User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/2-5: Difference between revisions
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''dārys (2sol.)''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''dārys (2sol.)''' | ||
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''kostilla (1lun<sup>(1)</sup>.)''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''king''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''king''' | ||
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''today''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''today''' | ||
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<sup>(1)</sup> Nouns ending in ''-lla'' decline like first lunar nouns and take aquatic agreement. | |||
==Active verses Passive Verbs== | ==Active verses Passive Verbs== | ||
A verb's voice shows the relationship between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. High Valyrian has two voices: active and passive. In the active voice, the subject of the clause performs the verb on something else (the object), e.g., "The girl sees the boy." In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb, e.g., "The boy is seen by the girl." | A verb's voice shows the relationship between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. High Valyrian has two voices: active and passive. In the active voice, the subject of the clause performs the verb on something else (the object), e.g., "The girl sees the boy." In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb, e.g., "The boy is seen by the girl." |
Revision as of 18:21, 30 October 2021
Lesson 5| The Passive
Lesson Vocabulary | |
---|---|
High Valyrian | English |
dārys (2sol.) | king |
kostilla (1lun(1).) | king |
tubī (adv.) | today |
(1) Nouns ending in -lla decline like first lunar nouns and take aquatic agreement.
Active verses Passive Verbs
A verb's voice shows the relationship between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. High Valyrian has two voices: active and passive. In the active voice, the subject of the clause performs the verb on something else (the object), e.g., "The girl sees the boy." In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb, e.g., "The boy is seen by the girl."
In the perfect, pluperfect and past habitual, the passive voice is formed using a perfect stem discussed in section 2-4.
As stated before, when the passive voice is used, the subject receives the action of the verb from another agent.
The Present Passive
Consonant Final Verbs
Below shows the passive present conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.
magh-aks | I am being carried | first person singular |
magh-āks | you are being carried | second person singular |
magh-aks | he, she, it is being carried | third person singular |
magh-aksi | we are being carried | first person plural |
magh-āks | you (all) are being carried | second person plural |
magh-aksi | they are being carried | third person plural |
Vowel Final Verbs
Here are the personal endings for vowel final verbs. Note they generally follow their theme vowel in the same pattern as the present passive.
-agon | -egon | -igon | -ogon | -ugon | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1s | -aks | -eks | -iks | -oks | -uks |
2s | -āks | -ēks | -īks | -ōks | -ūks |
3s | -aks | -eks | -iks | -oks | -uks |
1p | -aksi | -eksi | -iksi | -oksi | -uksi |
2p | -āks | -ēks | -īks | -ōks | -ūks |
3p | -aksi | -eksi | -iksi | -oksi | -uksi |
Examples:
Notice how the agent of the verb may be introduced using ondoso (literally meaning with the hand). Ondoso is also the only know postposition that inflects for number and is plural when the agent is plural.
Voice | High Valyrian | English |
Active | riña taobe urnes | the girl sees the boy |
Passive | taoba riño ondoso(1) urneks | the boy is seen by the girl |
- (1) Riño takes ondoso and the genative, as it is a personal agent.
Voice | High Valyrian | English |
Active | zūger vale ondurza | fear seizes the man |
Passive | vala zūgero ondoso onduraks | the man is seized by fear |
Voice | High Valyrian | English |
Active | qrinuntyssy oktion idakotis | the enemies attacked the city |
Passive | oktion qrinuntoti ondossi(1) idakoksi | the city was attacked at the hands of the enemies |
- (1) Ondossi is in the plural; ondoso is the only postposition known to do this.
Exercise 1
Conjugate the following verbs in the present passive indicative.
I am being hunted |
arghuks |
y'all are being named |
brōzāks |
We are being asked |
epaksi |
they are being pushed |
indiksi |
The Present Passive Subjunctive
The perfect subjunctive is parallel in concept to the present subjunctive in formation.
Consonant Final Verbs
Below shows the passive present conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.
magh-oks | I am being carried | first person singular |
magh-ōks | you are being carried | second person singular |
magh-oks | he, she, it is being carried | third person singular |
magh-oksy | we are being carried | first person plural |
magh-ōks | you (all) are being carried | second person plural |
magh-oksy | they are being carried | third person plural |
Vowel Final Stems
The passive subjunctive is formed from a verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They generally stick to their theme vowel and have an identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, √ is the verb stem and M is the theme vowel change.
For -agon, M=a.
For -egon and -igon, M=i.
For -ogon and -ugon, M=v.
√-M-oks | first person singular |
√-M-ōks | second person singular |
√-M-oks | third person singular |
√-M-oksy | first person plural |
√-M-ōks | second person plural |
√-M-oksy | third person plural |
Exercise 2
Translate into High Valyrian.
I am not being hunted |
arghvoks daor |
you may be being attacked due to their king |
pōjo dāro ondoso idakōks |
you are not being respected |
iotāptōks daor |
we are not being destroyed today |
tubī pryjaoksy |
The Passive Perfect and the Passive Perfect Subjunctive
The passive perfect is simply formed adding the present passive personal endings to the perfect stem; likewise, the passive perfect subjunctive is formed from adding the subjunctive passive personal endings to a perfect stem.
Exercise 3
Translate into High Valyrian.
I was not being hunted |
arghutoks daor |
I was being chosen for king when they attacked |
dārot iderēptaks skorī idakotis |
we were not being heard so we moved |
ryptoksy daor sesīr selti |
we were not being destroyed |
pryjatoksy daor |