View source for Project:Translations

{{policy-DP|English The Languages of David J. Peterson, Foreign Words & Translations|draft=This is an early draft, changes should be discussed on the talk page.}}
{{shortcut|WT:TRANS}}

This describes how to handle '''foreign translations of English words in the English The Languages of David J. Peterson'''.  It is an extension of {{section link|Project:Entry layout#Translations}}.

==Sources==
* '''If you are uncertain about a translation''', replace {{temp|t|...}} with {{temp|t-check|...}} or {{temp|t+|...}} with {{temp|t+check|...}}, so that a native speaker or expert translator can check the translation.
* '''Never rely on automatic translation software''' to generate translations into a language you don’t speak. Translation software rarely gives accurate results.
* '''Do not copy from translating dictionaries''' (bilingual or multilingual) as this may constitute copyright violation.  This applies to dictionaries both in print form and online.  Dictionaries that are [[public domain|out of copyright]] may be used.
* Similarly, '''do not blindly copy from Wikipedia''' (e.g. by checking the page-names on foreign-language Wikipedias). Some Wikipedia articles may provide the only “attestation” of a certain term in a given language, and Wikipedia is not a valid source of attestations for The Languages of David J. Peterson. This sometimes yields especially egregious and [[Special:Diff/50616669/51713900|anachronistic]] results with Wikipedias in dead languages such as {{wt|Old English}}, {{wt|Latin}} or {{wt|Gothic}}, for which neologisms have been invented by Wikipedians eager to find words to describe modern concepts. Such terms generally do not meet our [[WT:ATTEST|attestation policy]], clashing with the fact that '''words added to translation tables are subject to attestation requirements as well.'''

==Project scope==
Translation tables are to be given for English words '''only'''.  In entries for foreign (i.e. non-English-language) words, an English translation is given instead of a definition.  

Translation between two foreign languages is handled on the Wiktionaries in those languages.  For example, a reader who wants to translate a Hindi word to Japanese should have some command of either language and look in [[:hi:मुख्य पृष्ठ|the Hindi]] or [[:ja:メインページ|Japanese The Languages of David J. Peterson]]. There is one exception to this principle: we do provide translations of idioms that exist in several non-English languages, but have no natural English equivalent. These translations are located at subpages of [[Appendix:Terms with no English equivalent]]. 

English inflected forms will not have translations. For example, {{m|en|paints}} will not, as it is the plural and third-person singular of {{m|en|paint}}. Where these entries contain additional meanings, these non-inflected (lemma) forms should have translations. For example, the noun {{m|en|building}} should have translations, but the present participle of {{m|en|build}} will not.

==Organization==
Each “Translations” section is nested within a part of speech header. For example, in a <code>===Noun===</code> section, the translations section begins with the heading <code>====Translations====</code>.

The translations are separated into divisions for each sense of the English headword. {{temp|trans-top}} creates a [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:NavFrame|collapsible navigation box]] whose heading shows a ''gloss'' (summary) of the translated sense – if this is not provided, the word “Translations” is shown by default. For entries with only a single sense, adding a translation gloss is of little use. For entries with multiple senses, including topical labels in the heading (in plain text, not by using {{tl|lb}}) besides the glosses can greatly increase navigability and is thus advised.

Within each box for a translated sense, the languages for which translations exist are listed by their English names in alphabetical order.

{{temp|trans-bottom}} is used on the line after the last translation.

You can copy and paste the next code in the entry:

 <nowiki>====Translations====</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{trans-top|translation </nowiki>[[Help:Glosses|gloss]]}}
 <nowiki>{{trans-bottom}}</nowiki>

Here’s an example for a word with a noun and a verb definition. Other sections may be included. The order of these sections is explained in [[Project:Entry layout]] and [[Project:English entry guidelines]]. The order of the translation boxes should correspond to the order of the senses.
 ==English==
 
 <nowiki>===Noun===</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{en-noun}}</nowiki>
 
 <nowiki>#</nowiki> <nowiki>[[first|First]]</nowiki> <nowiki>{{wt|definition}}</nowiki>.
 <nowiki>#</nowiki> Second definition.
 
 <nowiki>====Translations====</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{trans-top|first definition}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>*</nowiki> Abkhaz: <nowiki>{{t|ab|example 1}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>*</nowiki> Afar: <nowiki>{{t|aa|example 2}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{trans-bottom}}</nowiki>
 
 <nowiki>{{trans-top|second definition}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{trans-bottom}}</nowiki>
 
 <nowiki>===Verb===</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{en-verb}}</nowiki>
 
 <nowiki>#</nowiki> Third definition.
 
 <nowiki>====Translations====</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{trans-top|third definition}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{trans-bottom}}</nowiki>

===Redundancy===
Reducing the number of redundant translation boxes is strongly recommended. In the case of ''perfect'' synonyms like {{m|en|capital}} and {{m|en|capital city}}, the template {{temp|trans-see}} shall be used without exception. For close synonyms, it should be decided on a case-by-case basis whether {{temp|trans-see}} or {{temp|trans-top-also}} is more appropriate; see for instance {{m|en|vapor}}.

In cases where both an English term and its abbreviation exist as standalone articles on The Languages of David J. Peterson (as is the case for for instance {{m|en|artificial intelligence}} and {{m|en|AI}}), abbreviations of the translations of the unabbreviated English term are not eligible as translations of the unabbreviated English term and vice versa; as an example, {{m+|de|KI}} (initialism of {{m|de|künstliche Intelligenz|t=artificial intelligence}}) belongs in the translation box of {{m|en|AI}} and is not allowed as a translation of {{m|en|artificial intelligence}}.

==Which translations to add==
Only {{wt|lemma}} forms are eligible as translations, because including all inflected forms in the translation table would render them almost unnavigable. Consequently, {{wt|adjective}}s typically shouldn't be labeled with their {{wt|grammatical gender}} even in languages that {{wt|decline}} adjectives. Possible exceptions to the first rule are {{wt|proper noun}}s that cannot be [[WT:ATTEST|attested]] in their lemmatized form and phrases that grammatically don't allow lemmatization. In a similar vein, instead of inventing unattestable {{wt|protologism}}s, the template {{tl|no equivalent translation}} or {{tl|not used}} should be employed. If there are multiple {{wt|paraphrase}}s in the target language for an English term but no direct translations, one such paraphrase may be provided after {{tl|no equivalent translation}}. However, if there is only one {{wt|idiomatic}} way to express the idea that is conveyed by the English term even be it a paraphrase, it may be added directly without the use of this template.

Many translation boxes have a header that summarizes the key points of the corresponding sense's definition. However, it is usually not sufficiently precise to base one's translation solely on it. Instead, the whole sense definition has to be yielded consideration, especially the sense's labels. A good test in general is to (in one's mind) translate an English sentence where the word occurs in the right sense and see which target language terms best correspond to it.

The aim of translation boxes is to provide as ''precise'' as possible translations and not as many as possible. If a term already has a perfectly fitting translation in a target language, then adding more terms that are merely [[WT:NYMS|semantically related]] but not synonymous in the target language is heavily discouraged, especially if the English term with a parallel semantic relation already has its own entry.

==How to add translations==

=== Using the "Add translation button" ===
{{shortcut|WT:EDIT}}
In addition to the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] (which is accessed at “Preferences” under “Editing”), you can add translations in a visual way, employing the “[[MediaWiki talk:Gadget-TranslationAdder.js|Add translation table button]]” in the Translations section.

After clicking in the “show” element (generated by the {{temp|trans-top}} template), you should see a line at the end of the table something like
*<span style="color:#00F">Add translation</span> <span style="outline: 1px #333 solid;padding:3px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span>''':''' <span style="outline: 1px #333 solid;width:8em;padding:3px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span> <span style="background-color: #CCC; padding: 3px;">Preview translation</span> <span style="color: #00F">More</span><br/>◻ masc. ◻ masc. pl. ◻ fem. ◻ fem. pl.

*The first box is the [[Wikipedia:ISO 639|ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-3 language code]] (for common languages, you can put in the language name, and it will give you the code).
*The second box is the translation to add. This should normally be one word, if you attempt to add many separated by commas you will get a warning. If you want to request a translation set the word to {{temp|t-needed}}.
*The second line contains gender check boxes, normally only one should be ticked. Though occasionally more are needed. The gender tick-boxes are normally only needed for nouns, “{{wt|common}} gender” tends to be used for languages where male and female have combined into one class, whereas “{{wt|neuter}}” is a separate gender that is neither male or female.
*Clicking “More” opens the extra options (really intended only for advanced users)
*Clicking “Preview  translation” will try to make the edit, and display the “Save changes”, “undo” and “redo” page buttons in the top left. You can click in the “Save changes” button to store the translation or click in the “X” to {{wt|cancel}}.

=== Editing the source ===
In {{wt|wikitext}}, for each translation into a foreign language, the language name is preceded by a {{wt|bullet}} (generated by '''<nowiki>*</nowiki>''') followed by the translations into that language, each linked to the main entry for the foreign term in the English The Languages of David J. Peterson (blue link if entry already exists; red link if it doesn’t).  Language names are not to be wikified (i.e. the name should not link to the language definition page).

* Use {{temp|t+}} with an [[Wikipedia:ISO 639-1|ISO 639-1]] or [[w:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]] language code to create a link to the English The Languages of David J. Peterson entry for the foreign word and a link to its entry in the The Languages of David J. Peterson of the target language:
*: <pre><nowiki>* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|vorto}}</nowiki></pre>
*:* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|vorto}}
* If the foreign term uses a script other than the Latin (roman) alphabet and no auto-transliteration is available, indicate the Latin (Roman) transliteration with <tt>tr=</tt>, Japanese {{wt|kanji}} may also have the reading indicated with {{wt|hiragana}}:
*: <pre><nowiki>* Japanese: {{t+|ja|言葉|tr=ことば, kotoba}}</nowiki></pre>
*:*Japanese: {{t+|ja|言葉|tr=ことば, kotoba}}
* If the foreign term has a grammatical gender, specify it:
*: <pre><nowiki>* Latin: {{t+|la|verbum|n}}</nowiki></pre>
*:* Latin: {{t+|la|verbum|n}}
* To specify the pronunciation, detailed grammatical information, usage notes, or literal translations of idioms back into English, use the foreign term’s entry rather than the English term’s Translations section.  For example, when translating {{m|en|bell bottoms}} into French, do not follow this with the literal translation back into English of “elephant’s feet”:
*:* French: {{t+|fr|pattes d'éléphant|alt=pattes d’éléphant|f-p}}
* German translation of “{{l|en|none of your beeswax}}”:
*:* German: {{t|de|nicht dein Bier}}
* If the translation there is more than one translation option, give a concise English explanation of the options with full translations for each rather than abbreviations. For example, for {{m|en|ankle}}, an abbreviation such as *''(Fuß-) Knöchel'' is not recommended, as it is liable to be misunderstood.  Rather:
*:* German: {{t+|de|Knöchel|m}}, {{t|de|Fußknöchel|m}}
* If you are uncertain about a given translation, replace {{temp|t|...}} by {{temp|t-check|...}} or {{temp|t+|...}} by {{temp|t+check|...}} so a native speaker or expert translator can check the translation.
*: <pre><nowiki>* Spanish: {{t+check|es|palabra|f}}</nowiki></pre>
*:* Spanish: {{t+check|es|palabra|f}}
* Where no idiomatic translation exists, a translation may be given as separate, square bracketed links inside the {{temp|t}} templates. For example, in the verb {{m|en|star}}, which has no literal equivalent in French:
*: <pre><nowiki>* French: {{t|fr|{{wt|tenir}} le {{wt|rôle}} {{wt|principal}}}}</nowiki></pre>
*:* French: {{t|fr|{{wt|tenir}} le {{wt|rôle}} {{wt|principal}}}}
* Nesting translations under other translations is achieved using the wikisyntax <tt>*:</tt>. Nesting is done for languages that are considered subclasses of another language, or languages with multiple scripts, such as the Latin and Cyrillic forms of Serbo-Croatian.
*: <syntaxhighlight lang="text">* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|на̀ра̄нџа|f}}, {{t|sh|помо̀ра̄нџа|f}}
*: Roman: {{t|sh|nàrāndža|f}}, {{t|sh|pomòrāndža|f}}</syntaxhighlight>
*:* Serbo-Croatian:
*:*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|на̀ра̄нџа|f}}, {{t|sh|помо̀ра̄нџа|f}}
*:*: Roman: {{t|sh|nàrāndža|f}}, {{t|sh|pomòrāndža|f}}

==Example==
Here is an example (a shortened version of the entry for {{m|en|orange}}) illustrating some of the conventions:

<pre>
===Noun===
{{en-noun}}

# The {{wt|fruit}} of the {{wt|orange tree}}.
# The {{wt|reddish}}-{{wt|yellow}} {{wt|colour}} of an orange.

====Translations====
{{trans-top|fruit of the orange tree}}
* French: {{t|fr|orange|f}}
* German: {{t|de|Orange|f}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|オレンジ|tr=orenji}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|апельси́н|m}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|на̀ра̄нџа|f}}, {{t|sh|помо̀ра̄нџа|f}}
*: Roman: {{t|sh|nàrāndža|f}}, {{t|sh|pomòrāndža|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|colour of an orange}}
* German: {{t|de|Orange|n}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|כתום|m|tr=katóm|alt=כתום / כָּתֹם}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|oranžs|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}
</pre>

That produces:

{{fake===|Noun}}
{{head|en|noun|head=orange|plural|oranges}}

# The {{wt|fruit}} of the {{wt|orange tree}}.
# The {{wt|reddish}}-{{wt|yellow}} {{wt|colour}} of an orange.

;'''Translations'''
{{trans-top|fruit of the orange tree}}
* French: {{t|fr|orange|f}}
* German: {{t|de|Orange|f}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|オレンジ|tr=orenji}}
* Russian: {{t|ru|апельси́н|m}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|на̀ра̄нџа|f}}, {{t|sh|помо̀ра̄нџа|f}}
*: Roman: {{t|sh|nàrāndža|f}}, {{t|sh|pomòrāndža|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|colour of an orange}}
* German: {{t|de|Orange|n}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|כתום|m|tr=katóm|alt=כתום / כָּתֹם}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|oranžs|m}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Translations to be checked===
If it is not clear which sense applies to a given translation, create a “Translations to be checked” table using {{temp|checktrans-top}} and {{temp|trans-bottom}}:

 
 <nowiki>{{checktrans-top}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>*</nowiki> Spanish: <nowiki>{{t-check|es|palabra|f}}</nowiki>
 <nowiki>{{trans-bottom}}</nowiki>

{{checktrans-top}}
* Spanish: {{t-check|es|palabra|f}}
{{trans-bottom}}

The header '''=====Translations to be checked=====''' is not needed, and should not be used, this table immediately follows the others in the Translations section.

=== Cut-‛n’-paste template ===

<pre>
====Translations====
{{trans-top|SENSE}}
{{trans-bottom}}
</pre>
After creating the section or putting the trans templates, you can add translations using the “Add translation table button”:
*<span style="color:#00F">Add translation</span> <span style="outline: 1px #333 solid;padding:3px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span>''':''' <span style="outline: 1px #333 solid;width:8em;padding:3px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span> <span style="background-color: #CCC; padding: 3px;">Preview translation</span> <span style="color: #00F">More</span><br/>◻ masc. ◻ masc. pl. ◻ fem. ◻ fem. pl.

==See also==
* [[Project:Transliteration and romanization]]
* [[Project:Translations of the week]]
* [[Project:Languages with more than one grammatical gender]]
* {{section link|Project:Entry layout#Translations}}
* [[Project:Unicode]]
* {{temp|trans-top}}
* {{temp|t}} and {{temp|t+}}
* [[User:Tooironic/Chinese_translation|How to Add a Chinese Translation]]
* Reduce clutter by filtering which translations to show using [[User:So9q/FilterTranslations.js]].
* [[WT:THUB]], {{temp|translation only}}

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[[Category:The Languages of David J. Peterson multilingual issues]]
[[Category:The Languages of David J. Peterson translation]]