View source for Appendix:Chakobsa pronunciation

{{LangBar|Chakobsa|Chakobsa dialogue}}



== Standard Romanization ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter
! IPA
! English approximation
! Notes
|-
| '''''a'''''
| a
| US b'''o'''t, UK b'''a'''th
| Pronounced like the "a" in "father", but further forward in the mouth.
|-
| '''''aa'''''
| aː
| —
| Pronounced like '''a''' but held for a longer duration. ''See [[Wikipedia:Vowel length|lengthened vowels]]''.
|-
| '''''b'''''
| b
| '''b'''other
|
|-
| '''''ch'''''
| ʧ
| ea'''ch'''
| Unlike the sound "ch" in English "chair", there is no discernible puff of air that accompanies this sound. If one holds one's breath while pronouncing the "ch" in English "chair", one will pronounce this sound correctly.
|-
| '''''d'''''
| d
| '''d'''og
|
|-
| '''''dh'''''
| ð
| '''th'''is
| ''Never'' pronounced like the "th" in "think".
|-
| '''''e'''''
| e
| b'''ai'''t
|
|-
| '''''f'''''
| f
| '''f'''og
|
|-
| '''''g'''''
| g
| '''g'''ood
| ''Never'' like the "g" in "genius".
|-
| '''''h'''''
| h
| '''h'''am
| This grapheme is always pronounced, even if it comes after another consonant or at the end of a word. The only cases in which it is not pronounced is when it occurs in the digraphs '''ch''', '''dh''', '''sh''', and '''th'''.
|-
| '''''i'''''
| i
| b'''ee'''t
|
|-
| '''''ii'''''
| iː
| —
| Pronounced like the '''i''' but held for a longer duration. ''See [[Wikipedia:Vowel length|lengthened vowels]]''.
|-
| '''''j'''''
| ʤ
| '''j'''u'''dg'''e
|
|-
| '''''k'''''
| k
| s'''k'''y
| This sound features no aspiration. Aspiration is the puff of air that occurs in the "k" in "kill". Compare the "k" in "kill" and the "k" in "skill" (try holding your hand in front of your face when pronouncing both). The High Valyrian "k" should always be pronounced like the "k" in "skill"; never like the "k" in "kill".
|-
| '''''l'''''
| l
| '''l'''eft
|
|-
| '''''m'''''
| m
| '''m'''an
|
|-
| '''''n'''''
| n
| '''n'''o
| 
|-
| '''''o'''''
| o
| m'''oa'''t
|
|-
| '''q'''
| [[Wikipedia:Voiceless uvular stop|q]]
| —
|
|-
| '''''r'''''
| [[Wikipedia:Alveolar tap|ɾ]]
| —
| 
|-
| '''''s'''''
| s
| '''s'''ee
| 
|-
| '''''t'''''
| t
| s'''t'''op
| This sound features no aspiration. Aspiration is the puff of air that occurs in the "t" in "take". Compare the "t" in "take" and the "t" in "stake" (try holding your hand in front of your face when pronouncing both). The High Valyrian "t" should always be pronounced like the "t" in "stake"; never like the "t" in "take".
|-
| '''''th'''''
| θ
| '''th'''ink
| ''Never'' pronounced like the "th" in "this".
|-
| '''''u'''''
| u
| cr'''ou'''ton
|
|-
| '''''uu'''''
| uː
| —
| Pronounced like the '''u''' but held for a longer duration. ''See [[Wikipedia:Vowel length|lengthened vowels]]''.
|-
| '''''v'''''
| v
| '''v'''oice
|
|-
| '''''w'''''
| w
| '''w'''ave
|
|-
| '''''y'''''
| j
| '''y'''ak
| 
|-
| '''''z'''''
| z
| '''z'''oo
|
|-
| ''''' ' '''''
| [[Wikipedia:Glottal Stop|ʔ]]
| 
| Pronounced just like the catch in one's throat that occurs in between the "uh" and "oh" in English "uh-oh".
|}

===Doubled Consonants===
Doubled consonants, or [[Wikipedia:geminate|geminates]], occur frequently in Chakobsa. To pronounce a doubled consonant, simply pronounce it twice. You might think of it as lingering over the consonant. Think of the "s" sound you pronounce in "Mi<u>ss S</u>ally". It's a longer "s" than if you pronounce the similar phrase "Mi<u>ss</u> Ally". The same goes for the doubled consonants of Chakobsa. 

One important note about the romanization: If a digraph (e.g. '''dh''', '''sh''', etc.) is doubled, ''only'' the first letter will be doubled (hence, '''ddh''' not '''dhdh'''). The consonant is pronounced like a doubled consonant, though, as actual combinations such as '''d''' followed by '''dh''' are impossible.

== Phonetics ==
Chakobsa has 23 consonants which can also appear in a geminate form. 

=== Consonants ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Uvular
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m [m] ||  || n [n] ||||||||
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
|  ||  || t [t] || ch [ʧ] || k [k] || q [q] || | ' [ʔ]
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| b [b] ||  || d [d] || j [ʤ] || g [g] || || | 
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
| f [f] || th [θ] || s [s] || sh [ʃ]  || || || h [h]
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| v [v] || dh [ð] || z [z] || || ||  || 
|-
! colspan="2" | Lateral
|  ||  || l [l] || || || ||  | 
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant 
| w [w] ||  || r [ɾ] || y [j] || || ||  | 
|}

=== Vowels ===
Chakobsa has 5 vowels, three of which have phonetically distinct lengths:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Close
| i [i], ii [iː]
|
| u [u], uu [uː]
|-
! Mid
| e [e]
| 
| o [o]
|-
! Open
| 
| a [a], aa [aː]
| 
|}

[[Category:Chakobsa language|Phonology]]
[[Category:Chakobsa appendices|Pronunciation]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]