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=Lesson 4| The Imperfect=
=Lesson 4| The Imperfect=
Notice how the imperfect shares much in common with the future conjugations.
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! colspan = 2; rowspan = 3 |  
! colspan = 2; rowspan = 3 |  
Line 281: Line 283:
| align="center" colspan="2" |
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''parklon''' (3ter.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''tymagon''' (c-fin.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''meat'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to play, to frolic'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''qlādugon''' (v-fin.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to drag (on the ground or behind one)'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rhēdegon''' (v-fin.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to know (someone), to be acquainted with'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''ūndegon''' (v-fin.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to see, to sight; to look'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''urnēbagon''' (c-fin.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to watch'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''trūma''' (adj. I)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''deep'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''kōttion''' (3ter.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''tournament, tourney'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''lāra''' (1lun.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''crow'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''pirtir''' (5aq.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''falsehood, lie'''
|-
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gierion''' (3ter.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''qrillaodiko''' (3lun.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''people'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''marauder'''
|-
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gīs''' (3sol.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''qryldes''' (4sol.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''soul, spirit'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''male pig, boar'''
|-
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''arlinnon''' (3ter.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''riāzma''' (1lun.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''change, metamorphosis'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''canyon'''
|-
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''issaros''' (3sol.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''sindilion''' (3ter.)
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''being, individual'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''market'''


|}
|}
==The Present Imperfect==
==The Present Imperfect==
The imperfect combines the past tense (reference to a past time) and the imperfective aspect (referring to an ongoing verbal action).
The imperfect combines the past tense (reference to a past time) and the imperfective aspect (referring to an ongoing verbal action).
In English, the imperfect looks like "'''I was looking'''." In High Valyrian, this phrase translates as '''ūndīlen'''.


English has a similar construct called the progressive past. Actions seem incomplete, and so merit the imperfect label. For example, "I was running," "We were sailing," "They were calling." Note that 'to be' is always there.  
English has a similar construct called the progressive past. Actions seem incomplete, and so merit the imperfect label. For example, "I was running," "We were sailing," "They were calling." Note that 'to be' is always there.  
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| third person plural
| third person plural
|}
|}
===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | aōha kepa yno syt kōttion pradiles, ryptan
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | I heard that your father was hosting a tournament in my honor
|}
Here, notice how the two consecutive verbs translate like "I heard that he was hosting."
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | va sindiliot dekurūbilen skorī zoklun yne idakotis
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | I was walking to the market when a pack of wolves attacked me
|}
Recall that High Valyrian refers to a pack of animals as a paucal of the animal. In the same manner, a murder of crows is a ''lārun''.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | qryldī arghīles harrī dārys sēntaks
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | the king was killed while hunting a boar
|}
Here, the postposition ''harrī'' forms a full indicative phrase. Note that ''harrī'' is not a conjunction like ''se'' for instance, where phrases using ''harrī'' present as (what happened during the action)-while-(action) instead of (clause one)-and-(clause two).
===Exercise 1===
===Exercise 1===
Conjugate the following verbs in the imperfect.
Conjugate the following verbs in the imperfect.
Line 384: Line 445:
|-
|-
| idakēlin
| idakēlin
|}
==The Imperfect Subjunctive==
The imperfect subjunctive, like the subjunctive, indicates uncertainty and is used in negation statements ('I was not running") and conditional statements ('If I was talking to him, we are friends').
===Consonant Final Verbs===
Below shows the imperfect subjunctive conjugation of ''maghagon''. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings. The palatals, 'lj' and 'ñ,' ''depalatalize'' before any ending that begins with 'i' or a consonant; again, all future subjunctive endings begin in 'i' so 'lj' always becomes 'l,' and 'ñ,' always becomes 'n.'
{| class="wikitable"
| magh-ilon
| I was carrying
| first person singular
|-
| magh-ilō
| you were carrying
| second person singular
|-
| magh-ilos
| he, she, it was carrying
| third person singular
|-
| magh-iloty
| we were carrying
| first person plural
|-
| magh-ilōt
| you (all) were carrying
| second person plural
|-
| magh-ilosy
| they were carrying
| third person plural
|}
===Vowel Final Verbs===
Vowel final verb forms also have two forms in the imperfect subjunctive. These are similar to the consonant final verbs except that the 'i' becomes either 'ē' or 'ī'. The imperfect subjunctive is formed from the verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They stick to their theme vowel and have an identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, ''√'' is the verb stem and ''M'' is the theme vowel change.
For ''-agon'' and ''-ogon'', M=''ē''.
For ''-egon'', ''-igon'', and ''-ugon'', M=''ī''.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| √-M-lon
| first person singular
|-
| √-M-lō
| second person singular
|-
| √-M-los
| third person singular
|-
| √-M-loty
| first person plural
|-
| √-M-lōt
| second person plural
|-
| √-M-losy
| third person plural
|}
===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | lo ziry ȳdrēlon raqiros issa
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | if I was speaking to him, he is a friend
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | tymiloty daor, botilin
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | we were not playing, we were working
|}
===Exercise 2===
Translate to High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Daenerys was looking towards a deep canyon
|-
| Daenerys va trūmā riāzmā ūndīles
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| he will listen to you when turtles can fly
|-
| avy rȳbilza skorī qintra sōvegon kostilus
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| y'all will not be destroyed
|-
| pryjēlūt daor
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| we will not give her gifts
|-
| zijot irūdi irughilus daor
|}
==The Imperfect Passive==
===Consonant Final Verbs===
Below shows the passive imperfect conjugation of ''maghagon''. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings. The palatals, 'lj' and 'ñ,' ''depalatalize'' before any ending that begins with 'i' or a consonant; again, all future passive endings begin in 'i' so 'lj' always becomes 'l,' and 'ñ,' always becomes 'n.'
{| class="wikitable"
| magh-ileks
| I was being carried
| first person singular
|-
| magh-ilēks
| you were being carried
| second person singular
|-
| magh-ileks
| he, she, it was being carried
| third person singular
|-
| magh-iliks
| we were being carried
| first person plural
|-
| magh-ilēks
| you (all) were being carried
| second person plural
|-
| magh-iliks
| they were being carried
| third person plural
|}
===Vowel Final Verbs===
Vowel final verb forms also have two forms in the imperfect passive. These are similar to the consonant final verbs except that the 'i' becomes either 'ē' or 'ī'. The imperfect passive is formed from the verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They stick to their theme vowel and have an identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, ''√'' is the verb stem and ''M'' is the theme vowel change.
For ''-agon'' and ''-ogon'', M=''ē''.
For ''-egon'', ''-igon'', and ''-ugon'', M=''ī''.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| √-M-leks
| first person singular
|-
| √-M-lēks
| second person singular
|-
| √-M-leks
| third person singular
|-
| √-M-liks
| first person plural
|-
| √-M-lēks
| second person plural
|-
| √-M-liks
| third person plural
|}
===Exercise 3===
Conjugate the following verbs in the future passive.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| we were being acquainted
|-
| rhēdīliks
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| he was being dragged
|-
| qlādīleks
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| I was being held
|-
| pilēleks
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| y'all were being removed
|-
| nādīnilēks
|}
==The Imperfect Passive Subjunctive==
===Consonant Final Verbs===
Below shows the passive imperfect subjunctive conjugation of ''maghagon''. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.
{| class="wikitable"
| magh-iloks
| I was being carried
| first person singular
|-
| magh-ilōks
| you were being carried
| second person singular
|-
| magh-iloks
| he, she, it was being carried
| third person singular
|-
| magh-iloksy
| we were being carried
| first person plural
|-
| magh-ilōks
| you (all) wwere being carried
| second person plural
|-
| magh-iloksy
| they were being carried
| third person plural
|}
===Vowel Final Verbs===
Vowel final verb forms also have two forms in the imperfect passive subjunctive. These are similar to the consonant final verbs except that the 'i' becomes either 'ē' or 'ī'. The imperfect subjunctive is formed from the verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They stick to their theme vowel and have an identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, ''√'' is the verb stem and ''M'' is the theme vowel change.
For ''-agon'' and ''-ogon'', M=''ē''.
For ''-egon'', ''-igon'', and ''-ugon'', M=''ī''.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
| √-M-loks
| first person singular
|-
| √-M-lōks
| second person singular
|-
| √-M-loks
| third person singular
|-
| √-M-loksy
| first person plural
|-
| √-M-lōks
| second person plural
|-
| √-M-loksy
| third person plural
|}
===Exercise 4===
Translate into High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| you were not being spoken to
|-
| ȳdrēlōks daor
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| I was not being dragged to the market when the fast marauder stole my gold
|-
| sindiliot qlādīloks daor skorī adere qrillaodikio ñuhon āeksion lāettas
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| if you were speaking lies I will kill you myself
|-
| lo pirtra vestrilōks nykēla avy sēninna
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| if Daenerys was being attacked watch for enemies
|-
| lo Daenerys idakēloks qrinuntoti urnēbātās
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 14:51, 26 December 2023

Lesson 4| The Imperfect

Notice how the imperfect shares much in common with the future conjugations.

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 2s 2pl
Active
prs. √-an √-ā √-as √-i √-āt √-is √-on √-ō √-os √-oty √-ōt √-osy √-ās √-ātās √-are (adj. II) √-agon
aor. √-in √-ia √-is √-iti √-iat √-isi √-un √-ua √-us √-uty √-uat √-usy √-iās √-iātās √-ire (adj. II) √-igon
fut. √-inna √-ilā √-ilza √-ili √-ilāt √-ilzi √-ilun √-ilū √-ilus √-iluty √-ilūt √-ilusy √-ilās √-ilātās √-ilare (adj. II) —
npfv. √-ilen √-ilē √-iles √-ilin √-ilēt √-ilis √-ilon √-ilō √-ilos √-iloty √-ilōt √-ilosy — —
pfv. √P-an √P-ā √P-as √P-i √P-āt √P-is √P-on √P-ō √P-os √P-oty √P-ōt √P-osy — see below √P-agon
plup. √P-en √P-ē √P-es √P-in √P-ēt — —
phab. √P-in √P-ia √P-is √P-iti √P-iat √P-isi √P-un √P-ua √P-us √P-uty √P-uat √P-usy √P-re (adj. II)
Passive prs. √-aks √-āks √-aks √-aksi √-āks √-aksi √-oks √-ōks √-oks √-oksy √-ōks √-oksy √-āks — √-akson
aor. √-iks √-iaks √-iks √-iksi √-iaks √-iksi √-uks √-uaks √-uks √-uksy √-uaks √-uksy √-iāks √-iarza (adj. I) √-iakson
fut. √-ilaks √-ilāks √-ilaks √-iliks √-ilāks √-iliks √-iluks √-ilūks √-iluks √-iluksy √-ilūks √-iluksy √-ilāks √-ilaksa (adj. I) —
npfv. √-ileks √-ilēks √-ileks √-ilēks √-iloks √-ilōks √-iloks √-iloksy √-ilōks √-iloksy — —
pfv. √P-aks √P-āks √P-aks √P-aksi √P-āks √P-aksi √P-oks √P-ōks √P-oks √P-oksy √P-ōks √P-oksy — √P-a (Adj. I) √P-akson
plup. √P-eks √P-ēks √P-eks √P-iks √P-ēks √P-iks — —
phab. √P-iks √P-iaks √P-iks √P-iksi √P-iaks √P-iksi √P-uks √P-uaks √P-uks √P-uksy √P-uaks √P-uksy √P-iarza (adj. I)

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
tymagon (c-fin.) to play, to frolic
qlādugon (v-fin.) to drag (on the ground or behind one)
rhēdegon (v-fin.) to know (someone), to be acquainted with
ūndegon (v-fin.) to see, to sight; to look
urnēbagon (c-fin.) to watch
trūma (adj. I) deep
kōttion (3ter.) tournament, tourney
lāra (1lun.) crow
pirtir (5aq.) falsehood, lie
qrillaodiko (3lun.) marauder
qryldes (4sol.) male pig, boar
riāzma (1lun.) canyon
sindilion (3ter.) market

The Present Imperfect

The imperfect combines the past tense (reference to a past time) and the imperfective aspect (referring to an ongoing verbal action).

In English, the imperfect looks like "I was looking." In High Valyrian, this phrase translates as ūndīlen.

English has a similar construct called the progressive past. Actions seem incomplete, and so merit the imperfect label. For example, "I was running," "We were sailing," "They were calling." Note that 'to be' is always there.

Regardless of language, the concept of an imperfect is important. The imperfect, in the grammatical sense, means not finished - that the action could be or could not be completed. Perfect instead means it has been finished - "I saw" (the perfect) expresses that you have already seen, and are now finished seeing. "I was seeing" (the imperfect) implies that the action is not yet completed.

The perfect tense is a more immediate reference to the past. The name, imperfect, helps you remember its use: in situations where you can't say when an event started or ended or happened, you must use the imperfect.

In situations where you can know when an event started or ended or happened, use the perfect.

Consonant Final Verbs

Below shows the present imperfect conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings. The palatals, 'lj' and 'ñ,' depalatalize before any ending that begins with 'i' or a consonant; all imperfect endings begin in 'i' so 'lj' always becomes 'l,' and 'ñ,' always becomes 'n.'

magh-ilen I was carrying first person singular
magh-ilē you were carrying second person singular
magh-iles he, she, it was carrying third person singular
magh-ilin we were carrying first person plural
magh-ilēt you (all) were carrying second person plural
magh-ilis they were carrying third person plural

Vowel Final Verbs

There are also five vowel final verb forms that have two forms in the imperfect, similar to the future. These are similar to the consonant final verbs except that the 'i' becomes either 'ē' or 'ī'. The imperfect is formed from the verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They stick to this changed vowel and have an otherwise identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, √ is the verb stem and M is the theme vowel change.

For -agon and -ogon, M=ē.

For -egon, -igon, and -ugon, M=ī.

√-M-len first person singular
√-M-lē second person singular
√-M-les third person singular
√-M-lin first person plural
√-M-lēt second person plural
√-M-lis third person plural

Examples

High Valyrian English
aōha kepa yno syt kōttion pradiles, ryptan I heard that your father was hosting a tournament in my honor

Here, notice how the two consecutive verbs translate like "I heard that he was hosting."

High Valyrian English
va sindiliot dekurūbilen skorī zoklun yne idakotis I was walking to the market when a pack of wolves attacked me

Recall that High Valyrian refers to a pack of animals as a paucal of the animal. In the same manner, a murder of crows is a lārun.

High Valyrian English
qryldī arghīles harrī dārys sēntaks the king was killed while hunting a boar

Here, the postposition harrī forms a full indicative phrase. Note that harrī is not a conjunction like se for instance, where phrases using harrī present as (what happened during the action)-while-(action) instead of (clause one)-and-(clause two).

Exercise 1

Conjugate the following verbs in the imperfect.

The Imperfect Subjunctive

The imperfect subjunctive, like the subjunctive, indicates uncertainty and is used in negation statements ('I was not running") and conditional statements ('If I was talking to him, we are friends').

Consonant Final Verbs

Below shows the imperfect subjunctive conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings. The palatals, 'lj' and 'ñ,' depalatalize before any ending that begins with 'i' or a consonant; again, all future subjunctive endings begin in 'i' so 'lj' always becomes 'l,' and 'ñ,' always becomes 'n.'

magh-ilon I was carrying first person singular
magh-ilō you were carrying second person singular
magh-ilos he, she, it was carrying third person singular
magh-iloty we were carrying first person plural
magh-ilōt you (all) were carrying second person plural
magh-ilosy they were carrying third person plural

Vowel Final Verbs

Vowel final verb forms also have two forms in the imperfect subjunctive. These are similar to the consonant final verbs except that the 'i' becomes either 'ē' or 'ī'. The imperfect subjunctive is formed from the verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They stick to their theme vowel and have an identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, √ is the verb stem and M is the theme vowel change.

For -agon and -ogon, M=ē.

For -egon, -igon, and -ugon, M=ī.

√-M-lon first person singular
√-M-lō second person singular
√-M-los third person singular
√-M-loty first person plural
√-M-lōt second person plural
√-M-losy third person plural

Examples

High Valyrian English
lo ziry ȳdrēlon raqiros issa if I was speaking to him, he is a friend
tymiloty daor, botilin we were not playing, we were working

Exercise 2

Translate to High Valyrian.

The Imperfect Passive

Consonant Final Verbs

Below shows the passive imperfect conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings. The palatals, 'lj' and 'ñ,' depalatalize before any ending that begins with 'i' or a consonant; again, all future passive endings begin in 'i' so 'lj' always becomes 'l,' and 'ñ,' always becomes 'n.'

magh-ileks I was being carried first person singular
magh-ilēks you were being carried second person singular
magh-ileks he, she, it was being carried third person singular
magh-iliks we were being carried first person plural
magh-ilēks you (all) were being carried second person plural
magh-iliks they were being carried third person plural

Vowel Final Verbs

Vowel final verb forms also have two forms in the imperfect passive. These are similar to the consonant final verbs except that the 'i' becomes either 'ē' or 'ī'. The imperfect passive is formed from the verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They stick to their theme vowel and have an identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, √ is the verb stem and M is the theme vowel change.

For -agon and -ogon, M=ē.

For -egon, -igon, and -ugon, M=ī.

√-M-leks first person singular
√-M-lēks second person singular
√-M-leks third person singular
√-M-liks first person plural
√-M-lēks second person plural
√-M-liks third person plural

Exercise 3

Conjugate the following verbs in the future passive.

The Imperfect Passive Subjunctive

Consonant Final Verbs

Below shows the passive imperfect subjunctive conjugation of maghagon. All consonant final verbs share these personal endings.

magh-iloks I was being carried first person singular
magh-ilōks you were being carried second person singular
magh-iloks he, she, it was being carried third person singular
magh-iloksy we were being carried first person plural
magh-ilōks you (all) wwere being carried second person plural
magh-iloksy they were being carried third person plural

Vowel Final Verbs

Vowel final verb forms also have two forms in the imperfect passive subjunctive. These are similar to the consonant final verbs except that the 'i' becomes either 'ē' or 'ī'. The imperfect subjunctive is formed from the verbal stem plus the theme vowel change, M, plus the personal ending. They stick to their theme vowel and have an identical personal ending to consonant final verbs. In the generic conjugation below, √ is the verb stem and M is the theme vowel change.

For -agon and -ogon, M=ē.

For -egon, -igon, and -ugon, M=ī.

√-M-loks first person singular
√-M-lōks second person singular
√-M-loks third person singular
√-M-loksy first person plural
√-M-lōks second person plural
√-M-loksy third person plural

Exercise 4

Translate into High Valyrian.

Attribution

"Lesson 8 Imperfect and Future" by S. W. Farnsworth et al is licensed under CC BY 3.0 / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original
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