User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/2-2: Difference between revisions

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| colspan="3" | High Valyrian || colspan="3" | English
| colspan="3" | High Valyrian || colspan="3" | English
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| ñuhot raqirot<ref>Note how ''ñuhot'' agrees with "raqirot".</ref> || irūdi || irughan.
| ñuhot raqirot<sup>(1)</sup> || irūdi || irughan.
| I gave || my friend || a gift.
| I gave || my friend || a gift.
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|- style="font-style:italic;"
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| verb || dative noun/adj. pair || accusative
| verb || dative noun/adj. pair || accusative
|}
|}
 
*<sup>(1)</sup>Note how ''ñuhot'' agrees with "raqirot"
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" style="text-align: center;" width="32.6%"
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" style="text-align: center;" width="32.6%"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="3" | High Valyrian|| colspan="3" | English
| colspan="3" | High Valyrian|| colspan="3" | English
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| ynot<ref>Note that the pronouns have a dative case as well, which can be reviewed in the section on pronouns.</ref> || sōlutti ||maghas.
| ynot<sup>(1)</sup> || sōlutti ||maghas.
| He brought || me || a scroll.
| He brought || me || a scroll.
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|- style="font-style:italic;"
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| verb || dative pronoun || accusative
| verb || dative pronoun || accusative
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*<sup>(1)</sup>Note that the pronouns have a dative case as well, which can be reviewed in the section on pronouns.

Revision as of 22:18, 24 October 2021

Lesson 2| The Genitive and Dative Cases

The Genitive

The genitive case is a descriptive case. The genitive case describes the following features of the described noun:

  • Possession e.g. The dragon of Daenerys or Daenerys' dragon (Daenero zaldrīzes)
  • Titles e.g. High Priestess (Eglio Vokto)
  • Relation e.g. A thing of beauty (mirro gevivī)

*Quantity e.g. A gallon of water

  • Quality e.g. Day of wrath (vēdro tubis)
  • Material e.g. Hand of gold (āeksio ondos)

Quite simply, a word in the genitive case is translated with the preposition "of". Note that High Valyrian does not have a separate form for the possessive genitive (Jon's dog vs The dog of Jon), as English does. A word in the genitive case showing possession can be translated either way. A critical use of the genitive case is in postpositions, described later in this section.

When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers.

The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual genitive forms take the endings -o, -ō, and -o; with 'i' in the ending, they become -io, -iō, and -io.

Declination Nominative Singular Plural
1lun. val-a val-o val-oti
1aq. qelb-ar qelb-ro qelb-roti
2lun. egr-y egr-o egr-oti
2sol. azant-ys azant-o azant-oti
3lun. (io) āeks-io āeks-iō āeks-oti
3sol. ri-os ri-o ri-oti
3sol. (contracting) jao-s jao-ho jao-hoti
3ter. lent-on lent-o lent-oti
3aq. māl-or māl-ro māl-roti
4lun. ann-e ann-o ann-oti
4sol. zaldrīz-es zaldrīz-o zaldrīz-oti
5lun. brōz-i brōz-io brōz-ȳti
5sol. bant-is bant-io bant-ȳti
5aq. qint-ir qint-rio qint-ȳti
adj. I rōv-a (ys on or) rōv-o (o o ro) rōv-o (o o ro)
adj. II sȳz (sȳrior) sȳr-o (ȳr) sȳr-o (ȳ)
adj. III sylvie (ior) sylv-io (ȳr) sylv-io (ȳ)

High Valyrian Examples

The following examples show how the genitive may be pluralized and modified with an adjective.

High Valyrian English
qubo taobo jaos sȳz issa The dog of the bad boy is good
genitive nominative noun nominative adj. verb nominative noun genitive verb nominative adj.
High Valyrian English
qubo taoboti jaos sȳz issa The dog of the bad boys is good
genitive (plural) nominative noun nominative adj. verb nominative noun genitive verb nominative adj.

Exercise 1

Postpositions

Like prepositions, postpositions are indeclinable and genderless. Postpositions are placed after substantives and adjectives; they only take the genitive case. There are a number of adverbial postpositions, that mostly indicate directionality of sentence participants, that find use as adverbs.

List of Common Postpositions
Adverbial Postpositions
under, beneath, below, underneath, underneath of, to the underside of; before (temporally)
geptot to the left of, beside, next to
inkot behind, in back of
naejot in front of, before
paktot to the right of, to the side, beside
Non-adverbial Postpositions
on, onto, on top of, upon; concerning, regarding, about, with respect to, on (the subject of), about; at, in
hēdrȳ from amongst, out of, from the midst of, from
iemnȳ in, inside, inside of, within
jehikarȳ in the presence of
mijiot lacking, without
ondoso due to, by, at the hand of
syt for, intended for, on behalf of

Examples

High Valyrian English
jevi jenti jemēle iderēbilātās, jevo qogrondo hēdrȳ select your leader, from amongst your own ranks
jēdar yno toliot; tegon yno gō; perzys yno iemnȳ Sky above me; earth below me; fire within me
jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa your enemy is beside you
ñurho(1) hāedro syt korzī sētetan I made a sword for my sister
  • (1)Illicit sequence deletion (hr) of x ñuhro to form ñurho

The Dative

The dative case, also known as the indirect object case indicates:

  • For whom, e.g., I made this car for him.
  • To whom, e.g., I gave this car to him.

High Valyrian does not distinguish between "to" or "for", though this is sometimes the case in English:

  • I made this car for him. ↔ I made him this car.
  • I gave this car to him. ↔ I gave him this car.

When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers.

The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual dative forms take the endings -ot, -ot, and -ot; with 'i' in the ending, they become -iot, -iot, and -iot.

Declination Nominative Singular Plural
1lun. val-a val-ot val-oti
1aq. qelb-ar qelb-iot qelb-roti
2lun. egr-y egr-ot egr-oti
2sol. azant-ys azant-ot azant-oti
3lun. (io) āeks-io āeks-iot āeks-ȳti
3sol. ri-os ri-ot ri-oti
3sol. (contracting) jao-s jao-hot jao-hoti
3ter. lent-on lent-ot lent-oti
3aq. māl-or māl-rot māl-roti
4lun. ann-e ann-ot ann-oti
4sol. zaldrīz-es zaldrīz-ot zaldrīz-oti
5lun. brōz-i brōz-iot brōz-ȳti
5sol. bant-is bant-iot bant-ȳti
5aq. qint-ir qint-riot qint-ȳti
adj. I rōv-a (ys on or) rōv-ot (ot ot rot) rōv-o (o o ro)
adj. II sȳz (sȳrior) sȳr-o (ȳr) sȳr-o (ȳ)
adj. III sylvie (ior) sylv-iot (ȳr) sylv-io (ȳ)

Example 1

He made the desk for his friend
nominative noun verb accusative dative prep. dative

'For' is the preposition indicating a dative. 'For' can be used in some other constructs. To determine whether it is dative, analyze the meaning of the sentence (see Example 3); note that the locative case and the dative case have a number of noun declinations that overlap, making them look the same. Practice will enable you to quickly spot the case of a noun in the sentence without much effort.

Example 2

He gave the book to John; He gave to John the book; or He gave John the book.

This demonstrates how English can use prepositions to change word order and even 'presume' a certain preposition exists that has been left out, giving a dative construct. Also, the dative is used only for a noun

High Valyrian Examples

Note that in either example, the dative argument may appear after the accusative argument; it is typical for the accusative argument to appear as the final nominal item although this may vary depending on how the speaker would like to phrase or place emphasis.

High Valyrian English
ñuhot raqirot(1) irūdi irughan. I gave my friend a gift.
dative noun/adj. pair accusative verb verb dative noun/adj. pair accusative
  • (1)Note how ñuhot agrees with "raqirot"
High Valyrian English
ynot(1) sōlutti maghas. He brought me a scroll.
dative pronoun accusative verb verb dative pronoun accusative
  • (1)Note that the pronouns have a dative case as well, which can be reviewed in the section on pronouns.