final consonant of the stem changes to that in parentheses, :√ indicates a vowel lengthening (adding a macron) earlier in the stem.
| Final Consonant | Liquid | Voiceless Stop | Nasal | Voiced Stop | Fricative | Palatal | Consonant Clusters | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| l | r | p | t | k | q | m | n | b | d | g | h | s | z | gh | v | j | ñ | lj | ||
| Simple | √-t | √-t | ||||||||||||||||||
| Replace Final Consonant | √(t)-t | √(n)-t | √(p)-t | √(t)-t | √(g)-d | √(s)-t | √(n)-t | √(l)-t | √(e)-t | |||||||||||
| Lengthen vowel | :√(d) | |||||||||||||||||||
Example
Ērinagon follows the pattern √(n)-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ērint-.
Leghagon follows the pattern :√(d); thusly, the perfect stem is lēd-. Remember, in High Valyrian, gh is treated as one consonant.
Morghūljagon follows the pattern √-t; thusly, the perfect stem is morghūlt-. Remember, in High Valyrian, lj is treated as one consonant.
Iderēbagon follows the pattern √(p)-t; thusly, the perfect stem is iderēpt-
Exercise 1
Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect.
| I gathered |
| derēptan |
| y'all ate |
| iprattāt |
| We antagonized |
| qrinumpti |
| they maintained |
| rāeltis |
Vowel Final Verbs
Vowel final verbs are much simpler, they take the form √-M-t, where M is the theme vowel of the verb. They take the same personal endings as consonant final verbs.
Example
Ōregon has a theme vowel of 'e' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ōret-.
Lurugon has a theme vowel of 'u' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is lurut-.
Kȳvagon has a theme vowel of 'a' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is kȳvat-.
Exercise 1
Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect.
| y'all wrote |
| bardutāt |
| I destroyed |
| pryjatan |
| We commanded |
| jenteti |
| they tried |
| sylutis |
Irregular Perfect Stems
There exist many verbs that have irregular perfect stems. These are generally not predictable.
| Explanation- The Red Priests helped bring peace to Meereen. | ||||||
| High Valyrian: | Meli | Voktyssy | Mīrīnī | lyks | mazverdagon | beldis |
| English: | [The] Red | Priests | [to, in] Meereen | peace | to bring | [they] helped |
Baelagon, 'to help,' is one such verb with an irregular perfect stem. In this sentence, Meli is a plural, nominative, and solar adjective to agree with the sentence's subject, Voktyssy, itself plural, nominative, and solar. Mīrīnī is in the locative case; note that the preposition va could optionally be added here to enhance clarity. Lyks is accusative for it is the object of the shared-subject verbal argument mazverdagon beldis, 'to help bring.'