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=Lesson 2| The Genitive and Dative Cases=
=Lesson 2| The Genitive and Dative Cases=
==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|-
|-
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| align="center" colspan="2" |
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''eglie (adj. IIII)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''eglie (adj. III)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''high, good, superior'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''high, good, superior'''
|-
|-
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''voktys (2sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''voktys (2sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''priest, priestess'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''priest, priestess'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''iēdar (1aq.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''water'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jenys (2sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''glass'''
|-
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
| align="center" colspan="2" |
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''irughagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''irughagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to give, offer, present, release to'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to give, offer, present, release to'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''bardugon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to write'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gōvilemagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to put under'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gūrogon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to pick up, get, take; (refl.) to earn, merit, deserve'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''ijiōragon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to please, make happy'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jollōragon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to study, investigate'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''lōragon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to drill, to bore'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''qrimpālegon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to betray, double-cross'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rāenābagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to clean, wash'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rāenagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to wipe, brush'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''selagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to move, to go, to make for, to head to somewhere'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''sytiderēbagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to choose for, select for'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''udekuragon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to near, to approach, to step towards'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''udēmagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to sit down on, to sit on'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''usōvegon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to apologize to'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''vaoresagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to prefer, to favor, to like'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''vestragon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to say'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''zūgagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to be afraid, to fear'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''sētegon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to make, to create, to bring forth, to bring into being, to conjure; to shape, to form, to give form to, to mould, to fashion, to work (e.g. some substance); to smith, to forge'''
|}
|}
==The Genitive==
==The Genitive==
The genitive case is a descriptive case. The genitive case describes the following features of the described noun:
The genitive case is a descriptive case. The genitive case describes the following features of the described noun:
*Possession e.g. The dragon of Daenerys ''or'' Daenerys' dragon (Daenero zaldrīzes)
* Possession e.g. The dragon of Daenerys ''or'' Daenerys' dragon (Daenero zaldrīzes)
*Titles e.g. High Priestess (Eglio Vokto)
* Relation e.g. A thing of beauty (mirro gevie)
*Relation e.g. A thing of beauty (mirro gevie)
* Quality e.g. Day of wrath (vēdro tubis)
'''*Quantity e.g. A gallon of water'''
*Quality e.g. Day of wrath (vēdro tubis)
* Material e.g. Hand of gold (āeksio ondos)
* Material e.g. Hand of gold (āeksio ondos)


Quite simply, a word in the genitive case is translated with the preposition "of". Note that High Valyrian does not have a separate form for the possessive genitive (''Jon's dog'' vs ''The dog of Jon''), as English does. A word in the genitive case showing possession can be translated either way. A critical use of the genitive case is in postpositions, described later in this section.
Quite simply, a word in the genitive case is translated with the preposition "of". Note that High Valyrian does not have a separate form for the possessive genitive (''Jon's dog'' vs ''The dog of Jon''), as English does. A word in the genitive case showing possession can be translated either way. A critical use of the genitive case is in postpositions, described later in this section.


When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers.
One may read a genitive phrase two ways, for example, ''Zaldrīzo lentor'' may be read: 1) '[the, a] dragon's house'; 2) '[the, a] house of [the, a] dragon.' Both are correct. In either case, the noun in the genitive is the possessor, marked in English with an apostrophe 's' or as the object of literally 'of.'
 
When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers. Typically, the noun in the genitive occurs first in a genitive phrase; however, this is not mandatory. One may very well mark the desired reading consistently using [genitive] [other] to represent apostrophe 's' and [other] [genitive] to represent 'of the possessor.'


The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual genitive forms take the endings -o, -ō, and -o; with 'i' in the ending, they become -io, -iō, and -io.   
The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual genitive forms take the endings -o, -ō, and -o; with 'i' in the ending, they become -io, -iō, and -io.   
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===Exercise 1===
===Exercise 1===
Translate to High Valyrian.
Translate to High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| The Lord Commander of The Night's Watch
|-
| Āeksio Jento hen Bantī Urnēbiot
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| the queen's victory
| the queen's victory
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|-
|-
| kostōbo azanto korze
| kostōbo azanto korze
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| the sword of the strong knight
|-
| kostōbo azanto korze; recall, there are two ways to express a genitive phrase in English
|}
|}


==Postpositions==
==Postpositions==
Like prepositions, '''postpositions''' are indeclinable and genderless. Postpositions are placed after substantives and adjectives; they only take the genitive case. There are a number of ''adverbial postpositions'', that mostly indicate directionality of sentence participants, that find use as adverbs.
Like prepositions, '''postpositions''' are indeclinable and genderless. Postpositions are placed after substantives and adjectives; they only take the genitive case. There are a number of ''adverbial postpositions'', that mostly indicate directionality of sentence participants, that find use as adverbs.  
 
''Ondoso'', at the hand of,' is the only postposition that is pluralized to agree with the genitive phrase.
 
''Syt'' finds usage in a number of idiomatic expressions like ''kesrio syt'', 'because' or 'for', to ''skoro syt'', 'why.' ''Syt'' is also used with the reflexive to say things like 'I have learned High Valyrian for myself,' or in High Valyrian, ''nykelo syt Valyria gūrēntan''.
 
The Valyrians saw time as vertical--below implies 'before' and above, 'after.'


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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| gō||  under, beneath, below, underneath, underneath of, to the underside of; before (temporally)
| gō||  under, beneath, below, underneath, underneath of, to the underside of; before (temporally)
|-
|-
| geptot|| to the left of, beside, next to
| geptot|| to the left of; beside, next to
|-
|-
| inkot|| behind, in back of
| inkot|| behind, in back of
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| naejot|| in front of, before
| naejot|| in front of, before
|-
|-
| paktot|| to the right of, to the side, beside
| paktot|| to the right of; to the side, beside
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | <I>Non-adverbial Postpositions</I>
| colspan="2" | <I>Non-adverbial Postpositions</I>
|-
|-
| bē|| on, onto, on top of, upon; concerning, regarding, about, with respect to, on (the subject of), about; at, in
| bē|| on, onto, on top of, upon; concerning, regarding, about, with respect to, on (the subject of), about; at, in
|-
| bodē|| inspired by, in the spirit of, following the style of
|-
| harrī|| while, during
|-
|-
| hēdrȳ|| from amongst, out of, from the midst of, from
| hēdrȳ|| from amongst, out of, from the midst of, from
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| ondoso|| due to, by, at the hand of
| ondoso|| due to, by, at the hand of
|-
|-
| syt|| for, intended for, on behalf of  
| syt|| for, intended for, on behalf of
|-
| toliot|| above, over; after
|-
| tolmiot|| across, over
|-
| rȳ|| between, in between; through, across; throughout, all in reference to a time period   
|}
|}
===Examples===
===Examples===
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|-
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | jēdar yno toliot; tegon yno gō; perzys yno iemnȳ
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | jēdar yno toliot; tegon yno gō; perzys yno iemnȳ
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | Sky above me; earth below me; fire within me
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | sky above me; earth below me; fire within me
|-
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa
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==The Dative==
==The Dative==
The dative case, also known as the indirect object case indicates:
The '''dative case''', also known as the indirect object case, is frequently used with verbs of saying or giving indicates:
*For whom, e.g., I made this car '''for him'''.
*For whom, e.g., I made this car '''for him'''.
*To whom, e.g., I gave this car '''to him'''.
*To whom, e.g., I gave this car '''to him'''.
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| what is feared
| what is feared
|}
|}
''Gūrogon'' has a reflexive meaning, to merit or earn.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | īlvon kostion īlondot gūrī
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | we earn our power for ourselves
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | īlvot kostiot īlonde igūrī
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | we earn our power for ourselves
|}
Note how these sentences mean the same thing yet have slightly different syntax. The second uses the '''oblique applicative''' to be discussed in a future lesson to make ''īlonda'' in the accusative such that the verb ''igūrogon'' may be used as ''iderēbagon'' is.
===Exercise 3===
Translate to High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| ask the knight something.
|-
| azantot mirros epās.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| the man guides the women from the mountain to the valley.
|-
| vala hen blēnot va rihot ābrī jemas.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| what is in the shadow?
|-
| skorion sȳndrot ilza?
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| she is giving the man who deserves a sword a sword
|-
| korzī gūros luot zirȳlot korzī irughas
|}
==Attribution==
<div style="padding: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px; background-color: #eee; width: 65%;">
"[https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Lesson_2-Genitive_and_Dative Lesson 2-Genitive and Dative]" by [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Authors S. W. Farnsworth et al] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY 3.0] / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original</div>

Latest revision as of 14:43, 26 December 2023

Lesson 2| The Genitive and Dative Cases

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
eglie (adj. III) high, good, superior
gevie (adj. III) beautiful
āeksion (3ter.) gold
hāedar (1aq.) younger sister
irūdy (2lun.) gift, present
jēdar (1aq.) sky
ondos (3sol.) hand
qogror (6col. 3ter.) ranks, group, grouping, class, type
qrinuntys (2sol.) occupier, enemy, villain, foe
sōlutty (2lun.) scroll
tubis (5sol.) day
voktys (2sol.) priest, priestess
iēdar (1aq.) water
jenys (2sol.) glass
irughagon to give, offer, present, release to
bardugon to write
gōvilemagon to put under
gūrogon to pick up, get, take; (refl.) to earn, merit, deserve
ijiōragon to please, make happy
jollōragon to study, investigate
lōragon to drill, to bore
qrimpālegon to betray, double-cross
rāenābagon to clean, wash
rāenagon to wipe, brush
selagon to move, to go, to make for, to head to somewhere
sytiderēbagon to choose for, select for
udekuragon to near, to approach, to step towards
udēmagon to sit down on, to sit on
usōvegon to apologize to
vaoresagon to prefer, to favor, to like
vestragon to say
zūgagon to be afraid, to fear
sētegon to make, to create, to bring forth, to bring into being, to conjure; to shape, to form, to give form to, to mould, to fashion, to work (e.g. some substance); to smith, to forge

The Genitive

The genitive case is a descriptive case. The genitive case describes the following features of the described noun:

  • Possession e.g. The dragon of Daenerys or Daenerys' dragon (Daenero zaldrīzes)
  • Relation e.g. A thing of beauty (mirro gevie)
  • Quality e.g. Day of wrath (vēdro tubis)
  • Material e.g. Hand of gold (āeksio ondos)

Quite simply, a word in the genitive case is translated with the preposition "of". Note that High Valyrian does not have a separate form for the possessive genitive (Jon's dog vs The dog of Jon), as English does. A word in the genitive case showing possession can be translated either way. A critical use of the genitive case is in postpositions, described later in this section.

One may read a genitive phrase two ways, for example, Zaldrīzo lentor may be read: 1) '[the, a] dragon's house'; 2) '[the, a] house of [the, a] dragon.' Both are correct. In either case, the noun in the genitive is the possessor, marked in English with an apostrophe 's' or as the object of literally 'of.'

When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers. Typically, the noun in the genitive occurs first in a genitive phrase; however, this is not mandatory. One may very well mark the desired reading consistently using [genitive] [other] to represent apostrophe 's' and [other] [genitive] to represent 'of the possessor.'

The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual genitive forms take the endings -o, -ō, and -o; with 'i' in the ending, they become -io, -iō, and -io.

Declination Nominative Singular Plural
1lun. val-a val-o val-oti
1aq. qelb-ar qelb-ro qelb-roti
2lun. egr-y egr-o egr-oti
2sol. azant-ys azant-o azant-oti
3lun. (io) āeks-io āeks-iō āeks-oti
3sol. ri-os ri-o ri-oti
3sol. (contracting) jao-s jao-ho jao-hoti
3ter. lent-on lent-o lent-oti
3aq. māl-or māl-ro māl-roti
4lun. ann-e ann-o ann-oti
4sol. zaldrīz-es zaldrīz-o zaldrīz-oti
5lun. brōz-i brōz-io brōz-ȳti
5sol. bant-is bant-io bant-ȳti
5aq. qint-ir qint-rio qint-ȳti
adj. I rōv-a (ys on or) rōv-o (o o ro) rōv-o (o o ro)
adj. II sȳz (sȳrior) sȳr-o (ȳr) sȳr-o (ȳ)
adj. III sylvie (ior) sylv-io (ȳr) sylv-io (ȳ)

High Valyrian Examples

The following examples show how the genitive may be pluralized and modified with an adjective.

High Valyrian English
qubo taobo jaos sȳz issa The dog of the bad boy is good
genitive nominative noun nominative adj. verb nominative noun genitive verb nominative adj.
High Valyrian English
qubo taoboti jaos sȳz issa The dog of the bad boys is good
genitive (plural) nominative noun nominative adj. verb nominative noun genitive verb nominative adj.

Exercise 1

Translate to High Valyrian.

Postpositions

Like prepositions, postpositions are indeclinable and genderless. Postpositions are placed after substantives and adjectives; they only take the genitive case. There are a number of adverbial postpositions, that mostly indicate directionality of sentence participants, that find use as adverbs.

Ondoso, at the hand of,' is the only postposition that is pluralized to agree with the genitive phrase.

Syt finds usage in a number of idiomatic expressions like kesrio syt, 'because' or 'for', to skoro syt, 'why.' Syt is also used with the reflexive to say things like 'I have learned High Valyrian for myself,' or in High Valyrian, nykelo syt Valyria gūrēntan.

The Valyrians saw time as vertical--below implies 'before' and above, 'after.'

List of Common Postpositions
Adverbial Postpositions
under, beneath, below, underneath, underneath of, to the underside of; before (temporally)
geptot to the left of; beside, next to
inkot behind, in back of
naejot in front of, before
paktot to the right of; to the side, beside
Non-adverbial Postpositions
on, onto, on top of, upon; concerning, regarding, about, with respect to, on (the subject of), about; at, in
bodē inspired by, in the spirit of, following the style of
harrī while, during
hēdrȳ from amongst, out of, from the midst of, from
iemnȳ in, inside, inside of, within
jehikarȳ in the presence of
mijiot lacking, without
ondoso due to, by, at the hand of
syt for, intended for, on behalf of
toliot above, over; after
tolmiot across, over
between, in between; through, across; throughout, all in reference to a time period

Examples

High Valyrian English
jevi jenti jemēle iderēbilātās, jevo qogrondo hēdrȳ select your leader, from amongst your own ranks
jēdar yno toliot; tegon yno gō; perzys yno iemnȳ sky above me; earth below me; fire within me
jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa your enemy is beside you
ñurho(1) hāedro syt korzī sētetan I made a sword for my sister
  • (1)Illicit sequence deletion (hr) of x ñuhro to form ñurho

Exercise 2

Translate to English.

The Dative

The dative case, also known as the indirect object case, is frequently used with verbs of saying or giving indicates:

  • For whom, e.g., I made this car for him.
  • To whom, e.g., I gave this car to him.

High Valyrian does not distinguish between "to" or "for", though this is sometimes the case in English:

  • I made this car for him. ↔ I made him this car.
  • I gave this car to him. ↔ I gave him this car.

When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers.

The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual dative forms take the endings -ot, -ot, and -ot; with 'i' in the ending, they become -iot, -iot, and -iot.

Declination Nominative Singular Plural
1lun. val-a val-ot val-oti
1aq. qelb-ar qelb-iot qelb-roti
2lun. egr-y egr-ot egr-oti
2sol. azant-ys azant-ot azant-oti
3lun. (io) āeks-io āeks-iot āeks-ȳti
3sol. ri-os ri-ot ri-oti
3sol. (contracting) jao-s jao-hot jao-hoti
3ter. lent-on lent-ot lent-oti
3aq. māl-or māl-rot māl-roti
4lun. ann-e ann-ot ann-oti
4sol. zaldrīz-es zaldrīz-ot zaldrīz-oti
5lun. brōz-i brōz-iot brōz-ȳti
5sol. bant-is bant-iot bant-ȳti
5aq. qint-ir qint-riot qint-ȳti
adj. I rōv-a (ys on or) rōv-ot (ot ot rot) rōv-o (o o ro)
adj. II sȳz (sȳrior) sȳr-o (ȳr) sȳr-o (ȳ)
adj. III sylvie (ior) sylv-iot (ȳr) sylv-io (ȳ)

Example 1

He made the desk for his friend
nominative noun verb accusative dative prep. dative

'For' is the preposition indicating a dative. 'For' can be used in some other constructs. To determine whether it is dative, analyze the meaning of the sentence (see Example 3); note that the locative case and the dative case have a number of noun declinations that overlap, making them look the same. Practice will enable you to quickly spot the case of a noun in the sentence without much effort.

Example 2

He gave the book to John; He gave to John the book; or He gave John the book.

This demonstrates how English can use prepositions to change word order and even 'presume' a certain preposition exists that has been left out, giving a dative construct. Also, the dative is used only for a noun

High Valyrian Examples

Note that in either example, the dative argument may appear after the accusative argument; it is typical for the accusative argument to appear as the final nominal item although this may vary depending on how the speaker would like to phrase or place emphasis.

High Valyrian English
ñuhot raqirot(1) irūdi irughan. I gave my friend a gift.
dative noun/adj. pair accusative verb verb dative noun/adj. pair accusative
  • (1)Note how ñuhot agrees with "raqirot"
High Valyrian English
ynot(1) sōlutti maghas. He brought me a scroll.
dative pronoun accusative verb verb dative pronoun accusative
  • (1)Note that the pronouns have a dative case as well, which can be reviewed in the section on pronouns.

The below table shows the verbs which take dative arguments. Notice the role that these arguments serve in the sentence--this is the indirect object.

Verb Meaning Dative Use
bardugon to write who is being written to
botagon to work, labor why work is being done
epagon to ask who is being asked
gōvilemagon to put under the thing under which it is put
gūrogon to earn, merit, deserve (refl.) what is deserved
iderēbagon to choose, decide, select what is being selected
ijiōragon to please the pleaser
jemagon to lead, guide the place guided to
jollōragon to study, investigate what is being studied
lōragon to drill, bore what is being drilled
qrimpālegon to betray, to double-cross
qrinumbagon to antagonize what is being antagonized
rāenābagon to clean, wash what is being washed
selagon to head somewhere where is it headed
rāenagon to wipe, brush what is being brushed
sytiderēbagon to choose for, select for what is selected
udekuragon to near, to approach, to step towards what is being approached
udēmagon to sit down on, to sit on what is being sat on
usōvegon to apologize to who is being apologized to
vaoresagon to prefer, to favor, to like what is being favored
vestragon to say who is spoken to
zūgagon to fear what is feared

Gūrogon has a reflexive meaning, to merit or earn.

High Valyrian English
īlvon kostion īlondot gūrī we earn our power for ourselves
īlvot kostiot īlonde igūrī we earn our power for ourselves

Note how these sentences mean the same thing yet have slightly different syntax. The second uses the oblique applicative to be discussed in a future lesson to make īlonda in the accusative such that the verb igūrogon may be used as iderēbagon is.

Exercise 3

Translate to High Valyrian.

Attribution

"Lesson 2-Genitive and Dative" by S. W. Farnsworth et al is licensed under CC BY 3.0 / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original