User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/1-6: Difference between revisions
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===Substantive Form=== | ===Substantive Form=== | ||
The '''substantive form''' occurs when no noun is explicitly stated for an adjective to modify; thusly, the adjective must become a noun. Like the adjectival forms above, they distinguish animacy and also abstraction. All adjectives may be transformed into nouns via substantive forms; this will be covered later. For now, recognize that type I substantives convey concrete, countable items and type II substantives convey abstract uncountable items. Type I looks like -y and -ir; type II looks like -os and -ion. | The '''substantive form''' occurs when no noun is explicitly stated for an adjective to modify; thusly, the adjective must become a noun. Like the adjectival forms above, they distinguish animacy and also abstraction. All adjectives may be transformed into nouns via substantive forms; this will be covered later. For now, recognize that type I substantives convey concrete, countable items and type II substantives convey abstract uncountable items. Type I looks like -y and -ir; type II looks like -os and -ion. | ||
Note that these substantives do not take the gender of a noun, as they are nouns themselves. | |||
For animate nouns we have: | For animate nouns we have: | ||
Revision as of 23:33, 19 October 2021
Lesson 6| Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Pronouns are nouns which are used instead of another noun ('pro', in place of 'noun', noun.)
There are three categories of pronouns which are divided up into persons: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. In addition, pronouns can be singular or plural. They are declined like all other nouns.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | I | we |
| 2nd | you, thou | you (all) |
| 3rd | he/she/it | they |
Table of Personal Pronouns in all of their cases: I, you, he/she/it, we, y'all, they
Note: you is the singular of the plural y'all - useful for distinguishing you (singular) from you (plural).
High Valyrian has two third person personal pronouns: ziry, for lunar and solar nouns and ūja, for terrestrial and aquatic nouns. Generally, ziry is used for animates and ūja for inanimates. This linguistic feature is useful for sentences where you are keeping track of two generic participants like the following example of one who had something stolen and a thief: "he (ūja) stole property from him (ziry), he (ziry) will have his property returned and for him (ūja), the punishment is death."
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3nd Person | 3nd Person | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 2nd Person | |||||||
| Nominative | nyke | I | ao | you | ziry | he/she/it | ūja | he/she/it | īlon | we | jeme | y'all | pōnta | they |
| Accusative | yne | me | avy | you | ziry | he/she/it | ūī | he/she/it | īlōn | us | jemī | y'all | pōnte | them |
| Genitive | yno | of me | aō | of you | zijo | of him/her/it | ūō | of him/her/it | īlo | of us | jemo | of y'all | pōnto | of them |
| Dative | ynot | for me | aōt | for you | zijot | for him/her/it | ūjōt | for him/her/it | īlot | for us | jemot | for y'all | pōntot | for them |
| Locative | nykē | on me | aō | on you | zirȳ | on him/her/it | ūjā | on him/her/it | īlō | on us | jemē | on y'all | pōntā | on them |
| Instrumental | ynoma | with me | aōma | with you | zijosy | with him/her/it | josa | with him/her/it | īloma | with us | jemme | with y'all | pōntosa | with them |
| Comitative | ynoma | with me | aōma | with you | zijomy | with him/her/it | joma | with him/her/it | īloma | with us | jemme | with y'all | pōntoma | with them |
| Vocative | nykys | me | aōs | you | zirys | him/her/it | ūjus | him/her/it | īlos | us | jemys | y'all | pōntus | them |
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives indicate possession of a participant in a sentence like 'my sister' or 'your bicycle.' These modify nouns; they take the gender of the noun which they modify and agree in case and number.
| High Valyrian | English |
|---|---|
| ñuh-a ys on or | my |
| aōh-a ys on or | your |
| zȳh-a ys on or | his/hers, its |
| jāh-a ys on or | his/hers, its |
| īlv-a ys on or | our |
| jev-a ys on or | y'alls |
| pōj-a ys on or | their |
Reflexive
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3nd Person | 3nd Person | 1st Person | 2nd Person | 2nd Person | |||||||
| Reflexive | nykēla | myself | aōla | youself | zirȳla | himself/herself/itself | jāla | himself/herself/itself | īlōnda | ourselves | jemēla | y'alls self | pōntāla | themselves |
The reflexive means something like 'myself, yourself, your own' and is used to provide added emphasis to a sentence participant. It declines and is used like like a typical first lunar noun; it may be either a subject or an object per the following examples:
| High Valyrian | English |
|---|---|
| Hēzīr, brōza jevi jemēle iderēbilātās. | From this day forward, you will choose your own names. |
| Jemēla zȳhys perzī ondurilāt? | Will you take up her flames yourselves? |
| Nykēla avy ossēninna. | I will kill you myself. |
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns indicate location relative to the speaker; in English are 'this', for that which is near (proximal), and 'that' for that which is far (distal). In High Valyrian, these words are class I adjectives that also distinguish the animacy of a modified noun. Like possessive adjectives they take the gender of the modified noun and agree in case and number like a typical adjective.
For animate nouns (like 'this mother' or 'that father') we have:
| High Valyrian | English |
|---|---|
| bis-a ys on or | this |
| bon-a ys on or | that |
Note that the animacy of animals is up to the speaker.
For inanimate nouns (like 'this table' or 'that sword') we have:
| High Valyrian | English |
|---|---|
| kes-a ys on or | this |
| kon-a ys on or | that |
Substantive Form
The substantive form occurs when no noun is explicitly stated for an adjective to modify; thusly, the adjective must become a noun. Like the adjectival forms above, they distinguish animacy and also abstraction. All adjectives may be transformed into nouns via substantive forms; this will be covered later. For now, recognize that type I substantives convey concrete, countable items and type II substantives convey abstract uncountable items. Type I looks like -y and -ir; type II looks like -os and -ion.
Note that these substantives do not take the gender of a noun, as they are nouns themselves.
For animate nouns we have:
| High Valyrian | English |
|---|---|
| bisy (2lun. subst. I) | this (concrete) |
| bisir (2lun. subst. II) | this (abstract) |
| bony (2lun. subst. I) | that (concrete) |
| bonir (2lun. subst. II) | that (abstract) |
For inanimate nouns we have:
| High Valyrian | English |
|---|---|
| kesy (2lun. subst. I) | this (concrete) |
| kesir (2lun. subst. II) | this (abstract) |
| kony (2lun. subst. I) | that (concrete) |
| konir (2lun. subst. II) | that (abstract) |