User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/1-5: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "=Lesson 5| The Accusative= == Grammar: The Accusative == As you learned in the last lesson, the verb 'sagon' (to be) usually takes the nominative case. Most other verbs take...")
 
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| taobe riña videt || The girl sees the boy
| taobe riña videt || The girl sees the boy
|}
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== Examples of Adjectives Agreeing with the Nominative and Accusative Case ==
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- Daenerys is taking her powerful dragons to the wicked city.
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Daenerys || va || oktiot|| '''kōrē''' || zȳhī || zaldrīzī || '''kostōbī''' || jiōrza
|-
| ''English:'' || Daenerys || to || [the, a] city|| wicked || her || dragon(s) || powerful || [she] brings.
|}
Kōrē, a class II adjective, is lunar/solar, locative, and singular to agree with oktiot, the word in the locative case it is describing. The locative occurs due to the preposition va; thusly, ''va oktiot kōrē'' is called a ''prepositional phrase''.
Kostōbī, a class I adjective, is solar and accusative to agree with zaldrīzī. Zaldrīzī is accusative because it is the object of jiōrza. Note that zaldrīzī (4sol.) is both the accusative singular and the accusative plural.
Can you tell if there one or more dragons?
Here is an example of plural adjectives:
{| cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The ''good'' boys love the ''wild'' dogs.
|-
| ''Latin:'' || Pueri (plur) || '''boni''' (plur)|| amant (plur) || canes (plur, acc) || '''feroces''' (plur, acc).
|-
| ''English:'' || [The] boys || '''good''' || [they] love || [the] dogs || '''wild'''.
|}
The words  ''bonus'' and ''ferocem'' become ''boni'' and ''feroces'' to agree with the plurals ''pueri'' and ''canes''.
However, if a girl ([[wiktionary:en:puella#Latin|puella]]) happened to love that boy:
{| cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The ''good'' girl loves the ''good'' boy.
|-
| ''Latin:'' || Puella || '''bona'''|| amat || puerum (acc) || '''bonum''' (acc).
|-
| ''English:'' || [The] girl|| '''good''' || [she] loves || [the] boy|| '''good'''.
|}
''Bonus'' must become ''bona'' in order to modify ''puella'', which is feminine.
Finally, if the girl isn't good, but rather wild:
{| cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The ''wild'' girl loves the ''good'' boy.
|-
| ''Latin:'' || Puella || '''ferox'''|| amat || puerum (acc) || '''bonum''' (acc).
|-
| ''English:'' || [The] girl|| '''wild''' || [she] loves || [the] boy|| '''good'''.
|}
Even though ''puella'' is first declension, ''ferox'' remains third declension. In the same way, a good lion would be ''bonus leo''.

Revision as of 21:51, 18 October 2021

Lesson 5| The Accusative

Grammar: The Accusative

As you learned in the last lesson, the verb 'sagon' (to be) usually takes the nominative case. Most other verbs take the 'accusative' case.

In a sentence, the accusative is the "what" - in English grammar, this is known as the direct object.

For example: The girl sells the sword.

What did the girl sell? The sword. Thus, sword is the direct object, and when we translate it into High Valyrian:

Example
High Valyrian: Riña korzī liorza.
English: [The, a] girl [the] sword [she] sells.
Explanation: NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE VERB

Korze, then, is in the accusative, because it is the direct object.

Again, when an adjective describes a noun in the accusative case, the adjective must agree in number, case, and gender.

Example
High Valyrian: Riña korzī rōve liorza.
English: [The, a] girl [the, a] sword big [she] sells.
Explanation: NOMINATIVE NOUN ACCUSATIVE ADJECTIVE ACCUSATIVE VERB

Because High Valyrian uses cases to mark the subject and the object of a sentence, word order does not matter although it is common to see the accusative immediately before the verb (or a pre-verbal adjective). Consider:

taoba riñe urnes The boy sees the girl
riña taobe urnes The girl sees the boy
riñe taoba videt The boy sees the girl
taobe riña videt The girl sees the boy

Examples of Adjectives Agreeing with the Nominative and Accusative Case

Explanation- Daenerys is taking her powerful dragons to the wicked city.
High Valyrian: Daenerys va oktiot kōrē zȳhī zaldrīzī kostōbī jiōrza
English: Daenerys to [the, a] city wicked her dragon(s) powerful [she] brings.

Kōrē, a class II adjective, is lunar/solar, locative, and singular to agree with oktiot, the word in the locative case it is describing. The locative occurs due to the preposition va; thusly, va oktiot kōrē is called a prepositional phrase.

Kostōbī, a class I adjective, is solar and accusative to agree with zaldrīzī. Zaldrīzī is accusative because it is the object of jiōrza. Note that zaldrīzī (4sol.) is both the accusative singular and the accusative plural.

Can you tell if there one or more dragons?

Here is an example of plural adjectives:

Explanation- The good boys love the wild dogs.
Latin: Pueri (plur) boni (plur) amant (plur) canes (plur, acc) feroces (plur, acc).
English: [The] boys good [they] love [the] dogs wild.

The words bonus and ferocem become boni and feroces to agree with the plurals pueri and canes.

However, if a girl (puella) happened to love that boy:

Explanation- The good girl loves the good boy.
Latin: Puella bona amat puerum (acc) bonum (acc).
English: [The] girl good [she] loves [the] boy good.

Bonus must become bona in order to modify puella, which is feminine.

Finally, if the girl isn't good, but rather wild:

Explanation- The wild girl loves the good boy.
Latin: Puella ferox amat puerum (acc) bonum (acc).
English: [The] girl wild [she] loves [the] boy good.

Even though puella is first declension, ferox remains third declension. In the same way, a good lion would be bonus leo.

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