User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/2-2: Difference between revisions
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=Lesson 2| The Genitive and Dative Cases= | =Lesson 2| The Genitive and Dative Cases= | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" | {| class="wikitable" width="50%" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| align="center" colspan="2" | | | align="center" colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''eglie (adj. | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''eglie (adj. III)''' | ||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''high, good, superior''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''high, good, superior''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''voktys (2sol.)''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''voktys (2sol.)''' | ||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''priest, priestess''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''priest, priestess''' | ||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''iēdar (1aq.)''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''water''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jenys (2sol.)''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''glass''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" colspan="2" | | | align="center" colspan="2" | | ||
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''irughagon''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''irughagon''' | ||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to give, offer, present, release to''' | | align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to give, offer, present, release to''' | ||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''bardugon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to write''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gōvilemagon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to put under''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gūrogon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to pick up, get, take; (refl.) to earn, merit, deserve''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''ijiōragon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to please, make happy''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jollōragon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to study, investigate''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''lōragon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to drill, to bore''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''qrimpālegon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to betray, double-cross''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rāenābagon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to clean, wash''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rāenagon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to wipe, brush''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''selagon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to move, to go, to make for, to head to somewhere''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''sytiderēbagon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to choose for, select for''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''udekuragon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to near, to approach, to step towards''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''udēmagon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to sit down on, to sit on''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''usōvegon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to apologize to''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''vaoresagon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to prefer, to favor, to like''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''vestragon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to say''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''zūgagon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to be afraid, to fear''' | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''sētegon''' | |||
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to make, to create, to bring forth, to bring into being, to conjure; to shape, to form, to give form to, to mould, to fashion, to work (e.g. some substance); to smith, to forge''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==The Genitive== | ==The Genitive== | ||
The genitive case is a descriptive case. The genitive case describes the following features of the described noun: | The genitive case is a descriptive case. The genitive case describes the following features of the described noun: | ||
*Possession e.g. The dragon of Daenerys ''or'' Daenerys' dragon (Daenero zaldrīzes | * Possession e.g. The dragon of Daenerys ''or'' Daenerys' dragon (Daenero zaldrīzes) | ||
* Relation e.g. A thing of beauty (mirro gevie) | |||
*Relation e.g. A thing of beauty (mirro gevie) | * Quality e.g. Day of wrath (vēdro tubis) | ||
*Quality e.g. Day of wrath (vēdro tubis) | |||
* Material e.g. Hand of gold (āeksio ondos) | * Material e.g. Hand of gold (āeksio ondos) | ||
Quite simply, a word in the genitive case is translated with the preposition "of". Note that High Valyrian does not have a separate form for the possessive genitive (''Jon's dog'' vs ''The dog of Jon''), as English does. A word in the genitive case showing possession can be translated either way. A critical use of the genitive case is in postpositions, described later in this section. | Quite simply, a word in the genitive case is translated with the preposition "of". Note that High Valyrian does not have a separate form for the possessive genitive (''Jon's dog'' vs ''The dog of Jon''), as English does. A word in the genitive case showing possession can be translated either way. A critical use of the genitive case is in postpositions, described later in this section. | ||
When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers. | One may read a genitive phrase two ways, for example, ''Zaldrīzo lentor'' may be read: 1) '[the, a] dragon's house'; 2) '[the, a] house of [the, a] dragon.' Both are correct. In either case, the noun in the genitive is the possessor, marked in English with an apostrophe 's' or as the object of literally 'of.' | ||
When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers. Typically, the noun in the genitive occurs first in a genitive phrase; however, this is not mandatory. One may very well mark the desired reading consistently using [genitive] [other] to represent apostrophe 's' and [other] [genitive] to represent 'of the possessor.' | |||
The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual genitive forms take the endings -o, -ō, and -o; with 'i' in the ending, they become -io, -iō, and -io. | The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual genitive forms take the endings -o, -ō, and -o; with 'i' in the ending, they become -io, -iō, and -io. | ||
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===Exercise 1=== | ===Exercise 1=== | ||
Translate to High Valyrian. | Translate to High Valyrian. | ||
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | {| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
| the queen's victory | | the queen's victory | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| kostōbo azanto korze | | kostōbo azanto korze | ||
|} | |||
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
| the sword of the strong knight | |||
|- | |||
| kostōbo azanto korze; recall, there are two ways to express a genitive phrase in English | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Postpositions== | ==Postpositions== | ||
Like prepositions, '''postpositions''' are indeclinable and genderless. Postpositions are placed after substantives and adjectives; they only take the genitive case. There are a number of ''adverbial postpositions'', that mostly indicate directionality of sentence participants, that find use as adverbs. | Like prepositions, '''postpositions''' are indeclinable and genderless. Postpositions are placed after substantives and adjectives; they only take the genitive case. There are a number of ''adverbial postpositions'', that mostly indicate directionality of sentence participants, that find use as adverbs. | ||
''Ondoso'', at the hand of,' is the only postposition that is pluralized to agree with the genitive phrase. | |||
''Syt'' finds usage in a number of idiomatic expressions like ''kesrio syt'', 'because' or 'for', to ''skoro syt'', 'why.' ''Syt'' is also used with the reflexive to say things like 'I have learned High Valyrian for myself,' or in High Valyrian, ''nykelo syt Valyria gūrēntan''. | |||
The Valyrians saw time as vertical--below implies 'before' and above, 'after.' | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" | {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ||
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| gō|| under, beneath, below, underneath, underneath of, to the underside of; before (temporally) | | gō|| under, beneath, below, underneath, underneath of, to the underside of; before (temporally) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| geptot|| to the left of | | geptot|| to the left of; beside, next to | ||
|- | |- | ||
| inkot|| behind, in back of | | inkot|| behind, in back of | ||
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| naejot|| in front of, before | | naejot|| in front of, before | ||
|- | |- | ||
| paktot|| to the right of | | paktot|| to the right of; to the side, beside | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" | <I>Non-adverbial Postpositions</I> | | colspan="2" | <I>Non-adverbial Postpositions</I> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bē|| on, onto, on top of, upon; concerning, regarding, about, with respect to, on (the subject of), about; at, in | | bē|| on, onto, on top of, upon; concerning, regarding, about, with respect to, on (the subject of), about; at, in | ||
|- | |||
| bodē|| inspired by, in the spirit of, following the style of | |||
|- | |||
| harrī|| while, during | |||
|- | |- | ||
| hēdrȳ|| from amongst, out of, from the midst of, from | | hēdrȳ|| from amongst, out of, from the midst of, from | ||
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| ondoso|| due to, by, at the hand of | | ondoso|| due to, by, at the hand of | ||
|- | |- | ||
| syt|| for, intended for, on behalf of | | syt|| for, intended for, on behalf of | ||
|- | |||
| toliot|| above, over; after | |||
|- | |||
| tolmiot|| across, over | |||
|- | |||
| rȳ|| between, in between; through, across; throughout, all in reference to a time period | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Examples=== | ===Examples=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | jēdar yno toliot; tegon yno gō; perzys yno iemnȳ | | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | jēdar yno toliot; tegon yno gō; perzys yno iemnȳ | ||
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | | | bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | sky above me; earth below me; fire within me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa | | bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa | ||
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==The Dative== | ==The Dative== | ||
The dative case, also known as the indirect object case indicates: | The '''dative case''', also known as the indirect object case, is frequently used with verbs of saying or giving indicates: | ||
*For whom, e.g., I made this car '''for him'''. | *For whom, e.g., I made this car '''for him'''. | ||
*To whom, e.g., I gave this car '''to him'''. | *To whom, e.g., I gave this car '''to him'''. | ||
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| what is feared | | what is feared | ||
|} | |} | ||
''Gūrogon'' has a reflexive meaning, to merit or earn. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|'''High Valyrian''' | |||
|'''English''' | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | īlvon kostion īlondot gūrī | |||
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | we earn our power for ourselves | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | īlvot kostiot īlonde igūrī | |||
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | we earn our power for ourselves | |||
|} | |||
Note how these sentences mean the same thing yet have slightly different syntax. The second uses the '''oblique applicative''' to be discussed in a future lesson to make ''īlonda'' in the accusative such that the verb ''igūrogon'' may be used as ''iderēbagon'' is. | |||
===Exercise 3=== | |||
Translate to High Valyrian. | |||
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
| ask the knight something. | |||
|- | |||
| azantot mirros epās. | |||
|} | |||
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
| the man guides the women from the mountain to the valley. | |||
|- | |||
| vala hen blēnot va rihot ābrī jemas. | |||
|} | |||
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
| what is in the shadow? | |||
|- | |||
| skorion sȳndrot ilza? | |||
|} | |||
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
| she is giving the man who deserves a sword a sword | |||
|- | |||
| korzī gūros luot zirȳlot korzī irughas | |||
|} | |||
==Attribution== | |||
<div style="padding: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px; background-color: #eee; width: 65%;"> | |||
"[https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Lesson_2-Genitive_and_Dative Lesson 2-Genitive and Dative]" by [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Authors S. W. Farnsworth et al] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY 3.0] / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original</div> |
Latest revision as of 14:43, 26 December 2023
Lesson 2| The Genitive and Dative Cases
Vocabulary
Lesson Vocabulary | |
---|---|
High Valyrian | English |
eglie (adj. III) | high, good, superior |
gevie (adj. III) | beautiful |
āeksion (3ter.) | gold |
hāedar (1aq.) | younger sister |
irūdy (2lun.) | gift, present |
jēdar (1aq.) | sky |
ondos (3sol.) | hand |
qogror (6col. 3ter.) | ranks, group, grouping, class, type |
qrinuntys (2sol.) | occupier, enemy, villain, foe |
sōlutty (2lun.) | scroll |
tubis (5sol.) | day |
voktys (2sol.) | priest, priestess |
iēdar (1aq.) | water |
jenys (2sol.) | glass |
irughagon | to give, offer, present, release to |
bardugon | to write |
gōvilemagon | to put under |
gūrogon | to pick up, get, take; (refl.) to earn, merit, deserve |
ijiōragon | to please, make happy |
jollōragon | to study, investigate |
lōragon | to drill, to bore |
qrimpālegon | to betray, double-cross |
rāenābagon | to clean, wash |
rāenagon | to wipe, brush |
selagon | to move, to go, to make for, to head to somewhere |
sytiderēbagon | to choose for, select for |
udekuragon | to near, to approach, to step towards |
udēmagon | to sit down on, to sit on |
usōvegon | to apologize to |
vaoresagon | to prefer, to favor, to like |
vestragon | to say |
zūgagon | to be afraid, to fear |
sētegon | to make, to create, to bring forth, to bring into being, to conjure; to shape, to form, to give form to, to mould, to fashion, to work (e.g. some substance); to smith, to forge |
The Genitive
The genitive case is a descriptive case. The genitive case describes the following features of the described noun:
- Possession e.g. The dragon of Daenerys or Daenerys' dragon (Daenero zaldrīzes)
- Relation e.g. A thing of beauty (mirro gevie)
- Quality e.g. Day of wrath (vēdro tubis)
- Material e.g. Hand of gold (āeksio ondos)
Quite simply, a word in the genitive case is translated with the preposition "of". Note that High Valyrian does not have a separate form for the possessive genitive (Jon's dog vs The dog of Jon), as English does. A word in the genitive case showing possession can be translated either way. A critical use of the genitive case is in postpositions, described later in this section.
One may read a genitive phrase two ways, for example, Zaldrīzo lentor may be read: 1) '[the, a] dragon's house'; 2) '[the, a] house of [the, a] dragon.' Both are correct. In either case, the noun in the genitive is the possessor, marked in English with an apostrophe 's' or as the object of literally 'of.'
When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers. Typically, the noun in the genitive occurs first in a genitive phrase; however, this is not mandatory. One may very well mark the desired reading consistently using [genitive] [other] to represent apostrophe 's' and [other] [genitive] to represent 'of the possessor.'
The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual genitive forms take the endings -o, -ō, and -o; with 'i' in the ending, they become -io, -iō, and -io.
Declination | Nominative | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
1lun. | val-a | val-o | val-oti |
1aq. | qelb-ar | qelb-ro | qelb-roti |
2lun. | egr-y | egr-o | egr-oti |
2sol. | azant-ys | azant-o | azant-oti |
3lun. (io) | āeks-io | āeks-iō | āeks-oti |
3sol. | ri-os | ri-o | ri-oti |
3sol. (contracting) | jao-s | jao-ho | jao-hoti |
3ter. | lent-on | lent-o | lent-oti |
3aq. | māl-or | māl-ro | māl-roti |
4lun. | ann-e | ann-o | ann-oti |
4sol. | zaldrīz-es | zaldrīz-o | zaldrīz-oti |
5lun. | brōz-i | brōz-io | brōz-ȳti |
5sol. | bant-is | bant-io | bant-ȳti |
5aq. | qint-ir | qint-rio | qint-ȳti |
adj. I | rōv-a (ys on or) | rōv-o (o o ro) | rōv-o (o o ro) |
adj. II | sȳz (sȳrior) | sȳr-o (ȳr) | sȳr-o (ȳ) |
adj. III | sylvie (ior) | sylv-io (ȳr) | sylv-io (ȳ) |
High Valyrian Examples
The following examples show how the genitive may be pluralized and modified with an adjective.
High Valyrian | English | ||||||
qubo taobo | jaos | sȳz | issa | The dog | of the bad boy | is | good |
genitive | nominative noun | nominative adj. | verb | nominative noun | genitive | verb | nominative adj. |
High Valyrian | English | ||||||
qubo taoboti | jaos | sȳz | issa | The dog | of the bad boys | is | good |
genitive (plural) | nominative noun | nominative adj. | verb | nominative noun | genitive | verb | nominative adj. |
Exercise 1
Translate to High Valyrian.
the queen's victory |
dārio ērinnon |
the shadow of the mountain |
blēno sȳndor |
the strong knight's sword |
kostōbo azanto korze |
the sword of the strong knight |
kostōbo azanto korze; recall, there are two ways to express a genitive phrase in English |
Postpositions
Like prepositions, postpositions are indeclinable and genderless. Postpositions are placed after substantives and adjectives; they only take the genitive case. There are a number of adverbial postpositions, that mostly indicate directionality of sentence participants, that find use as adverbs.
Ondoso, at the hand of,' is the only postposition that is pluralized to agree with the genitive phrase.
Syt finds usage in a number of idiomatic expressions like kesrio syt, 'because' or 'for', to skoro syt, 'why.' Syt is also used with the reflexive to say things like 'I have learned High Valyrian for myself,' or in High Valyrian, nykelo syt Valyria gūrēntan.
The Valyrians saw time as vertical--below implies 'before' and above, 'after.'
List of Common Postpositions | |
Adverbial Postpositions | |
gō | under, beneath, below, underneath, underneath of, to the underside of; before (temporally) |
geptot | to the left of; beside, next to |
inkot | behind, in back of |
naejot | in front of, before |
paktot | to the right of; to the side, beside |
Non-adverbial Postpositions | |
bē | on, onto, on top of, upon; concerning, regarding, about, with respect to, on (the subject of), about; at, in |
bodē | inspired by, in the spirit of, following the style of |
harrī | while, during |
hēdrȳ | from amongst, out of, from the midst of, from |
iemnȳ | in, inside, inside of, within |
jehikarȳ | in the presence of |
mijiot | lacking, without |
ondoso | due to, by, at the hand of |
syt | for, intended for, on behalf of |
toliot | above, over; after |
tolmiot | across, over |
rȳ | between, in between; through, across; throughout, all in reference to a time period |
Examples
High Valyrian | English |
jevi jenti jemēle iderēbilātās, jevo qogrondo hēdrȳ | select your leader, from amongst your own ranks |
jēdar yno toliot; tegon yno gō; perzys yno iemnȳ | sky above me; earth below me; fire within me |
jevys qrinuntys jemo paktot issa | your enemy is beside you |
ñurho(1) hāedro syt korzī sētetan | I made a sword for my sister |
- (1)Illicit sequence deletion (hr) of x ñuhro to form ñurho
Exercise 2
Translate to English.
āeksȳti naejot ilza lī zaldrīzī jorrāelan |
I love the dragon who is in front of the masters |
dārion jemas luo dārio sȳro syt vīlīban |
I fight on behalf of the good queen who guides the kingdom |
kony korzo paktot jaoho havon ilza |
that is the dog's bread to the right of the sword |
drīvo mijiot lura baelās |
help the ones who lack justice |
The Dative
The dative case, also known as the indirect object case, is frequently used with verbs of saying or giving indicates:
- For whom, e.g., I made this car for him.
- To whom, e.g., I gave this car to him.
High Valyrian does not distinguish between "to" or "for", though this is sometimes the case in English:
- I made this car for him. ↔ I made him this car.
- I gave this car to him. ↔ I gave him this car.
When adjectives are used to describe nouns in the genitive case, they must have the same case, number, and gender as the noun to which it refers.
The first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual dative forms take the endings -ot, -ot, and -ot; with 'i' in the ending, they become -iot, -iot, and -iot.
Declination | Nominative | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
1lun. | val-a | val-ot | val-oti |
1aq. | qelb-ar | qelb-iot | qelb-roti |
2lun. | egr-y | egr-ot | egr-oti |
2sol. | azant-ys | azant-ot | azant-oti |
3lun. (io) | āeks-io | āeks-iot | āeks-ȳti |
3sol. | ri-os | ri-ot | ri-oti |
3sol. (contracting) | jao-s | jao-hot | jao-hoti |
3ter. | lent-on | lent-ot | lent-oti |
3aq. | māl-or | māl-rot | māl-roti |
4lun. | ann-e | ann-ot | ann-oti |
4sol. | zaldrīz-es | zaldrīz-ot | zaldrīz-oti |
5lun. | brōz-i | brōz-iot | brōz-ȳti |
5sol. | bant-is | bant-iot | bant-ȳti |
5aq. | qint-ir | qint-riot | qint-ȳti |
adj. I | rōv-a (ys on or) | rōv-ot (ot ot rot) | rōv-o (o o ro) |
adj. II | sȳz (sȳrior) | sȳr-o (ȳr) | sȳr-o (ȳ) |
adj. III | sylvie (ior) | sylv-iot (ȳr) | sylv-io (ȳ) |
Example 1
He | made | the desk | for | his friend |
nominative noun | verb | accusative | dative prep. | dative |
'For' is the preposition indicating a dative. 'For' can be used in some other constructs. To determine whether it is dative, analyze the meaning of the sentence (see Example 3); note that the locative case and the dative case have a number of noun declinations that overlap, making them look the same. Practice will enable you to quickly spot the case of a noun in the sentence without much effort.
Example 2
He gave the book to John; He gave to John the book; or He gave John the book.
This demonstrates how English can use prepositions to change word order and even 'presume' a certain preposition exists that has been left out, giving a dative construct. Also, the dative is used only for a noun
High Valyrian Examples
Note that in either example, the dative argument may appear after the accusative argument; it is typical for the accusative argument to appear as the final nominal item although this may vary depending on how the speaker would like to phrase or place emphasis.
High Valyrian | English | ||||
ñuhot raqirot(1) | irūdi | irughan. | I gave | my friend | a gift. |
dative noun/adj. pair | accusative | verb | verb | dative noun/adj. pair | accusative |
- (1)Note how ñuhot agrees with "raqirot"
High Valyrian | English | ||||
ynot(1) | sōlutti | maghas. | He brought | me | a scroll. |
dative pronoun | accusative | verb | verb | dative pronoun | accusative |
- (1)Note that the pronouns have a dative case as well, which can be reviewed in the section on pronouns.
The below table shows the verbs which take dative arguments. Notice the role that these arguments serve in the sentence--this is the indirect object.
Verb | Meaning | Dative Use |
---|---|---|
bardugon | to write | who is being written to |
botagon | to work, labor | why work is being done |
epagon | to ask | who is being asked |
gōvilemagon | to put under | the thing under which it is put |
gūrogon | to earn, merit, deserve (refl.) | what is deserved |
iderēbagon | to choose, decide, select | what is being selected |
ijiōragon | to please | the pleaser |
jemagon | to lead, guide | the place guided to |
jollōragon | to study, investigate | what is being studied |
lōragon | to drill, bore | what is being drilled |
qrimpālegon | to betray, to double-cross | |
qrinumbagon | to antagonize | what is being antagonized |
rāenābagon | to clean, wash | what is being washed |
selagon | to head somewhere | where is it headed |
rāenagon | to wipe, brush | what is being brushed |
sytiderēbagon | to choose for, select for | what is selected |
udekuragon | to near, to approach, to step towards | what is being approached |
udēmagon | to sit down on, to sit on | what is being sat on |
usōvegon | to apologize to | who is being apologized to |
vaoresagon | to prefer, to favor, to like | what is being favored |
vestragon | to say | who is spoken to |
zūgagon | to fear | what is feared |
Gūrogon has a reflexive meaning, to merit or earn.
High Valyrian | English |
īlvon kostion īlondot gūrī | we earn our power for ourselves |
īlvot kostiot īlonde igūrī | we earn our power for ourselves |
Note how these sentences mean the same thing yet have slightly different syntax. The second uses the oblique applicative to be discussed in a future lesson to make īlonda in the accusative such that the verb igūrogon may be used as iderēbagon is.
Exercise 3
Translate to High Valyrian.
ask the knight something. |
azantot mirros epās. |
the man guides the women from the mountain to the valley. |
vala hen blēnot va rihot ābrī jemas. |
what is in the shadow? |
skorion sȳndrot ilza? |
she is giving the man who deserves a sword a sword |
korzī gūros luot zirȳlot korzī irughas |