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| colspan="5" | '''Example'''
| colspan="5" | '''Example'''
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Riña|| korzī|| rōve || liorza.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Riña|| rōve || korzī|| liorza.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [The, a] girl|| [the, a] sword|| big|| [she] sells.
| ''English:'' || [The, a] girl||  big|| [the, a] sword|| [she] sells.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || NOMINATIVE || NOUN ACCUSATIVE || ADJECTIVE ACCUSATIVE|| VERB  
| ''Explanation:'' || NOMINATIVE || ADJECTIVE ACCUSATIVE || NOUN ACCUSATIVE|| VERB  
|}
|}


Line 46: Line 46:
| riña taobe urnes || The girl sees the boy
| riña taobe urnes || The girl sees the boy
|-
|-
| riñe taoba videt || The boy sees the girl
| riñe taoba urnes || The boy sees the girl
|-
|-
| taobe riña videt || The girl sees the boy
| taobe riña urnes || The girl sees the boy
|}
 
Find the declination patterns for nouns and adjectives in the '''accusative''' case below. Recall, the first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual locative forms take the endings -e, -o, and -on; with 'i' in the ending, they become -ie, -io, and -ion. 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Declination
! Nominative
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| 1lun
| val-a
| val-e
| val-ī
|-
| 1aq
| qelb-ar
| qelb-ri
| qelb-rī
|-
| 2lun
| egr-y
| egr-i
| egr-ī
|-
| 2sol
| azant-ys
| azant-i
| azant-ī
|-
| 3lun (io)
| āeks-io
| āeks-io
| āeks-ia
|-
| 3sol
| ri-os
| ri-os
| ri-ossa
|-
| 3sol (contracting)
| jao-s
| jao-s
| jao-hossa
|-
| 3ter
| lent-on
| lent-on
| lent-a
|-
| 3aq
| māl-or
| māl-or
| māl-ra
|-
| 4lun
| ann-e
| ann-ī
| ann-ī
|-
| 4sol
| zaldrīz-es
| zaldrīz-ī
| zaldrīz-ī
|-
| 5lun
| brōz-i
| brōz-i
| brōz-a
|-
| 5sol
| bant-is
| bant-is
| bant-issa
|-
| 5aq
| qint-ir
| qint-ir
| qint-ra
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| adj. I
| rōv-a (ys on or)
| rōv-e (i on or)
| rōv-ī (ī a ra)
|-
| adj. II
| sȳz (sȳrior)
| sȳr-e (ior)
| sȳr-i (iar)
|-
| adj. III
| sylvie (ior)
| sylv-ie (ior)
| sylv-ī (iar)
|}
 
===Exercise 1===
Decline the noun into the accusative case.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| kepa
|-
| kepe (father)
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| vȳs
|-
| vȳs (world)
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| blēnon
|-
| blēnon (mountain)
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| qelbri
|-
| qelbrī (rivers)
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| zaldrīzes
|-
| zaldrīzī (dragon)
|}
 
==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="2" | <b>Lesson Vocabulary</b>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
! bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | <font face="Arial" size="4">High Valyrian</font>
! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | <font face="Arial" size="4">English</font>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |'''yne''' (acc.)<BR>'''avy'''<BR>'''ziry'''<BR>'''ūī'''<BR>'''īlōn'''<BR>'''jemī'''<BR>'''pōnte'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" |'''me'''<BR>'''you'''<BR>'''he/she/it'''<BR>'''he/she/it'''<BR>'''us'''<BR>'''y'all'''<BR>'''them'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''zȳha (poss. adj.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''his/hers/its'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''tolvie(adj. III)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''every, all'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''oktion (3ter.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''city'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''dōros (3sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''wall'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''vēdros (3sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''anger'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''korze (4lun.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''sword, longsword'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jiōragon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to accept, recieve, welcome, bring'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''lioragon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to sell'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''derēbagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to gather, collect'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''sōvegon (v-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to fly'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''idakogon (v-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to attack'''
|}
|}


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| colspan="9" | '''Explanation'''- Daenerys is taking her powerful dragons to the wicked city.
| colspan="9" | '''Explanation'''- Daenerys is taking her powerful dragons to the wicked city.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Daenerys || va || oktiot|| '''kōrē''' || zȳhī || zaldrīzī || '''kostōbī''' || jiōrza
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Daenerys || va || '''kōrē''' || oktiot || zȳhī<sup>(1)</sup> || '''kostōbī''' || zaldrīzī  || jiōrza
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || Daenerys || to || [the, a] city|| wicked || her || dragon(s) || powerful || [she] brings.  
| ''English:'' || Daenerys || to || wicked || [the, a] city|| her || powerful || dragon(s) || [she] brings.  
|}
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> ''Zȳha'', her/his/its (poss. adj). ''Zȳhī'', (acc.)


Kōrē, a class II adjective, is lunar/solar, locative, and singular to agree with oktiot, the word in the locative case it is describing. The locative occurs due to the preposition va; thusly, ''va oktiot kōrē'' is called a ''prepositional phrase''.
''Kōrē'', a class II adjective, is lunar/solar, locative, and singular to agree with ''oktiot'', the word in the locative case it is describing. The locative occurs due to the preposition ''va''; thusly, ''va oktiot kōrē'' is called a '''prepositional phrase'''.


Kostōbī, a class I adjective, is solar and accusative to agree with zaldrīzī. Zaldrīzī is accusative because it is the object of jiōrza. Note that zaldrīzī (4sol.) is both the accusative singular and the accusative plural.
''Kostōbī'', a class I adjective, is solar and accusative to agree with ''zaldrīzī''. ''Zaldrīzī'' is accusative because it is the object of ''jiōrza''. Note that ''zaldrīzī'' (4sol.) is both the accusative singular and the accusative plural.
 
''Zȳhī'' is a '''possessive adjective'''. These will be covered in a later section. For now, recognize that they decline like regular class I adjectives and agree with the case, gender, and number of the item possessed.


{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Can you tell if there one or more dragons?  
| Can you tell if there one or more dragons?  
|-
|-
| Yes! The possessive adjective zȳhī is declined plural. Daenerys is bringing dragons.
| Yes! The possessive adjective ''zȳhī'' is declined plural. Daenerys is bringing dragons.
|}
|}


Here is an example of a sentence not using an accusative:
Here is an example of a sentence not using an accusative:


{| cellpadding="2" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- Quickly the harpys gather on the walls.
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- Quickly the harpys gather on the walls.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' ||Jazdani || dorot || bōsot|| aderī || derēbas   
| ''High Valyrian:'' ||Jazdani || aderī ||'''bōsot'''|| dorot || derēbas   
|-
|-
| ''English:'' ||Harpys || [the, a] wall|| '''tall''' || quickly || [they] gather  
| ''English:'' ||Harpys || quickly || '''tall'''|| [on, at, in] [the, a] wall || [they] gather  
|}
|}


The word bōsot agrees with the singular, locative, and solar dorot.
The word ''bōsot'' agrees with the singular, locative, and solar ''dorot''.


The harpys may have walls; however, Daenerys has dragons!
The harpys may have walls; however, Daenerys has dragons!


{| cellpadding="2" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The dragons fly from the canyon and the harpys attack them.
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- The dragons fly from the canyon and the harpys attack the great dragons.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Zaldrīzesse|| hen|| rihot|| sōvesi || se || jazdani || zaldrīzī || karī || idakosi
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Zaldrīzesse|| hen|| rihot|| sōvesi || se || jazdani || '''karī''' || zaldrīzī || idakosi
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [The] dragons|| from || [the, a] canyon|| [they] fly|| and || [the] harpys || them || attack.  
| ''English:'' || [The] dragons|| from || [the, a] canyon|| [they] fly|| and || [the] harpys || '''great''' || [the] dragons || attack.  
|}
|}


''Kara'' must become ''karī'' in order to modify ''zaldrīzī'', which is solar, plural, and accusative.
''Rihot'' is locative to agree with the preposition ''va'' to form a prepositional phrase.
 
''Kara'' must become ''karī'' in order to modify ''zaldrīzī'', which is solar, plural, and accusative.  


Dragons do not like to be attacked:
Dragons do not like to be attacked:


{| cellpadding="2" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="8" | '''Explanation'''- Her dragons, with anger, burn them all and too, their great commanders.
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Zȳhyz<sup>(1)</sup> || zaldrīzesse || vēdroso|| tolvyri<sup>(2)</sup> || zālzi
|-
| ''English:'' || Her || dragons || [with] anger || them all|| [they] burn
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> ''Zȳhys'', her/his/its (poss. adj). ''Zȳhyz'', (nom.)
 
''Zȳhyz'' is a nominative, solar, and plural '''possessive adjective''' that agrees with ''zaldrīzesse'', also nominative, solar, and plural.
 
'''[CHECK]''' With the accusative pronoun pōnte, the lunar form of the adjective is used.
 
===Exercise 2===
Determine if the following adjectives agree with their noun; if not, write the correct form.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| bōse bantis
|-
| Yes, both are lunar, singular, and accusative
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| byka dārion
|-
| No, byka is declined lunar and dārion is terrestrial--bykon dārion is correct
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| kōz vale
|-
| Yes, kōz is declined lunar/solar and vala is lunar; both are accusative
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| litse qintir
|-
| No, litse is declined lunar/solar and qintir is aquatic--litsior qintir
|}
 
==Grammar: The Use of the Accusative ==
 
Unless specified, any verb you look up in the dictionary will take the accusative, not the nominative. This means that they are '''transitive verbs''', verbs that happen to someone or something, e.g.:
 
I heal '''you'''. (''acc.'')
You make '''my day'''. (''acc.'')
She hit '''your arm'''. (''acc.'')
 
In the examples above, the '''bold''' words are the subject of the sentence clause. Because something happens "to" them, they can't be in nominative.
 
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The ''wild'' girl loves the ''good'' boy.
| colspan="4" | '''Grammatical Explanation 1'''
|-
|-
| ''Latin:'' || Puella || '''ferox'''|| amat || puerum (acc) || '''bonum''' (acc).
| ''English:'' || The boy || hits || the car.
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || NOMINATIVE || VERB
| ACCUSATIVE
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="4" | '''Grammatical Explanation 2'''
|-
| ''English:'' || The girl || hugs || the boy.
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || NOMINATIVE || VERB
| ACCUSATIVE
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="5" | '''Grammatical Explanation 3'''
|-
| ''English:'' || He who || flees, || deserves || the guillotine.
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || NOMINATIVE || VERB
| VERB || ACCUSATIVE
|}
 
===Exercise 3===
Translate the following to High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Jon speaks to the wise woman.
|-
| Iōnos sylvie ābre ȳdras.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| He feeds the wolf rice.
|-
| mālroso zokle kisiksa.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Daenerys is missing her dragon.
|-
| Daenerys zȳhos zaldrīzose mijes.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Did the knights kill the evil masters?
|-
| Azantyssy kōri āeksia sēnis?
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| He names the brave woman his knight.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [The] girl|| '''wild''' || [she] loves || [the] boy|| '''good'''.  
| Zȳhos azantomy nēdenke ābre brōzas.
|}
|}


Even though ''puella'' is first declension, ''ferox'' remains third declension. In the same way, a good lion would be ''bonus leo''.
==Attribution==
<div style="padding: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px; background-color: #eee; width: 65%;">
"[https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Lesson_5-Accusative Lesson 5-Accusative]" by [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Authors S. W. Farnsworth et al] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY 3.0] / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original</div>

Latest revision as of 09:27, 13 June 2024

Lesson 5| The Accusative

Grammar: The Accusative

As you learned in the last lesson, the verb 'sagon' (to be) usually takes the nominative case. Most other verbs take the 'accusative' case.

In a sentence, the accusative is the "what" - in English grammar, this is known as the direct object.

For example: The girl sells the sword.

What did the girl sell? The sword. Thus, sword is the direct object, and when we translate it into High Valyrian:

Example
High Valyrian: Riña korzī liorza.
English: [The, a] girl [the] sword [she] sells.
Explanation: NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE VERB

Korze, then, is in the accusative, because it is the direct object.

Again, when an adjective describes a noun in the accusative case, the adjective must agree in number, case, and gender.

Example
High Valyrian: Riña rōve korzī liorza.
English: [The, a] girl big [the, a] sword [she] sells.
Explanation: NOMINATIVE ADJECTIVE ACCUSATIVE NOUN ACCUSATIVE VERB

Because High Valyrian uses cases to mark the subject and the object of a sentence, word order does not matter although it is common to see the accusative immediately before the verb (or a pre-verbal adjective). Consider:

taoba riñe urnes The boy sees the girl
riña taobe urnes The girl sees the boy
riñe taoba urnes The boy sees the girl
taobe riña urnes The girl sees the boy

Find the declination patterns for nouns and adjectives in the accusative case below. Recall, the first lunar, third lunar, and third terrestrial have forms that include an 'i' in their endings, like āeksio. The usual locative forms take the endings -e, -o, and -on; with 'i' in the ending, they become -ie, -io, and -ion.

Declination Nominative Singular Plural
1lun val-a val-e val-ī
1aq qelb-ar qelb-ri qelb-rī
2lun egr-y egr-i egr-ī
2sol azant-ys azant-i azant-ī
3lun (io) āeks-io āeks-io āeks-ia
3sol ri-os ri-os ri-ossa
3sol (contracting) jao-s jao-s jao-hossa
3ter lent-on lent-on lent-a
3aq māl-or māl-or māl-ra
4lun ann-e ann-ī ann-ī
4sol zaldrīz-es zaldrīz-ī zaldrīz-ī
5lun brōz-i brōz-i brōz-a
5sol bant-is bant-is bant-issa
5aq qint-ir qint-ir qint-ra
adj. I rōv-a (ys on or) rōv-e (i on or) rōv-ī (ī a ra)
adj. II sȳz (sȳrior) sȳr-e (ior) sȳr-i (iar)
adj. III sylvie (ior) sylv-ie (ior) sylv-ī (iar)

Exercise 1

Decline the noun into the accusative case.

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
yne (acc.)
avy
ziry
ūī
īlōn
jemī
pōnte 		me
you
he/she/it
he/she/it
us
y'all
them
zȳha (poss. adj.) his/hers/its
tolvie(adj. III) every, all
oktion (3ter.) city
dōros (3sol.) wall
vēdros (3sol.) anger
korze (4lun.) sword, longsword
jiōragon (c-fin.) to accept, recieve, welcome, bring
lioragon (c-fin.) to sell
derēbagon (c-fin.) to gather, collect
sōvegon (v-fin.) to fly
idakogon (v-fin.) to attack

Examples of Adjectives Agreeing with the Nominative and Accusative Case

Explanation- Daenerys is taking her powerful dragons to the wicked city.
High Valyrian: Daenerys va kōrē oktiot zȳhī(1) kostōbī zaldrīzī jiōrza
English: Daenerys to wicked [the, a] city her powerful dragon(s) [she] brings.
  • (1) Zȳha, her/his/its (poss. adj). Zȳhī, (acc.)

Kōrē, a class II adjective, is lunar/solar, locative, and singular to agree with oktiot, the word in the locative case it is describing. The locative occurs due to the preposition va; thusly, va oktiot kōrē is called a prepositional phrase.

Kostōbī, a class I adjective, is solar and accusative to agree with zaldrīzī. Zaldrīzī is accusative because it is the object of jiōrza. Note that zaldrīzī (4sol.) is both the accusative singular and the accusative plural.

Zȳhī is a possessive adjective. These will be covered in a later section. For now, recognize that they decline like regular class I adjectives and agree with the case, gender, and number of the item possessed.

Here is an example of a sentence not using an accusative:

Explanation- Quickly the harpys gather on the walls.
High Valyrian: Jazdani aderī bōsot dorot derēbas
English: Harpys quickly tall [on, at, in] [the, a] wall [they] gather

The word bōsot agrees with the singular, locative, and solar dorot.

The harpys may have walls; however, Daenerys has dragons!

Explanation- The dragons fly from the canyon and the harpys attack the great dragons.
High Valyrian: Zaldrīzesse hen rihot sōvesi se jazdani karī zaldrīzī idakosi
English: [The] dragons from [the, a] canyon [they] fly and [the] harpys great [the] dragons attack.

Rihot is locative to agree with the preposition va to form a prepositional phrase.

Kara must become karī in order to modify zaldrīzī, which is solar, plural, and accusative.

Dragons do not like to be attacked:

Explanation- Her dragons, with anger, burn them all and too, their great commanders.
High Valyrian: Zȳhyz(1) zaldrīzesse vēdroso tolvyri(2) zālzi
English: Her dragons [with] anger them all [they] burn
  • (1) Zȳhys, her/his/its (poss. adj). Zȳhyz, (nom.)

Zȳhyz is a nominative, solar, and plural possessive adjective that agrees with zaldrīzesse, also nominative, solar, and plural.

[CHECK] With the accusative pronoun pōnte, the lunar form of the adjective is used.

Exercise 2

Determine if the following adjectives agree with their noun; if not, write the correct form.

Grammar: The Use of the Accusative

Unless specified, any verb you look up in the dictionary will take the accusative, not the nominative. This means that they are transitive verbs, verbs that happen to someone or something, e.g.: 

I heal you. (acc.)
You make my day. (acc.)
She hit your arm. (acc.)

In the examples above, the bold words are the subject of the sentence clause. Because something happens "to" them, they can't be in nominative.

Grammatical Explanation 1
English: The boy hits the car.
Explanation: NOMINATIVE VERB ACCUSATIVE


Grammatical Explanation 2
English: The girl hugs the boy.
Explanation: NOMINATIVE VERB ACCUSATIVE


Grammatical Explanation 3
English: He who flees, deserves the guillotine.
Explanation: NOMINATIVE VERB VERB ACCUSATIVE

Exercise 3

Translate the following to High Valyrian.

Attribution

"Lesson 5-Accusative" by S. W. Farnsworth et al is licensed under CC BY 3.0 / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original
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