User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/1-2: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 16:42, 18 October 2021
Lesson 2| Adjectives
Note: copy/paste from Latin wikibook to see what it looks like.
Overview of Adjectives
An adjective is simply any word that describes a noun, such as an object or subject in a sentence. Of course, whole phrases may be used to describe nouns, but adjectives are individual words. In English, for example:
The red dog attacked the crazy fox.
An adjective can also be used in a sentence opposite a form of "to be." (called a predicate adjective)
The boy is good.
In High Valyrian, the same is true.
Vocabulary
Lesson Vocabulary | |
---|---|
High Valyrian | English |
gēlenka (adj. I) | silver-colored, silver like |
quba (adj. I) | low (physically, in status or quality); poor, bad, inferior; early (temporally) |
byka (adj. I) | small |
dokimare (adj. II) | seriousness, studiousness, discipline, drive, strength, resolve, focus |
olvie (adj. III) | many, much |
zokla (1lun.) | wolf |
Key to Vocabulary:
- 1lun. = first lunar
Adjectives in High Valyrian
Like nouns, adjectives in High Valyrian are declined. The vast majority are of class I (kostōba -ys -on -or) and the rest are split rather evenly between class II (litse -ior) and class III (sylvie -ior). All such adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in gender, number, and case.
Class II and class III adjectives merge the lunar and solar, and the terrestrial and aquatic. Thusly, class II and class III adjectives have two genders as opposed to the four of a class I adjective.
Class I adjectives will look like the adjective rōva (big, large):
- rōva (lunar), rōvys (solar), rōvon (terrestrial), rōvor (aquatic).
Class II and class III adjectives typically look more like sylvie (wise).
- sylvie (lunar and solar), sylvior (terrestrial and aquatic).
Adjectives often come before the word they describe; this is called prepositive. However, they may come after the word in the more formal postpositive style. The main differences revolve around the prepositive form shortening case markings, which are clearer in the postpositive. The adjective must appear either before or after the noun it modifies.
For example:
Explanation- The good boy loves the silver wolf. | |||||
High Valyrian: | Taoba | sȳz | zokle(1) | gēlenke(2) (acc) | jorrāelza(3) (acc). |
English: | [The] boy | good | [the] wolf | silver | [he] loves. |
- (1) zokla, wolf (1lun.). zokle, (acc.)
- (2) gēlenka, silver (adj. I). gēlenke, (acc.)
- (3) jorrāelagon, to love. jorrāelza, [he] loves
Sȳz, a class II adjective, is singular, nominative, and agrees with the lunar taoba, the word it is describing.
Gēlenke, a class I adjective, is singular, accusative, and lunar to agree with zokle. Zokle is accusative because it is the object of jorrāelza.
Here is an example of plural adjectives:
Explanation- The good boys love the silver wolves. | |||||
High Valyrian: | Taobi (plur) | sȳri (plur) | zoklī (plur, acc) | gēlenkī (plur, acc) | jorrāelzi (3p plur). |
English: | [The] boys | good | [the] wolves | silver | [they] love. |
The word sȳz becomes sȳri to agree with the plural taobi and the word gēlenke becomes gēlenkī to agree with the accusative plural zoklī.
However, if a girl happened to love that boy:
Explanation- The good girl loves the good boy. | |||||
Latin: | Riña | sȳz | taobe (acc) | sȳz (acc) | jorrāelza. |
English: | [The] girl | good | [the] boy | good | [she] loves. |
Sȳz, like all class II and class III adjectives, has the same form in the accusative as in the nominative.
Finally, if the girl happened to be the silver wolf:
Explanation- The silver wolf loves the good boy. | |||||
High Valyrian: | Zokla | gēlenka | taobe (acc) | sȳz (acc) | jorrāelza. |
English: | [The] wolf | silver | [the] boy | good | [she] loves. |
Recall, High Valyrian does not have masculine or feminine words; a male wolf or a female wolf would be zokla. Don't assume an '-a' is feminine!
Adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case. There is no such concept as agreement in declension; an adjective of any class can modify a noun of any gender in any declination.
The Positive, Comparative, and Superlative Adjectives
The positive form of the adjective is the plain form of the adjective (e.g. good), the comparative form is used to compare two things (e.g. better), and the superlative form is used to compare more than two things (e.g. best).
To make class I High Valyrian adjectives comparative you add -ykta to the adjective, for class II use -kta, and for class III use -ikta. To translate back into English you would say either the adjective -er (e.g. taller) or more the adjective (e.g. more tall).
To form the superlative you add -āje to class I adjectives, -je to class II, and -ije to class III. This translates to either the adjective -est (e.g. strongest) or most the adjective (e.g. most strong).
However not all adjectives follow this rule; the only known irregular is litse making the comparative līsta (prettier) and līje (prettiest).
The following are example adjectives and their English translations:
Class | English | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | bad | quba | qubykta | qubāje |
I | small | byka | bykykta | bykāje |
I | large | rōva | rōvykta | rōvāje |
II | good | sȳz | sȳrkta | sȳrje |
II | focused | dokimare | dokimarkta | dokimarje |
III | much | olvie | olvikta | olvije |
Exercise
Translate the following High Valyrian to English.
Zokla sȳz issa. |
The wolf is good. |
Dokimarve iksan. |
I am focused. |
Sȳri iksāt. |
You (pl.) are good. |
Sȳri issi. |
They are good. |