User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/1-6: Difference between revisions

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! bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | <font face="Arial" size="4">High Valyrian</font>
! bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | <font face="Arial" size="4">High Valyrian</font>
! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | <font face="Arial" size="4">English</font>
! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | <font face="Arial" size="4">English</font>
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''kasta (adj. I.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''blue, green'''
|-
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
| align="center" colspan="2" |
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gelte (4lun.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gelte (4lun.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''helmet, helm'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''helmet, helm'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''bartos (3sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''head'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''harris (5sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''while, duration; an indefinite amount of time that varies based on the activity refered to; the appropriate amount of time that an activity ought to last'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jēdun (6pauc.1lun.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''hour, hours'''
|-
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''morghon (3ter.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''morghon (3ter.)'''
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''zentys (2sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''zentys (2sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''guest'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''guest'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''lūs (3sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''type, kind'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''verdon (3ter.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''sum, figure, amount, number'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jelmor (3aq.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''north'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''bianor (3aq.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''female sheep'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rūklon (3ter.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''flower'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''qilōny (2lun.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''whip'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jentys (2sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''leader, ruler, commander'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''belmon (3ter.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''chain'''
|-
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
| align="center" colspan="2" |
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''pryjagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''pryjagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to destroy, break, strike off'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to destroy, break, strike off'''
 
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gaomagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to do, act, perform'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''pilogon (v-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to hold on(to) (with the hands)'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''urnegon (v-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to see'''
|}
|}


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Note: ''you'' is the singular of the plural ''y'all'', itself a contraction of ''you all'' - it is a perfectly grammatically correct second person plural pronoun in English, useful for distinguishing ''you'' (singular) from ''you'' (plural). After working with folks who spoke the Southern U.S. English regional dialect, the versatility and usefulness of the pronoun ''y'all'' became abundantly clear, as the second person plural pronoun is rarely used in standard English.  
Note: ''you'' is the singular of the plural ''y'all'', itself a contraction of ''you all'' - it is a perfectly grammatically correct second person plural pronoun in English, useful for distinguishing ''you'' (singular) from ''you'' (plural). After working with folks who spoke the Southern U.S. English regional dialect, the versatility and usefulness of the pronoun ''y'all'' became abundantly clear, as the second person plural pronoun is rarely used in standard English.  


High Valyrian has two third person personal pronouns: ''ziry'', for lunar and solar nouns and ''ūja'', for terrestrial and aquatic nouns. Generally, ''ziry'' is used for animates and ''ūja'' for inanimates. However, there is flexibility and ''ūja'' may be used for animates as well. This linguistic feature is useful for sentences where you are keeping track of two generic participants like the following example:
High Valyrian has two third person personal pronouns: ''ziry'', for lunar and solar nouns and ''ūja'', for terrestrial and aquatic nouns. Generally, ''ziry'' is used for animates and ''ūja'' for inanimates because this fits the lunar/solar and terrestrial/aquatic paradigm.  
 
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- Should he steal something from him, his punishment will be death.
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || '''Ūja''' ||hen|| '''zirȳ'''|| mirros|| laodios<sup>(1)</sup>, ||'''jāhon''' ||qilōnarion ||morghon ||kesos<sup>(2)</sup>.
|-
| ''English:'' || He|| from|| him || something || [if, should] [he] steal|| '''his''' ||punishment||death||[will] be.
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> laodigon, to steal (v-fin.). laodios, (3s. prs. subj.).
*<sup>(2)</sup> sagon, to be. kesos, (3s. fut. subj.).
 
In English, who is being executed? The thief or the one who had something stolen? Your brain knows even though the sentence doesn't! If there was a passage written like this, you would likely be confused. In High Valyrian, it is clear ''ūja'' is the thief to be executed.
 
''Zirȳ'' is in the locative because of the preposition ''hen''; ''hen zirȳ'' constitutes a prepositional phrase.
 
''Jāhon'' is a singular and nominative possessive adjective in agreement with the terrestrial ''qilōnarion'', from which the possessive adjective takes its gender.
 
The subjunctive will be covered later. For now recognize that it may be translated as 'should' or 'if' and conveys a hypothetical action or an action that may not occur. The future subjunctive can be used in tandem with the present subjunctive to convey a cause → effect (present subjunctive → future subjunctive) flow like this sentence.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Dative
! Dative
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|ynot|| for me || bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|aōt|| for you
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|ynot|| for me || bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|aōt|| for you
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|zijot|| for him/her/it || bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|ūjōt|| for him/her/it
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|zijot|| for him/her/it || bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|ūjot|| for him/her/it
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|īlot|| for us || bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|jemot|| for y'all  
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|īlot|| for us || bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|jemot|| for y'all  
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|pōntot|| for them
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|pōntot|| for them
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| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Ñuhe zokle, ñuhi azanti, ñuhon lenton, ñuhor qintrā jorrāelan
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Ñuhe zokle, ñuhi azanti, ñuhon lenton, ñuhor qintrā jorrāelan
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | I love my wolf, my knight, my house, and my turtle
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | I love my wolf, my knight, my house, and my turtle
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Ñuhos korzose ziry enkan
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | I owe him my sword
|}
The first sentence shows the first person possessive adjective declined in all four grammatical genders with the coordinative vowel lengthening in the final element of the list to indicate 'and.' The second shows how the ''possessive adjective'' declines in case with the noun it is modifying.
===Exercise 1===
Translate into High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| My house is big
|-
| Ñuhon lenton rōvon issa
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| My house is bigger than her house
|-
| Ñuhon lenton zȳhos lentoso rōvykton issa
|}
|}
This sentence shows the first person possessive adjective declined in all four grammatical genders with the coordinative vowel lengthening in the final element of the list to indicate 'and.'


==Reflexive Pronouns==
==Reflexive Pronouns==
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! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | English
! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | English
|-
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Hēzīr, brōza jevi jemēle iderēbilātās.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Hēzīr, jevī brōza jemēle iderēbilātās.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | From this day forward, you will choose your own names.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | From this day forward, you will choose your own names.
|}
|}
This example uses a possessive adjective to modify a reflexive pronoun to say 'your own.'
This example uses a possessive adjective to modify the noun ''brōza'' "names", as well as a reflexive pronoun ''jemēle'' "yourselves" to say 'your own', literally "You will choose your names yourselves".


Three additional examples of reflexive pronouns:
Three additional examples of reflexive pronouns:
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| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Aōle lykemās, perzītsos.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Aōle lykemās, perzītsos.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | Calm yourself, little flame.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | Calm yourself, little flame.
|}
===Exercise 2===
Translate to High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| You be quiet.
|-
| Aōle lykemās.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Select your (pl.) own leader.
|-
| Jevi jenti jemēle iderēbilātās.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| The harpys and masters are killing each other!
|-
|  Jazdanī āeksiā pōntālī sēnis!
|}
|}


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'''Demonstrative pronouns''' indicate location relative to the speaker; in English are 'this', for that which is near (''proximal''), and 'that' for that which is far (''distal''). In High Valyrian, these words are '''class I adjectives''' that also distinguish the animacy of a modified noun. Like '''possessive adjectives''' they take the gender of the modified noun and agree in case and number like a typical adjective.
'''Demonstrative pronouns''' indicate location relative to the speaker; in English are 'this', for that which is near (''proximal''), and 'that' for that which is far (''distal''). In High Valyrian, these words are '''class I adjectives''' that also distinguish the animacy of a modified noun. Like '''possessive adjectives''' they take the gender of the modified noun and agree in case and number like a typical adjective.


There exist two types of ''demonstrative pronouns'', those that look like ''bisa'' or ''kesa'' that are '''adjectives''' for all intents and purposes and ''bisy'' or ''kesy'' that are '''nouns''' (technically substantivized adjectives).
There exist two types of ''demonstrative pronouns'', those that look like ''bisa'' or ''kona'' that are '''adjectives''' for all intents and purposes and those that look like ''bisy'' or ''kesir'' that are '''nouns''' (technically substantivized adjectives).


'''interrogative pronouns''' are question words, like 'who, what, when, where, and why.' In High Valyrian, the '''interrogative pronouns''' behave identically to demonstrative pronouns except as class II adjectives; thusly, it makes sense to learn their forms together.
'''Interrogative pronouns''' are question words, like 'who, what, when, where, and why.' In High Valyrian, the core ''interrogative pronouns'', from which more interrogative pronouns are derived, behave identically to demonstrative pronouns except as class II adjectives; thusly, it makes sense to learn their forms together.


For animate nouns (like 'this mother' or 'that father') we have:
For animate nouns (like 'this mother' or 'that father') we have:
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| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | these men are our guests
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | these men are our guests
|}
|}
''Bisi'' is a plural and nominative demonstrative pronoun that agrees with ''vali'' from which ''bisi'' takes both its gender and its animacy. It acts like an adjective.
''Bisi'' is an adjective; it is a plural and nominative ''demonstrative pronoun'' that agrees with ''vali'' from which it takes both its gender and its animacy.


''Īlvyz'' is plural, nominative, and solar; it taking its solar gender from the solar ''zentyssy''. It also acts like an adjective.
''Īlvyz'' is an adjective; it is a plural, nominative, and solar ''possessive adjective''; it taking its solar gender from the solar ''zentyssy''.  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|'''English'''
|'''English'''
|-
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Iōnos kono qubo korzoti hakos
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | koni sȳz korzi Iōnot jehākos
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | Jon is annoyed because of those low-quality swords
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | those good-quality swords are cheering up Jon
|}
|}
Here, the demonstrative pronoun ''kono'' is plural, locative, and lunar; it takes its number, case, and gender from ''qubo korzoti'', the poor-quality swords that annoy Jon, to agree.  
Here, the demonstrative pronoun ''koni'' is plural, nominative, and lunar to modify ''sȳz korzi'' from where it takes its number, case, and gender.  


''Korzoti'' is locative because the verb ''hakogon'' is one of the verbs that takes locative arguments. In this case, the locative specifies what is bothering the subject, Jon.
''Iōnot'' is locative because the verb ''jehākogon'' is one of the verbs that takes locative arguments. Here, the locative specifies who is being cheered up, in this case, Jon is.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | that knight is not wearing a helmet
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | that knight is not wearing a helmet
|}
|}
''Bonys'' is a demonstrative adjective taking animacy and gender from ''azantys''. If you recall, ''jomīsagon'', to wear, takes an instrumental, ''geltose'', as the item worn.
''Bonys'' is a demonstrative pronoun taking animacy, number, case, and gender from ''azantys''. If you recall, ''jomīsagon'', to wear, takes an instrumental, ''geltose'', as the item worn.


This is the first example of a negation thus far. They are formed using the subjunctive followed with ''daor''.
This is the first example of a negation thus far; they are simply formed using the subjunctive followed with ''daor''.


===Substantive Form===
===Substantive Form===
The '''substantive form''' is a '''noun''' and occurs when no noun is explicitly stated for an adjective to modify; thusly, the adjective must become a noun. Like the adjectival forms above, they also distinguish animacy while adding abstraction. All adjectives may be transformed into nouns via substantive forms; this will be covered later. For now, recognize that type I substantives convey concrete, countable items and type II substantives convey abstract uncountable items. Type I looks like ''-y'' and ''-ir''; type II looks like ''-os'' and ''-ion''.  
The '''substantive form''' is a '''noun''' and occurs when no noun is explicitly stated for an adjective to modify; thusly, the adjective must become a noun. Like the adjectival forms above, they also distinguish animacy while adding abstraction. All adjectives may be transformed into nouns via substantive forms; this will be covered later. For pronominal adjectives like the ones discussed here, the corresponding substantive form is a pronoun. For now, recognize that type I substantives convey concrete, countable items and type II substantives convey abstract uncountable items. Type I looks like ''-y'' and ''-ir''; type II looks like ''-os'' and ''-ion''.  


Note that these substantives do not take the gender of a noun, as they are nouns themselves; they only take animacy and abstraction for agreement.  
Note that these substantives do not take the gender of a noun, as they are nouns themselves; they only take animacy and abstraction for agreement.  
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''Kesy'' is a type I substantive '''noun''' that takes its inanimacy and tangibility from ''vīlībāzma'' and does not modify another; it stands alone.
''Kesy'' is a type I substantive '''noun''' that takes its inanimacy and tangibility from ''vīlībāzma'' and does not modify another; it stands alone.


''Īlva'' is a possessive '''adjective''' declined nominative, lunar, and singular '''noun''' to agree with ''vīlībāzma''.
''Īlva'' is a possessive '''adjective''' declined nominative, lunar, and singular to agree with the '''noun''' ''vīlībāzma''.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|}
|}
''Kesir'' is a type II substantive noun that has nothing to base animacy or tangibility on, for it is conveying an abstract concept.
''Kesir'' is a type II substantive noun that has nothing to base animacy or tangibility on, for it is conveying an abstract concept.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Bona vala keja qintra jorrāelza
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | that man loves these turtles
|}
Woah! Where did ''keja'' come from? With the aquatic gender, '''illicit sequences''', or letters that cannot appear after each other, occur--this is one such example. Illicit sequences are as follows:
''hr'' that becomes ''rh'' like in ''ñurha''.
''jr'', ''sr'', and ''zr'' that become ''j'' like ''keja''.
''mr'' that becomes ''br'' with a lengthened vowel like ''jelmor'' ('north') pluralized becoming ''jēmbra'' (with deletion of the ''l'').
''nr'' that becomes ''dr'' with a lengthened vowel like ''bianor'' ('sheep') pluralized becoming ''biādra''.


===Interrogative Pronouns===
===Interrogative Pronouns===
From the above discussion, we have learned how to derive the core ''interrogative pronouns'', ''sparos'', ''sparion'', ''skoros'', and ''skorion'' from taking the type I and type II substantives of the demonstrative adjectives ''spare -ior'' and ''skore -ior''.
Lets begin with interrogative pronouns derived from cases of ''skorion'', the type II substantive (or abstract, generic form) of 'what.' To say 'where', take the locative case, ''skoriot''; to say 'why', take the instrumental case, ''skorȳso''.
Next, form the adverb ''skorī'' ('when') as we learned in section 1-4; add ''-ī'' to the class II adjective, ''skore''.
''Skorlūs'', 'what kind of,' is a contraction of ''skore'' ('what') and ''lūs'' ('type'); it takes a genitive argument.
''Skorverdon'', 'how many,' is a contraction of ''skore'' ('what') and ''verdon'' ('number'); it takes a plural genitive argument with a verb conjugated as 3rd person singular.
''Skoro syt'' is the first '''postpositional phrase''' you have encountered and means 'on behalf of what' that translates as 'why;' postpositional phrases are similar to prepositional phrases except they take a genitive followed with a postposition. They will be covered in more detail later. There are more postpositions than prepositions as High Valyrian is generally a head-final language.
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
!bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|High Valyrian
!bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|High Valyrian
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|-
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorion (3ter. subst. II) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| what (abstract)
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorion (3ter. subst. II) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| what (abstract)
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorī (indeclinable) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| when
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skoriot (3ter. loc.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| where  
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skoriot (3ter. loc.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| where  
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skoro syt (postp. phrase) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| why
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorȳso (3ter. inst.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| why, because  
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorȳso (3ter. inst.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| why, because  
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorkydoso (indeclinable) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| how
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorī (adv.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| when
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorlūs (3sol.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| what kind of → gen.
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorlūs (3sol.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| what kind of → gen.
|-
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorverdon (3sol.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| how many → gen.
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorverdon (3sol.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| how many → gen.
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skoro syt (postp. phrase) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| why
|-
|bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|skorkydoso (adv.) ||bgcolor="#CCFFCC"| how
|}
====Examples====
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Skoroso<sup>(1)</sup> jemēle brōzāt?
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | What are your names?
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Sparos īlōn idakos?
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | Who is attacking us?
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> Recall that the 'name' when using ''brōzagon'' is in the instrumental case, ''skoroso'' is declined instrumental to reflect this.
===Interrogative Adjectives===
Above we discussed pronominal nouns, there too are adjectival forms-- '''spare''' (adj. II.) for animates, and '''skore''' (adj. II.) for inanimates.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | spare riñe jorrāelza
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | what girl do you love
|}
This simple sentence demonstrates the interrogative adjective in the '''accusative case''', declining with the noun it modifies. Note that as an adj. II., the '''accusative declension''' of '''spare''' is '''spare'''.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | skorȳr lentot azanto kepa ilos
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | what house is the knight's father in
|}
See how the interrogative adjective declines with the noun it modifies. This example uses the present indicative third person subjunctive of '''ilagon''', '''ilos''', as the speaker has uncertainty of if the knight's father is hiding in one of those houses or is somewhere else.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | lentot va qelbār sparom valoma dekurūbilā
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | which man will you walk to the house near the river with
|}
This example shows the animate interrogative adjective declined in the '''comitative case''' used with animate nouns to mean "with someone." We mostly saw the preposition '''va''' used with the '''dative case''' to mean "to," just like the '''locative case''', when seeking a specific reading. Here, '''va''' takes the meaning "near" to form the phrase '''lentot va qelbār''', "to the house near the river."
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''Speaker 1:''' skore harris iā gīmīluty
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | how long until we know
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''Speaker 2:''' mēro hārō jēdunoti rȳ kessa
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | it will be between one and three hours
|}
The interrogative adjective appears when asking about duration of waiting, that is questions like "how long until we eat?" The question literally means "what duration until we know," with '''gīmigon''' rendered in the future subjunctive as we do not know if we will ever know. In speaker 2's line, note the coordinated lengthening of the second number in the postpositional phrase and the indicative response. This shows that speaker 2 knows that speaker 1 will know and that they will learn the information between one and three hours. If rendered in the subjunctive, '''kesos''', the meaning changes to indicate the uncertainty that speaker 1 may not learn the information yet has a chance too within one to three hours.
===Exercise 3===
Translate to High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| What is this? 
|-
| Skoros kesy issa?
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| What are you doing? 
|-
| Skoros gaomā?
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| This man is a friend. 
|-
| Bisa vala raqiros issa.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| These knights are hunting that man there. 
|-
| Bisi azantyssy bone vale konīr arughusi.
|}
|}


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Notice how 'spoke to the queen' and 'defends the kingdom' serve as adjectives to 'the knight.'
Notice how 'spoke to the queen' and 'defends the kingdom' serve as adjectives to 'the knight.'


Relative clauses in High Valyrian use the relative pronominal adjective, ''lua'', which may be translated as 'that, who, whom, where, or when.' You can think of the relative clause as a long, multi-word, prepositive adjective. See the below diagram.
Relative clauses in High Valyrian use the relative pronominal adjective, ''lua'', which may be translated as 'that, who, whom, where, or when.' You can think of the relative clause as a long, multi-word, prepositive adjective. Note that adjectives on the head noun appear to be postpositive. See the below diagram.


<div style=display:inline-table>
<div style=display:inline-table>
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| luā
| luā
| luos
| luos
| style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;" | luon
| luom
| lūs
| lūs
|-
|-
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| style="font-style:italic;" | luo
| style="font-style:italic;" | luo
| luos
| luos
| style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;" | luon
| luom
| lis
| lis
|-
|-
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| lȳ
| lȳ
| luos
| luos
| style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;" | luon
| luom
| style="font-weight:bold;" | lȳs
| style="font-weight:bold;" | lȳs
|-
|-
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| lī
| lī
| luos
| luos
| style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;" | luon
| luom
| style="font-weight:bold;" | lȳz
| style="font-weight:bold;" | lȳz
|-
|-
Line 529: Line 698:
| style="font-style:italic;" | luo
| style="font-style:italic;" | luo
| luos
| luos
| style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;" | luon
| luom
| luos
| luos
|-
|-
Line 539: Line 708:
| style="font-style:italic;" | luo
| style="font-style:italic;" | luo
| luos
| luos
| style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;" | luon
| luom
| luas
| luas
|-
|-
Line 550: Line 719:
| style="font-style:italic;" | luro
| style="font-style:italic;" | luro
| luros
| luros
| style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;" | luron
| lurom
| luos
| luos
|-
|-
Line 560: Line 729:
| style="font-style:italic;" | luro
| style="font-style:italic;" | luro
| luros
| luros
| style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic;" | luron
| lurom
| luas
| luas
|}
|}
Line 566: Line 735:


====Head Noun is Subject====
====Head Noun is Subject====
''Relative clauses'' where the head noun is the subject have clearer English translations, using 'who' as opposed to 'whom.' They are more direct and easier to grasp, so we'll begin here.
''Relative clauses'' where the head noun is the subject have clearer English translations, using 'who' as opposed to 'whom.' They are more direct and easier to grasp, so we'll begin here. First, notice that the case of the noun in the relative clause is accusative.
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
|-
|-
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- The '''man''' who encouraged the woman is a friend.
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- The man who encouraged the woman is a friend.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Ābre ||kustittas<sup>(1)</sup>|| '''lua'''|| '''vala'''|| raqiros ||issa.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Ābr'''e''' ||style="text-align:center;"|kustittas<sup>(1)</sup>|| style="text-align:center;"|lua|| style="text-align:center;"|val'''a'''|| style="text-align:center;"|raqiros ||style="text-align:center;"|issa.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [she] was encouraged || who|| [the, a] '''man'''|| [a, the] friend|| is.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[he] encouraged || style="text-align:center;"|who|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] '''man'''|| style="text-align:center;"|[a, the] friend|| style="text-align:center;"|is.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || HEAD NOUN || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"|HEAD NOUN || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> kustikagon, to encourage, strengthen (c-fin.). kustittas, (3s. pfv. ind.).
*<sup>(1)</sup> kustikagon, to encourage, strengthen (c-fin.). kustittas, (3s. pfv. ind.).


This example showcases the head noun, ''vala'' as both the subject of the main clause and the relative clause. ''Vala'' is singular, lunar, and nominative; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, ''lua''. Preceding ''lua'' is a verbal clause ''ābre kustittas'' that serves as an adjective to describe ''vala''.  
This example showcases the head noun, ''vala'' as both the subject of the main clause and the relative clause. In other words, ''[lua] vala'' does the action in the relative clause then does a subsequent action. ''Vala'' is singular, lunar, and nominative; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, ''lua''. Preceding ''lua'' is a verbal clause ''ābre kustittas'' that serves as an adjective to describe ''vala''.  
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
|-
|-
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- I saw the '''man''' who encouraged the woman.
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- I saw the man who encouraged the woman.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Ābre ||kustittas|| '''lue'''|| '''vale'''|| ūndetan<sup>(1)</sup>.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Ābr'''e'''||style="text-align:center;"|kustittas|| style="text-align:center;"|lue|| style="text-align:center;"|val'''e'''|| style="text-align:center;"|ūndetan<sup>(1)</sup>.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [she] was encouraged || who|| [the, a] '''man'''|| [I] saw.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[he] encouraged || style="text-align:center;"|who|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] man|| style="text-align:center;"|[I] saw.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"| HEAD NOUN || style="text-align:center;"| MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"| HEAD NOUN || style="text-align:center;"| MAIN CLAUSE   
Line 592: Line 761:
*<sup>(1)</sup> ūndegon, to see, to sight (v-fin.). ūndetan, (1s. pfv. ind.).
*<sup>(1)</sup> ūndegon, to see, to sight (v-fin.). ūndetan, (1s. pfv. ind.).


This example showcases the head noun, ''vale'' as the object of the main clause and the subject of the relative clause. ''Vale'' is singular, lunar, and accusative for it is the object of ''ūndetan''; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, ''lue''. Preceding ''lue'' is the same adjectival verbal clause ''ābre kustittas'' as above.  
This example showcases the head noun, ''vale'' as the object of the main clause and the subject of the relative clause. In other words, ''[lue] vale'' does the action in the relative clause then is the object of a second action.  ''Vale'' is accusative for it is the object of ''ūndetan''; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, ''lue''. Preceding ''lue'' is the same adjectival verbal clause ''ābre kustittas'' as above.
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
|-
| colspan="7" | '''Explanation'''- Strike the chains off of every slave you see.
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Urnēt||style="text-align:center;"|luo|| style="text-align:center;"|buzdaro|| style="text-align:center;"|tolvio|| style="text-align:center;"|belma || style="text-align:center;"|pryjātās.
|-
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[y'all] see|| style="text-align:center;"|that || style="text-align:center;"|[of] slave|| style="text-align:center;"|all|| style="text-align:center;"|[the] chains|| style="text-align:center;"|[y'all] destroy
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"| HEAD NOUN || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| MAIN CLAUSE 
|}
There is a lot going on in this example. First, notice that the head noun is in the '''genitive case''' (to be covered in a later lesson) with a postpositive adjective in agreement; ''buzdaro tolvio'' means 'of all slaves.' Adjectives modifying head nouns '''always''' occur postpositively regardless of case, number, or grammatical gender. Expanding to the whole genitive phrase, we have ''buzdaro tolvio belma'' that translates to 'the chains of all slaves.' Note that the hypothetical ''buzdaro tolvior belma'', where ''tolvior'' agrees with ''belma'' instead of ''buzdaro'', would mean all of the chains of the slave. ''Pryjātās'' is in the plural imperative, signaling that this command is given to more than one addressee. The relative clause is simply one conjugated verb with the subject dropped.
 
====More Examples====
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
|-
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- Choose the name that your parents gave you or any other.
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Muñar||style="text-align:center;"|aōt|| style="text-align:center;"|teptas<sup>(1)</sup>|| style="text-align:center;"|lue|| style="text-align:center;"|brōzi, ||style="text-align:center;"|iā||style="text-align:center;"|mirre||style="text-align:center;"|tolie||style="text-align:center;"|iderēbās.
|-
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the] parents|| style="text-align:center;"|[to, for] you || style="text-align:center;"|[they] gave|| style="text-align:center;"|that|| style="text-align:center;"|[a, the] name ||style="text-align:center;"|or||style="text-align:center;"|any||style="text-align:center;"|other||style="text-align:center;"|[you] choose.
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"| HEAD NOUN || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| MAIN CLAUSE 
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> tepagon, to give (c-fin.). teptas, (3s. pfv. ind.).
This example features a longer main clause than others. The head noun, ''brōzi'' is the object of the relative clause per the nominative ''muñar'' and also the object of the main clause. Note that ''brōzi'' is not duplicated after ''iā'' as it is implied.


====Head Noun is Object====
====Head Noun is Object====
''Relative clauses'' where the head noun serves as the object translate as 'whom' as in 'the man whom the woman encouraged is a friend.'
''Relative clauses'' where the head noun serves as the object in the relative clause translate into English as 'whom' as in 'the man whom the woman encouraged is a friend.' Notice that in High Valyrian the noun in the relative clause is in the nominative case.


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
|-
|-
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- The '''man''' whom the woman encouraged is a friend.
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- The man whom the woman encouraged is a friend.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Ābra ||kustittas|| '''lua'''|| '''vala'''|| raqiros ||issa.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Ābr'''a''' ||style="text-align:center;"|kustittas|| style="text-align:center;"|lua|| style="text-align:center;"|val'''a'''|| style="text-align:center;"|raqiros ||style="text-align:center;"|issa.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [she] encouraged || whom|| [the, a] '''man'''|| [a, the] friend|| is.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[she] encouraged || style="text-align:center;"|whom|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] man|| style="text-align:center;"|[a, the] friend|| style="text-align:center;"|is.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || HEAD NOUN || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"|HEAD NOUN || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}


This example showcases the head noun, ''vala'' as both the subject of the main clause and the object of the relative clause. ''Vala'' is singular, lunar, and nominative; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, ''lua''. Preceding ''lua'' is a verbal clause ''ābra kustittas'', where the woman is the subject, or the one encouraging that serves as an adjective to describe ''vala''.
This example showcases the head noun, ''vala'' as the subject of the main clause; ''ābra'' being nominative shows us that ''vala'' is now the object of the relative clause. ''Vala'' is singular, lunar, and nominative; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, ''lua''. Preceding ''lua'' is a verbal clause ''ābra kustittas'', where the woman is the subject, or the one encouraging that serves as an adjective to describe ''vala''.


{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="60%"
|-
|-
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- I saw the '''man''' whom the woman encouraged.
| colspan="10" | '''Explanation'''- I saw the man whom the woman encouraged.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Ābra ||kustittas|| '''lue'''|| '''vale'''|| ūndetan.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Ābr'''a''' ||style="text-align:center;"|kustittas|| style="text-align:center;"|lue|| style="text-align:center;"|val'''e'''|| style="text-align:center;"|ūndetan.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [she] encouraged || whom|| [the, a] '''man'''|| [I] saw.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[she] encouraged || style="text-align:center;"|whom|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] '''man'''|| style="text-align:center;"|[I] saw.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || HEAD NOUN || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"|HEAD NOUN || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
This example showcases the accusative case head noun, ''vale'' as the object of the main clause; ''ābra'' being nominative shows us that ''vale'' is also the object of the relative clause. In other words, ''vale'' was acted upon in the relative clause then is acted upon again through a second verb. ''Vale'' is singular, lunar, and accusative; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, ''lue''. Preceding ''lue'' is a verbal clause ''ābra kustittas'', where the woman is the subject, or the one encouraging that serves as an adjective to describe ''vala''.


====Special Uses====
====Special Uses====
Line 626: Line 821:
| colspan="7" | '''Location'''- The house where the woman died was destroyed.
| colspan="7" | '''Location'''- The house where the woman died was destroyed.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || konīr<sup>(1)</sup> ||ābra|| morghūltas|| luon|| lenton||pryjataks.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|konīr<sup>(1)</sup> ||style="text-align:center;"|ābra|| style="text-align:center;"|morghūltas|| style="text-align:center;"|luon|| style="text-align:center;"|lenton||style="text-align:center;"|pryjataks.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || there|| [the, a] woman|| [she] died|| '''where'''|| [the, a] house || was destroyed.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|there|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[she] died|| style="text-align:center;"|'''where'''|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] house || style="text-align:center;"|was destroyed.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || HEAD NOUN || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"|HEAD NOUN || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> konīr, to see, to sight (v-fin.). ūndetan, (1s. pfv. ind.).
*<sup>(1)</sup> konir, that. konīr, there (loc. s.).
*<sup>(2)</sup> morghūljagon, to die (v-fin.). morghūltas, (3s. pfv. ind.).
*<sup>(2)</sup> morghūljagon, to die (v-fin.). morghūltas, (3s. pfv. ind.).
*<sup>(3)</sup> pryjagon, to destroy (v-fin.). pryjataks, (3s. pfv. ind. pass.).
*<sup>(3)</sup> pryjagon, to destroy (v-fin.). pryjataks, (3s. pfv. ind. pass.).
Line 643: Line 838:
| colspan="9" | '''Comparative Adjective'''- The man who the woman is happier than is a friend.
| colspan="9" | '''Comparative Adjective'''- The man who the woman is happier than is a friend.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || ābra ||zijosy|| kirinkte<sup>(1)</sup>|| issa|| '''lua'''||vala||raqiros||issa.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|ābra ||style="text-align:center;"|zijosy|| style="text-align:center;"|kirinkte<sup>(1)</sup>|| style="text-align:center;"|issa|| style="text-align:center;"|'''lua'''||style="text-align:center;"|vala||style="text-align:center;"|raqiros||style="text-align:center;"|issa.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [with] him|| happier||is||'''than'''|| [the, a] man|| [the, a] friend ||is.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[with] him|| style="text-align:center;"|happier||style="text-align:center;"|is||style="text-align:center;"|'''than'''|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] man|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] friend ||style="text-align:center;"|is.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || HEAD NOUN || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"|HEAD NOUN || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> kirine, happy (adj. II). kirinkte, (comparative adj. acc.).
*<sup>(1)</sup> kirine, happy (adj. II). kirinkte, (comparative adj. acc.).
This example does not require ''zijosy'' that is used to improve clarity.
 
This example does not require ''zijosy'', yet including it as the ''instrumental of comparison'' improves clarity.


High Valyrian relative clauses can also take prepositional or postpositional phrases; combined, these are called ''adpositions''.
High Valyrian relative clauses can also take prepositional or postpositional phrases; combined, these are called ''adpositions''.
Line 657: Line 853:
| colspan="9" | '''Adposition'''- The man that the woman walked up to is a friend.
| colspan="9" | '''Adposition'''- The man that the woman walked up to is a friend.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || ābra ||va|| zijot|| dekurūptas<sup>(1)</sup> || '''lua'''||vala||raqiros||issa.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|ābra ||style="text-align:center;"|va|| style="text-align:center;"|zijot|| style="text-align:center;"|dekurūptas<sup>(1)</sup> || style="text-align:center;"|'''lua'''||style="text-align:center;"|vala||style="text-align:center;"|raqiros||style="text-align:center;"|issa.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| to || [to, for] him||[she] walked||'''that'''|| [the, a] man|| [the, a] friend ||is.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|to || style="text-align:center;"|[to, for] him||style="text-align:center;"|[she] walked||style="text-align:center;"|'''that'''|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] man|| style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] friend ||style="text-align:center;"|is.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || HEAD NOUN || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"| RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || style="text-align:center;"|HEAD NOUN || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
*<sup>(1)</sup> dekurūbagon, to walk (c-fin.). dekurūptas, (3s. pft. ind.).
*<sup>(1)</sup> dekurūbagon, to walk (c-fin.). dekurūptas, (3s. pft. ind.).
This example does not require ''va zijot'' that is used to improve clarity.
This example does not require ''va zijot'' that is used to improve clarity.


===Substantive Form===
===Substantive Forms===
Like the ''demonstrative pronominal adjectives'' that may be substantivized into a specific (I) or a generic (II) '''noun''', the '''relative pronominal adjective''' may be substantivized into two '''nouns''' as well. Thusly, the specific form ''lȳ'' generally follows the second lunar declination and the generic form ''līr'' mostly follows the fifth aquatic declination; both have irregularities. Think of the relative clause as an adjective for ''lȳ'' or ''līr'' that takes its case as any ordinary noun and may be modified with an adjective.
Like the ''demonstrative pronominal adjectives'' that may be substantivized into a specific (I) or a generic (II) '''pronoun''', the '''relative pronominal adjective''' may be substantivized into two '''pronouns''' as well. Thusly, the specific form ''lȳ'' generally follows the second lunar declination and the generic form ''līr'' mostly follows the fifth aquatic declination; both have irregularities. Think of the relative clause as an adjective for ''lȳ'' or ''līr'' that takes its case as any ordinary noun and may be modified with an adjective.


''Lȳ'', the specific or type I substantivized form, means something like 'one who, one which, whoever.'
''Lȳ'', the specific or type I substantivized form, means something like 'one who, one which, whoever.'
Line 677: Line 873:
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The '''one''' who encouraged the woman is good.
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The '''one''' who encouraged the woman is good.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Ābre ||kustittas|| '''lȳ'''|| sȳz|| issa.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Ābre ||style="text-align:center;"|kustittas|| style="text-align:center;"|'''lȳ'''|| style="text-align:center;"|sȳz|| style="text-align:center;"|issa.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [she] was encouraged ||  '''one'''|| good || is.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[she] was encouraged ||  style="text-align:center;"|'''one'''|| style="text-align:center;"|good || style="text-align:center;"|is.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
''Ābre'' is in the accusative case to indicate that ''lȳ'', the one (in the nominative and modified with the adjective ''sȳz''), is taking the action to encourage her.
''Ābre'' is in the accusative case to indicate that ''lȳ'', the one (in the nominative and modified with the adjective ''sȳz''), is taking the action to encourage her.
Line 689: Line 885:
| colspan="5" | '''Explanation'''- I saw the '''one''' who encouraged the woman.
| colspan="5" | '''Explanation'''- I saw the '''one''' who encouraged the woman.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Ābre ||kustittas|| '''lī'''|| ūndetan.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Ābre ||style="text-align:center;"|kustittas|| style="text-align:center;"|'''lī'''|| style="text-align:center;"|ūndetan.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [she] was encouraged ||  '''one'''|| [I] saw.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[she] was encouraged ||  style="text-align:center;"|'''one'''|| style="text-align:center;"|[I] saw.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
''Ābre'' is in the accusative case to indicate that ''lī'', the one (in the accusative and the object of ''ūndetan''), is taking the action to encourage her and 'I' saw ''the one''.
''Ābre'' is in the accusative case to indicate that ''lī'', the one (in the accusative and the object of ''ūndetan''), is taking the action to encourage her and 'I' saw ''the one''.
Line 701: Line 897:
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The '''one''' whom the woman encouraged is good.
| colspan="6" | '''Explanation'''- The '''one''' whom the woman encouraged is good.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Ābra ||kustittas|| '''lȳ'''|| sȳz ||issa.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Ābra ||style="text-align:center;"|kustittas|| style="text-align:center;"|'''lȳ'''|| style="text-align:center;"|sȳz ||style="text-align:center;"|issa.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [she] encouraged ||  '''one'''|| good || is.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[she] encouraged ||  style="text-align:center;"|'''one'''|| style="text-align:center;"|good || style="text-align:center;"|is.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
''Ābra'' is in the nominative case to indicate that she is the one encouraging; ''lȳ'' is nominative because ''sagon'' accepts nominative arguments.
''Ābra'' is in the nominative case to indicate that she is the one encouraging; ''lȳ'' is nominative because ''sagon'' accepts nominative arguments.
Line 713: Line 909:
| colspan="5" | '''Explanation'''- I saw the one whom the woman encouraged.
| colspan="5" | '''Explanation'''- I saw the one whom the woman encouraged.
|-
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Ābra ||kustittas|| '''lī'''|| ūndetan.
| ''High Valyrian:'' || style="text-align:center;"|Ābra ||style="text-align:center;"|kustittas|| style="text-align:center;"|'''lī'''|| style="text-align:center;"|ūndetan.
|-
|-
| ''English:'' || [the, a] woman|| [she] encouraged ||  '''one'''|| [I] saw.
| ''English:'' || style="text-align:center;"|[the, a] woman|| style="text-align:center;"|[she] encouraged ||  style="text-align:center;"|'''one'''|| style="text-align:center;"|[I] saw.
|-
|-
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
| ''Explanation:'' || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE CLAUSE || style="text-align:center;"|RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE || colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|MAIN CLAUSE   
|}
|}
''Ābra'' is in the nominative case to indicate that she is the one encouraging; ''lī'' is accusative to agree with the transitive verb ''ūndetan, which accepts accusative arguments.  
''Ābra'' is in the nominative case to indicate that she is the one encouraging; ''lī'' is accusative to agree with the transitive verb ''ūndetan, which accepts accusative arguments.  
Line 777: Line 973:
| luas
| luas
|}
|}
===Exercise 4===
Translate into English.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Rūkluni ynot teptas lua vala bisy issa. 
|-
| This is the man who gave me some flowers.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Qilōni pilos lue vale tolvie sēnātās! 
|-
| Kill every man who holds a whip!
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Ñuhor mālor laodis lue vale kōz idakōs! 
|-
| Attack the evil man who is stealing my rice!
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Nēdenke lī iotāpten. 
|-
| I respect one who is brave.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Hen vīlībāzmā āmāzis lȳ kostōba issa. 
|-
| One who returns from war is strong.
|}
Translate into High Valyrian:
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| The dog that is hungry is like a wolf. 
|-
| Merbus lȳs jaos hae zoklā issa.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| The knight that is walking to the kingdom knows the truth. 
|-
| Va dāriot dekurūbas lȳs azantys drīvī gīmis.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| The knights who the wise woman guide are hunting the masters. 
|-
| Sylvie ābra jemas lȳz azantyssy āeksia arghusi.
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| One who champions justice is a knight. 
|-
| Drīvot āeksākos lȳ azantys issa.
|}
==Indefinite Pronouns==
==Indefinite Pronouns==
'''Indefinite pronouns''' do not refer to anything in particular; 'anything' literally is an example of one!
'''Indefinite pronouns''' do not refer to something in particular; 'something' literally is an example of one! Until this point, the paucal and collective numbers were ignored in declination tables; this is to focus attention on the singular and plural, the workhorses of the language! Each case also declines for the paucal and collective, consult the reference tables for their declinations.
 
There exist six important roots to learn. From these six, additional words can be derived, mostly in placing the singular in adjectival, adverbial, or paucal form:
 
''Daor-'', meaning no.
 
''Mirr-'', meaning some. Only this stem uses a collective: ''mirror'', meaning 'whatever'.
 
''Olv-'', meaning many.
 
''Tolv-'', meaning every.
 
''Tol-'', meaning other.
 
''Mirt-'', meaning someone.
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
|-
Line 796: Line 1,057:
|-
|-
| adj.
| adj.
| dōre ior
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|dōre ior
| none, no, not
| none, no, not
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| olvie ior
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|olvie ior
| many
| many
| tolvie ior
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|tolvie ior
| every
| every
| tolie ior
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|tolie ior
| other
| other
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
|-
|-
| adv.
| adv.
| dōrī
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|dōrī
| never
| never
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#000000;" |  
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|mirrī
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#000000;" |
| a bit, somewhat
| olvī
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|olvī
| a lot
| a lot
| tolī
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|tolī
| excessively
| excessively
| style="background-color:#333333; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#333333; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#333333; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#333333; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
|-
|-
| sg.
| sg.
| daorys<br />daoriot
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|daorys<br />daorion
| no one<br />nowhere
| no one<br />nowhere
| mirros
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|mirros
| something
| something
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| tolvys
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|tolvys
| everyone
| everyone
| tolys
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|tolys<br />tolion
| someone else, other
| someone else, other<br />(the other) thing
| mirtys
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|mirtys
| someone
| someone
|-
|-
| pauc.
| pauc.
| daorun
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|daorun
| nothing
| nothing
| mirrun
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|mirrun
| some (people)
| some (people)
| olvȳn
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|olvȳn
| many
| many
| tolvȳn
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|tolvȳn
| everything
| everything
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
|-
|-
| loc.
| loc.
| daoriot
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|daoriot
| nowhere
| nowhere
| mirriot
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|mirriot
| somewhere
| somewhere
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7; color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| tolviot
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF"|tolviot
| everywhere
| everywhere
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
| style="background-color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#E6EEF7;" |  
|}
===Examples===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" border="1" width="60%"
|-
! bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | High Valyrian
! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | English
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Tolvȳn sȳri kessi.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | Everything will be fine.
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Azantys tolvi iotāptes.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | A knight respects everyone.
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | Daoruni gīmī, Ionos Sōnaro.
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | You know nothing, Jon Snow.
|}
 
===Exercise 5===
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| something is in the night   
|-
| mirros bantiot issa
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| everyone loves wolves   
|-
| tolvys zoklī jorrāelza
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| some people are good, however, others are evil   
|-
| mirrun sȳriar issi yn tolia kōriar issi
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| wear something like a helmet on your head   
|-
| mirroso hae geltē aōhys bartos jomīsās
|}
|}
==Attribution==
<div style="padding: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px; background-color: #eee; width: 65%;">
"[https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Lesson_6-Pronouns Lesson 6-Pronouns]" by [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Authors S. W. Farnsworth et al] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY 3.0] / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original. This chapter in particular deviated from the attributed work.</div>

Latest revision as of 10:50, 29 April 2024

Lesson 6| Pronouns

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
kasta (adj. I.) blue, green
gelte (4lun.) helmet, helm
bartos (3sol.) head
harris (5sol.) while, duration; an indefinite amount of time that varies based on the activity refered to; the appropriate amount of time that an activity ought to last
jēdun (6pauc.1lun.) hour, hours
morghon (3ter.) wall
perzys (2sol.) fire, flame
perzītsos (3sol.) little flame
qilōnarion (3ter.) punishment, chastisement
raqiros (3sol.) friend
vīlībāzma (1lun.) war, battle
zentys (2sol.) guest
lūs (3sol.) type, kind
verdon (3ter.) sum, figure, amount, number
jelmor (3aq.) north
bianor (3aq.) female sheep
rūklon (3ter.) flower
qilōny (2lun.) whip
jentys (2sol.) leader, ruler, commander
belmon (3ter.) chain
hēzīr (adv.) henceforth, from now on
konīr (adv.) there
gīmigon (v-fin.) to know facts or information
iderēbagon (c-fin.) to choose, decide, select
kustikagon (c-fin.) to strengthen, enable, encouurage
laodigon (v-fin.) to steal, abduct
lykemagon (c-fin.) to silence, calm
onduragon (c-fin.) to grasp, take up, grab, seize
morghūljagon (c-fin.) to die
pryjagon (c-fin.) to destroy, break, strike off
gaomagon (c-fin.) to do, act, perform
pilogon (v-fin.) to hold on(to) (with the hands)
urnegon (v-fin.) to see

Personal Pronouns

Pronouns are nouns which are used instead of another noun ('pro', in place of 'noun', noun.)

There are three categories of pronouns which are divided up into persons: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. In addition, pronouns can be singular or plural. They are declined like all other nouns.

Person Singular Plural
1st I we
2nd you y'all
3rd he/she/it they

Table of Personal Pronouns in all of their cases: I, you, he/she/it, we, y'all, they

Note: you is the singular of the plural y'all, itself a contraction of you all - it is a perfectly grammatically correct second person plural pronoun in English, useful for distinguishing you (singular) from you (plural). After working with folks who spoke the Southern U.S. English regional dialect, the versatility and usefulness of the pronoun y'all became abundantly clear, as the second person plural pronoun is rarely used in standard English.

High Valyrian has two third person personal pronouns: ziry, for lunar and solar nouns and ūja, for terrestrial and aquatic nouns. Generally, ziry is used for animates and ūja for inanimates because this fits the lunar/solar and terrestrial/aquatic paradigm.

Singular Plural
Case 1st Person 2nd Person 3nd Person 3nd Person 1st Person 2nd Person 2nd Person
Nominative nyke I ao you ziry he/she/it ūja he/she/it īlon we jeme y'all pōnta they
Accusative yne me avy you ziry he/she/it ūī he/she/it īlōn us jemī y'all pōnte them
Genitive yno of me of you zijo of him/her/it ūō of him/her/it īlo of us jemo of y'all pōnto of them
Dative ynot for me aōt for you zijot for him/her/it ūjot for him/her/it īlot for us jemot for y'all pōntot for them
Locative nykē on me on you zirȳ on him/her/it ūjā on him/her/it īlō on us jemē on y'all pōntā on them
Instrumental ynoma with me aōma with you zijosy with him/her/it josa with him/her/it īloma with us jemme with y'all pōntosa with them
Comitative ynoma with me aōma with you zijomy with him/her/it joma with him/her/it īloma with us jemme with y'all pōntoma with them
Vocative nykys me aōs you zirys him/her/it ūjus him/her/it īlos us jemys y'all pōntus them

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive adjectives indicate possession of a participant in a sentence like 'my sister' or 'your bicycle.' These modify nouns; they take the gender of the noun which they modify and agree in case and number.

High Valyrian English
ñuh-a ys on or my
aōh-a ys on or your
zȳh-a ys on or his/hers, its
jāh-a ys on or his/hers, its
īlv-a ys on or our
jev-a ys on or y'alls
pōj-a ys on or their

Examples

High Valyrian English
Ñuhe zokle, ñuhi azanti, ñuhon lenton, ñuhor qintrā jorrāelan I love my wolf, my knight, my house, and my turtle
Ñuhos korzose ziry enkan I owe him my sword

The first sentence shows the first person possessive adjective declined in all four grammatical genders with the coordinative vowel lengthening in the final element of the list to indicate 'and.' The second shows how the possessive adjective declines in case with the noun it is modifying.

Exercise 1

Translate into High Valyrian.

Reflexive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun means something like 'myself or yourself' and is used to provide added emphasis to a sentence participant. It declines and is used like like a typical first lunar noun; it may be either a subject or an object.

High Valyrian English
nykēla myself
aōla yourself
zirȳla himself/herself/itself
jemēla himself/herself/itself
īlōnda ourselves
jemēla yourselves
pōntāla themselves

Examples

High Valyrian English
Hēzīr, jevī brōza jemēle iderēbilātās. From this day forward, you will choose your own names.

This example uses a possessive adjective to modify the noun brōza "names", as well as a reflexive pronoun jemēle "yourselves" to say 'your own', literally "You will choose your names yourselves".

Three additional examples of reflexive pronouns:

High Valyrian English
Jemēla zȳhys perzī ondurilāt? Will you take up her flames yourselves?
Nykēla avy sēninna. I will kill you myself.
Aōle lykemās, perzītsos. Calm yourself, little flame.

Exercise 2

Translate to High Valyrian.

Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns indicate location relative to the speaker; in English are 'this', for that which is near (proximal), and 'that' for that which is far (distal). In High Valyrian, these words are class I adjectives that also distinguish the animacy of a modified noun. Like possessive adjectives they take the gender of the modified noun and agree in case and number like a typical adjective.

There exist two types of demonstrative pronouns, those that look like bisa or kona that are adjectives for all intents and purposes and those that look like bisy or kesir that are nouns (technically substantivized adjectives).

Interrogative pronouns are question words, like 'who, what, when, where, and why.' In High Valyrian, the core interrogative pronouns, from which more interrogative pronouns are derived, behave identically to demonstrative pronouns except as class II adjectives; thusly, it makes sense to learn their forms together.

For animate nouns (like 'this mother' or 'that father') we have:

High Valyrian English
bis-a ys on or (adj. I) this
bon-a ys on or (adj. I) that
spar-e ior (adj. II) which

Note that the animacy of animals is up to the speaker.

For inanimate nouns (like 'this table' or 'that sword') we have:

High Valyrian English
kes-a ys on or (adj. I) this
kon-a ys on or (adj. I) that
skor-e ior (adj. II) which

Examples

High Valyrian English
bisi vali īlvyz zentyssy issi these men are our guests

Bisi is an adjective; it is a plural and nominative demonstrative pronoun that agrees with vali from which it takes both its gender and its animacy.

Īlvyz is an adjective; it is a plural, nominative, and solar possessive adjective; it taking its solar gender from the solar zentyssy.

High Valyrian English
koni sȳz korzi Iōnot jehākos those good-quality swords are cheering up Jon

Here, the demonstrative pronoun koni is plural, nominative, and lunar to modify sȳz korzi from where it takes its number, case, and gender.

Iōnot is locative because the verb jehākogon is one of the verbs that takes locative arguments. Here, the locative specifies who is being cheered up, in this case, Jon is.

High Valyrian English
bonys azantys geltose jomīsos daor that knight is not wearing a helmet

Bonys is a demonstrative pronoun taking animacy, number, case, and gender from azantys. If you recall, jomīsagon, to wear, takes an instrumental, geltose, as the item worn.

This is the first example of a negation thus far; they are simply formed using the subjunctive followed with daor.

Substantive Form

The substantive form is a noun and occurs when no noun is explicitly stated for an adjective to modify; thusly, the adjective must become a noun. Like the adjectival forms above, they also distinguish animacy while adding abstraction. All adjectives may be transformed into nouns via substantive forms; this will be covered later. For pronominal adjectives like the ones discussed here, the corresponding substantive form is a pronoun. For now, recognize that type I substantives convey concrete, countable items and type II substantives convey abstract uncountable items. Type I looks like -y and -ir; type II looks like -os and -ion.

Note that these substantives do not take the gender of a noun, as they are nouns themselves; they only take animacy and abstraction for agreement.

For animates:

High Valyrian English
bisy (2lun. subst. I) this (concrete)
bisir (5aq. subst. II) this (abstract)
bony (2lun. subst. I) that (concrete)
bonir (5aq. subst. II) that (abstract)
sparos (3sol. subst. I) who (concrete)
sparion (3ter. subst. II) who (abstract)

For inanimates:

High Valyrian English
kesy (2lun. subst. I) this (concrete)
kesir (2lun. subst. II) this (abstract)
kony (2lun. subst. I) that (concrete)
konir (2lun. subst. II) that (abstract)
skoros (3sol. subst. I) what (concrete)
skorion (3ter. subst. II) what (abstract)

Examples

High Valyrian English
kesy īlva vīlībāzma sīr issa this is our war now

Kesy is a type I substantive noun that takes its inanimacy and tangibility from vīlībāzma and does not modify another; it stands alone.

Īlva is a possessive adjective declined nominative, lunar, and singular to agree with the noun vīlībāzma.

High Valyrian English
kesir gīmī you know this

Kesir is a type II substantive noun that has nothing to base animacy or tangibility on, for it is conveying an abstract concept.

High Valyrian English
Bona vala keja qintra jorrāelza that man loves these turtles

Woah! Where did keja come from? With the aquatic gender, illicit sequences, or letters that cannot appear after each other, occur--this is one such example. Illicit sequences are as follows:

hr that becomes rh like in ñurha.

jr, sr, and zr that become j like keja.

mr that becomes br with a lengthened vowel like jelmor ('north') pluralized becoming jēmbra (with deletion of the l).

nr that becomes dr with a lengthened vowel like bianor ('sheep') pluralized becoming biādra.

Interrogative Pronouns

From the above discussion, we have learned how to derive the core interrogative pronouns, sparos, sparion, skoros, and skorion from taking the type I and type II substantives of the demonstrative adjectives spare -ior and skore -ior.

Lets begin with interrogative pronouns derived from cases of skorion, the type II substantive (or abstract, generic form) of 'what.' To say 'where', take the locative case, skoriot; to say 'why', take the instrumental case, skorȳso.

Next, form the adverb skorī ('when') as we learned in section 1-4; add to the class II adjective, skore.

Skorlūs, 'what kind of,' is a contraction of skore ('what') and lūs ('type'); it takes a genitive argument.

Skorverdon, 'how many,' is a contraction of skore ('what') and verdon ('number'); it takes a plural genitive argument with a verb conjugated as 3rd person singular.

Skoro syt is the first postpositional phrase you have encountered and means 'on behalf of what' that translates as 'why;' postpositional phrases are similar to prepositional phrases except they take a genitive followed with a postposition. They will be covered in more detail later. There are more postpositions than prepositions as High Valyrian is generally a head-final language.

High Valyrian English
sparos (3sol. subst. I) who (concrete)
sparion (3ter. subst. II) who (abstract)
skoros (3sol. subst. I) what (concrete)
skorion (3ter. subst. II) what (abstract)
skoriot (3ter. loc.) where
skorȳso (3ter. inst.) why, because
skorī (adv.) when
skorlūs (3sol.) what kind of → gen.
skorverdon (3sol.) how many → gen.
skoro syt (postp. phrase) why
skorkydoso (adv.) how

Examples

High Valyrian English
Skoroso(1) jemēle brōzāt? What are your names?
Sparos īlōn idakos? Who is attacking us?
  • (1) Recall that the 'name' when using brōzagon is in the instrumental case, skoroso is declined instrumental to reflect this.

Interrogative Adjectives

Above we discussed pronominal nouns, there too are adjectival forms-- spare (adj. II.) for animates, and skore (adj. II.) for inanimates.

High Valyrian English
spare riñe jorrāelza what girl do you love

This simple sentence demonstrates the interrogative adjective in the accusative case, declining with the noun it modifies. Note that as an adj. II., the accusative declension of spare is spare.

High Valyrian English
skorȳr lentot azanto kepa ilos what house is the knight's father in

See how the interrogative adjective declines with the noun it modifies. This example uses the present indicative third person subjunctive of ilagon, ilos, as the speaker has uncertainty of if the knight's father is hiding in one of those houses or is somewhere else.

High Valyrian English
lentot va qelbār sparom valoma dekurūbilā which man will you walk to the house near the river with

This example shows the animate interrogative adjective declined in the comitative case used with animate nouns to mean "with someone." We mostly saw the preposition va used with the dative case to mean "to," just like the locative case, when seeking a specific reading. Here, va takes the meaning "near" to form the phrase lentot va qelbār, "to the house near the river."

High Valyrian English
Speaker 1: skore harris iā gīmīluty how long until we know
Speaker 2: mēro hārō jēdunoti rȳ kessa it will be between one and three hours

The interrogative adjective appears when asking about duration of waiting, that is questions like "how long until we eat?" The question literally means "what duration until we know," with gīmigon rendered in the future subjunctive as we do not know if we will ever know. In speaker 2's line, note the coordinated lengthening of the second number in the postpositional phrase and the indicative response. This shows that speaker 2 knows that speaker 1 will know and that they will learn the information between one and three hours. If rendered in the subjunctive, kesos, the meaning changes to indicate the uncertainty that speaker 1 may not learn the information yet has a chance too within one to three hours.

Exercise 3

Translate to High Valyrian.

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun allows for formation of relative clauses, adjectival phrases that describe a head noun, the noun modified through the relative clause. For examples in English:

The man(1) that(2) spoke to the queen(3) went to the market.

The knight(1) who(2) defends the kingdom(3) is resting at the inn.

  • (1) head noun.
  • (2) relative pronominal adjective.
  • (3) relative clause.

Notice how 'spoke to the queen' and 'defends the kingdom' serve as adjectives to 'the knight.'

Relative clauses in High Valyrian use the relative pronominal adjective, lua, which may be translated as 'that, who, whom, where, or when.' You can think of the relative clause as a long, multi-word, prepositive adjective. Note that adjectives on the head noun appear to be postpositive. See the below diagram.

relative clause
relative pronominal adjective
head noun
main clause

Notice that relative clauses have different syntax in High Valyrian than in English! Like other pronominal adjectives, lua agrees with the modified noun in case, gender, and number. The following declination table shows the forms that lua may assume. Note it generally follows the pattern of a class I adjective with a few irregularities in boldface.

nom. acc. gen. dat. loc. inst. com. voc.
lun. sg. lua lue luo luo luā luos luom lūs
pl. luo luo luo luos luom lis
sol. sg. lȳs luo luo luos luom lȳs
pl. lȳz luo luo luos luom lȳz
ter. sg. luon luon luo luo luo luos luom luos
pl. lua lua luo luo luo luos luom luas
aq. sg. luor luor luro luro luro luros lurom luos
pl. lura lura luro luro luro luros lurom luas

If you want to get technical, for the plural solar, the form is lȳz before a vowel or a voiced consonant (otherwise, lȳs). Italics represents a spelling change that requires a '-t' added before a consonant generally in the genitive, locative, and/or dative. For the comitative, the form is -om before a vowel or a labial consonant.

Head Noun is Subject

Relative clauses where the head noun is the subject have clearer English translations, using 'who' as opposed to 'whom.' They are more direct and easier to grasp, so we'll begin here. First, notice that the case of the noun in the relative clause is accusative.

Explanation- The man who encouraged the woman is a friend.
High Valyrian: Ābre kustittas(1) lua vala raqiros issa.
English: [the, a] woman [he] encouraged who [the, a] man [a, the] friend is.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE
  • (1) kustikagon, to encourage, strengthen (c-fin.). kustittas, (3s. pfv. ind.).

This example showcases the head noun, vala as both the subject of the main clause and the relative clause. In other words, [lua] vala does the action in the relative clause then does a subsequent action. Vala is singular, lunar, and nominative; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, lua. Preceding lua is a verbal clause ābre kustittas that serves as an adjective to describe vala.

Explanation- I saw the man who encouraged the woman.
High Valyrian: Ābre kustittas lue vale ūndetan(1).
English: [the, a] woman [he] encouraged who [the, a] man [I] saw.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE
  • (1) ūndegon, to see, to sight (v-fin.). ūndetan, (1s. pfv. ind.).

This example showcases the head noun, vale as the object of the main clause and the subject of the relative clause. In other words, [lue] vale does the action in the relative clause then is the object of a second action. Vale is accusative for it is the object of ūndetan; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, lue. Preceding lue is the same adjectival verbal clause ābre kustittas as above.

Explanation- Strike the chains off of every slave you see.
High Valyrian: Urnēt luo buzdaro tolvio belma pryjātās.
English: [y'all] see that [of] slave all [the] chains [y'all] destroy
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE

There is a lot going on in this example. First, notice that the head noun is in the genitive case (to be covered in a later lesson) with a postpositive adjective in agreement; buzdaro tolvio means 'of all slaves.' Adjectives modifying head nouns always occur postpositively regardless of case, number, or grammatical gender. Expanding to the whole genitive phrase, we have buzdaro tolvio belma that translates to 'the chains of all slaves.' Note that the hypothetical buzdaro tolvior belma, where tolvior agrees with belma instead of buzdaro, would mean all of the chains of the slave. Pryjātās is in the plural imperative, signaling that this command is given to more than one addressee. The relative clause is simply one conjugated verb with the subject dropped.

More Examples

Explanation- Choose the name that your parents gave you or any other.
High Valyrian: Muñar aōt teptas(1) lue brōzi, mirre tolie iderēbās.
English: [the] parents [to, for] you [they] gave that [a, the] name or any other [you] choose.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE
  • (1) tepagon, to give (c-fin.). teptas, (3s. pfv. ind.).

This example features a longer main clause than others. The head noun, brōzi is the object of the relative clause per the nominative muñar and also the object of the main clause. Note that brōzi is not duplicated after as it is implied.

Head Noun is Object

Relative clauses where the head noun serves as the object in the relative clause translate into English as 'whom' as in 'the man whom the woman encouraged is a friend.' Notice that in High Valyrian the noun in the relative clause is in the nominative case.

Explanation- The man whom the woman encouraged is a friend.
High Valyrian: Ābra kustittas lua vala raqiros issa.
English: [the, a] woman [she] encouraged whom [the, a] man [a, the] friend is.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE

This example showcases the head noun, vala as the subject of the main clause; ābra being nominative shows us that vala is now the object of the relative clause. Vala is singular, lunar, and nominative; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, lua. Preceding lua is a verbal clause ābra kustittas, where the woman is the subject, or the one encouraging that serves as an adjective to describe vala.

Explanation- I saw the man whom the woman encouraged.
High Valyrian: Ābra kustittas lue vale ūndetan.
English: [the, a] woman [she] encouraged whom [the, a] man [I] saw.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE

This example showcases the accusative case head noun, vale as the object of the main clause; ābra being nominative shows us that vale is also the object of the relative clause. In other words, vale was acted upon in the relative clause then is acted upon again through a second verb. Vale is singular, lunar, and accusative; it sets the number, gender, and case of the relative pronominal adjective, lue. Preceding lue is a verbal clause ābra kustittas, where the woman is the subject, or the one encouraging that serves as an adjective to describe vala.

Special Uses

Location- The house where the woman died was destroyed.
High Valyrian: konīr(1) ābra morghūltas luon lenton pryjataks.
English: there [the, a] woman [she] died where [the, a] house was destroyed.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE
  • (1) konir, that. konīr, there (loc. s.).
  • (2) morghūljagon, to die (v-fin.). morghūltas, (3s. pfv. ind.).
  • (3) pryjagon, to destroy (v-fin.). pryjataks, (3s. pfv. ind. pass.).

Konīr is a clue word that luon ought to be translated as 'where.' This sentence introduces the passive voice that translates usually with a form of the verb 'to be' in English; this will be covered later.

High Valyrian relative clauses can also take equative or comparative adjectives.

Comparative Adjective- The man who the woman is happier than is a friend.
High Valyrian: ābra zijosy kirinkte(1) issa lua vala raqiros issa.
English: [the, a] woman [with] him happier is than [the, a] man [the, a] friend is.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE
  • (1) kirine, happy (adj. II). kirinkte, (comparative adj. acc.).

This example does not require zijosy, yet including it as the instrumental of comparison improves clarity.

High Valyrian relative clauses can also take prepositional or postpositional phrases; combined, these are called adpositions.

Adposition- The man that the woman walked up to is a friend.
High Valyrian: ābra va zijot dekurūptas(1) lua vala raqiros issa.
English: [the, a] woman to [to, for] him [she] walked that [the, a] man [the, a] friend is.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE HEAD NOUN MAIN CLAUSE
  • (1) dekurūbagon, to walk (c-fin.). dekurūptas, (3s. pft. ind.).

This example does not require va zijot that is used to improve clarity.

Substantive Forms

Like the demonstrative pronominal adjectives that may be substantivized into a specific (I) or a generic (II) pronoun, the relative pronominal adjective may be substantivized into two pronouns as well. Thusly, the specific form generally follows the second lunar declination and the generic form līr mostly follows the fifth aquatic declination; both have irregularities. Think of the relative clause as an adjective for or līr that takes its case as any ordinary noun and may be modified with an adjective.

, the specific or type I substantivized form, means something like 'one who, one which, whoever.'

Līr, the generic or type II substantivized form, means something like 'that which, or whatever.'

Explanation- The one who encouraged the woman is good.
High Valyrian: Ābre kustittas sȳz issa.
English: [the, a] woman [she] was encouraged one good is.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE MAIN CLAUSE

Ābre is in the accusative case to indicate that , the one (in the nominative and modified with the adjective sȳz), is taking the action to encourage her.

Explanation- I saw the one who encouraged the woman.
High Valyrian: Ābre kustittas ūndetan.
English: [the, a] woman [she] was encouraged one [I] saw.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE MAIN CLAUSE

Ābre is in the accusative case to indicate that , the one (in the accusative and the object of ūndetan), is taking the action to encourage her and 'I' saw the one.

Explanation- The one whom the woman encouraged is good.
High Valyrian: Ābra kustittas sȳz issa.
English: [the, a] woman [she] encouraged one good is.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE MAIN CLAUSE

Ābra is in the nominative case to indicate that she is the one encouraging; is nominative because sagon accepts nominative arguments.

Explanation- I saw the one whom the woman encouraged.
High Valyrian: Ābra kustittas ūndetan.
English: [the, a] woman [she] encouraged one [I] saw.
Explanation: RELATIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE PRONOMIAL ADJECTIVE MAIN CLAUSE

Ābra is in the nominative case to indicate that she is the one encouraging; is accusative to agree with the transitive verb ūndetan, which accepts accusative arguments.

Below is a table of the declinations of the substantiated relative adjectival pronoun for singular and plural number.

nom. acc. gen. dat. loc. inst. com. voc.
specific sg. luo luot luomy luomy lȳs
pl. luoti luoti luommi luommi lȳs
generic sg. līr līr lurio luriot līr lurȳsi lurȳmi lȳs
pl. lura lura lurȳti lurȳti lurȳti lurȳssi lurȳmmi luas

Exercise 4

Translate into English.

Translate into High Valyrian:

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to something in particular; 'something' literally is an example of one! Until this point, the paucal and collective numbers were ignored in declination tables; this is to focus attention on the singular and plural, the workhorses of the language! Each case also declines for the paucal and collective, consult the reference tables for their declinations.

There exist six important roots to learn. From these six, additional words can be derived, mostly in placing the singular in adjectival, adverbial, or paucal form:

Daor-, meaning no.

Mirr-, meaning some. Only this stem uses a collective: mirror, meaning 'whatever'.

Olv-, meaning many.

Tolv-, meaning every.

Tol-, meaning other.

Mirt-, meaning someone.

daor- meaning mirr- meaning olv- meaning tolv- meaning tol- meaning mirt- meaning
adj. dōre ior none, no, not olvie ior many tolvie ior every tolie ior other
adv. dōrī never mirrī a bit, somewhat olvī a lot tolī excessively
sg. daorys
daorion
no one
nowhere
mirros something tolvys everyone tolys
tolion
someone else, other
(the other) thing
mirtys someone
pauc. daorun nothing mirrun some (people) olvȳn many tolvȳn everything
loc. daoriot nowhere mirriot somewhere tolviot everywhere

Examples

High Valyrian English
Tolvȳn sȳri kessi. Everything will be fine.
Azantys tolvi iotāptes. A knight respects everyone.
Daoruni gīmī, Ionos Sōnaro. You know nothing, Jon Snow.

Exercise 5

Attribution

"Lesson 6-Pronouns" by S. W. Farnsworth et al is licensed under CC BY 3.0 / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original. This chapter in particular deviated from the attributed work.