View source for User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/W1-1

=The High Valyrian Writing System=

==Introduction==

The Valyrian writing system is a mixed script that features an ''alphabetic component'', an ''iconic component'', and a ''paradigmatic component''. All three elements are used simultaneously.

'''Alphabetic glyphs''' are used purely for their phonetic value. Most of the time they indicate a single consonant and sometimes they are used for long vowels or sequences of sounds.

'''Iconic glyphs''' can stand for whole words, can be augmented to form different words, or inflections of the same word.

'''Paradigmatic glyphs''' are glyphs that generally have other functions and are used in specific verbal and nominal paradigms to indicate inflections.

===Punctuation===

Double dots indicate full stops and separate sentences, regardless of if they are statements, questions, or exclamations.

Single dots separate words. No spaces appear in the High Valyrian sentence. All full words are separated with single dots to clearly state when one word ends and the other begins.

==Paradigmatic Glyphs==

===Grammatical Number===
MUCH indicates the plural.

PILE indicates the collective number.

HAND indicates the paucal number.

===Noun Determinatives===

WATER is the most common determinative for ''1aq.'' nouns. BLOOD is an uncommon determinative for ''1aq.'' nouns.

FIRE is a determinative for ''2sol.'' nouns. DRAKARYS is an occasional determinative for ''2sol.'' nouns, to imply martial danger or a connection to dragons.

HAMMER is a determinative of ''2lun.'' nouns. FIGHT is a determinative for ''2lun.'' nouns, often denoting violence.

GATE is a determinative for ''3lun.'' nouns, particularly agentive nouns derived from verbs. RAIN is used for the on-glide series.

ICE is a determinative for ''3ter.'' nouns. IRON is a determinative for substances and names of the ''3ter''. declination. ROPE is used as an occasional determinative for ''3ter.'' nouns with a meaning related to binding. STONE is used as a determinative for ''3ter.'' nouns to denote sturdiness. TABLE may also occur.

SUN is a determinative for ''3sol.'' nouns.

SHIP is a determinative for ''3aq''. nouns.

DRAGON is a determinative for dangerous or venerable nouns and dragon names for ''4sol.'' nouns. BIRD is a common determinative for ''4sol.'' nouns and rarely as a determinative for other avian nouns.

CAT is a determinative for ''5lun.'' nouns.

WOMAN is a determinative for female animate nouns of any class.

===Cases===
The accusative case appears to be J. The plural is J-MUCH.

The genitive case appears to be HEFT.

The dative case appears to be HEFT-T.

The instrumental case appears to be HEFT-S. The plural is HEFT-S-MUCH.

===Derivations===

LEG is used for the ''-kio'' agentive derivational affix. Also, for the ''ikagon'' causatives.

SWELL appears to be used for the intensification prefix ''oz-''.

STORM is used for the augmentative ''-āzma''.

HOOK is used for inchoative verbs (eg. ''obūljagon'').

CYCLIC is used for repetitive verbs (eg. ''ā-'').

===Adjective Determinatives===
LARGE is a determinative for Class I adjectives.

TRUE is a common determinative for class II adjectives and especially superlatives. CYCLIC is the most common determinative for class II adjectives.

===Verb Conjugation===
{| class="wikitable" 
! colspan = 2; rowspan = 3 | 
! colspan = 6 | Indicative
! rowspan = 13|
! colspan = 6 | Subjunctive
! rowspan = 13|
! colspan = 2 | Imperative
! rowspan = 13|
! rowspan = 3 | Participle
! rowspan = 13|
! rowspan = 3 | Infinitive
|-
! colspan = 3 | Singular
! colspan = 3 | Plural
! colspan = 3 | Singular
! colspan = 3 | Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 1s
! 2s
! 3s
! 1pl
! 2pl
! 3pl
! 1s
! 2s
! 3s
! 1pl
! 2pl
! 3pl
! 2s
! 2pl
|-
! rowspan = 10 | Active
|-
! prs.
| √-N
| ''√-A''
| ''√-Z''
| √-MUCH
| ''√-A-T''
| √-Z-MANY
| ''√-V-N''
| ''√-V-O''
| ''√-V-Z''
| ''√-V-MUCH''
| ''√-V-O-T''
| ''√-V-Z-MANY''
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?(adj. II)
| √-DO-THING
|-
! aor.
| ''√-GO-N''
| √-?
| ''√-GO-Z''
| ''√-GO-MUCH''
| √-?
| ''√-GO-Z-MANY''
| ''√-GO-V-N''
| √-?
| ''√-GO-V-Z''
| ''√-GO-V-MUCH''
| √-?
| ''√-GO-V-Z-MANY''
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?(adj. II)
| √-?
|-
! colspan = 21 |
|-
! fut.
| ''√-LIE-N''
| √-?
| ''√-LIE-Z''
| √-LIE-MUCH
| √-?
| ''√-LIE-Z-MANY''
| ''√-LIE-V-N''
| √-?
| ''√-LIE-V-Z''
| ''√-LIE-V-MUCH''
| √-?
| ''√-LIE-V-Z-MANY''
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?(adj. II)
| √-?
| rowspan = 2 | —
|-
! npfv.
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| √-?
| colspan = 2 | —
| —
|-
! colspan = 21 |
|-
!  pfv.
| ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-N''
| ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-A''
| √<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-Z
| ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-MUCH''
| ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-A-T''
| rowspan = 2 | ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-Z-MANY''
| rowspan = 2 |''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-V-N''
| rowspan = 2 | ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-V-O''
| rowspan = 2 | ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-V-Z''
| rowspan = 2 | ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-V-MUCH''
| rowspan = 2 | ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-V-O-T''
| rowspan = 2 | ''√<sub>P</sub>-SEVEN-V-Z-MANY''
| colspan = 2; rowspan = 3 | —
| ''see below''
| ''√<sub>P</sub>-DO-THING''
|-
! plup.
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| —
| rowspan = 2 | —
|-
! phab.
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-?
| √<sub>P</sub>-? ({{Adj. II}})
|-
! colspan = 22 |
|-
! rowspan = 9 | Passive
! prs.
| √-aks 
| √-āks
| √-aks
| √-aksi
| √-āks
| √-aksi
! rowspan = 9 |
| √-oks 
| √-ōks
| √-oks
| √-oksy
| √-ōks
| √-oksy
! rowspan = 9 |
| colspan = 2  |√-āks
! rowspan = 9 |
| —
! rowspan = 9 |
| √-akson
|-
! aor.
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-iks 
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-iaks
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-iks 
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-iksi
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-iaks
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-iksi
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-uks 
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-uaks
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-uks 
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-uksy
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-uaks
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√-uksy
| colspan = 2 | √-iāks
| √-iarza ({{adj. I}})
| √-iakson
|-
! colspan = 21 |
|-
! fut.
| √-ilaks
| √-ilāks
| √-ilaks
| rowspan = 2  | √-iliks
| √-ilāks
| rowspan = 2  | √-iliks
| √-iluks 
| √-ilūks
| √-iluks 
| √-iluksy
| √-ilūks
| √-iluksy
| colspan = 2 | √-ilāks
| √-ilaksa (adj. I)
| rowspan = 2 | —
|-
! npfv.
| √-ileks 
| √-ilēks
| √-ileks 
| √-ilēks
| √-iloks 
| √-ilōks
| √-iloks 
| √-iloksy
| √-ilōks
| √-iloksy
| colspan = 2 | —
| —
|-
! colspan = 21 |
|-
!  pfv.
| √<sub>P</sub>-aks 
| √<sub>P</sub>-āks
| √<sub>P</sub>-aks 
| √<sub>P</sub>-aksi
| √<sub>P</sub>-āks
| √<sub>P</sub>-aksi
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-oks 
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-ōks
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-oks
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-oksy
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-ōks
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-oksy
| colspan = 2; rowspan = 3 | —
| √<sub>P</sub>-a (Adj. I)
| √<sub>P</sub>-akson
|-
! plup.
| √<sub>P</sub>-eks
| √<sub>P</sub>-ēks
| √<sub>P</sub>-eks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iks
| √<sub>P</sub>-ēks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iks
|  —
| rowspan = 2 | —
|-
! phab.
| √<sub>P</sub>-iks 
| √<sub>P</sub>-iaks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iksi
| √<sub>P</sub>-iaks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iksi
| √<sub>P</sub>-uks 
| √<sub>P</sub>-uaks
| √<sub>P</sub>-uks
| √<sub>P</sub>-uksy
| √<sub>P</sub>-uaks
| √<sub>P</sub>-uksy 
| √<sub>P</sub>-iarza (adj. I)
|}
====Present====
First person singular is N.

First person plural is MUCH.

Third person plural is Z-MANY.

GO indicates the aorist tense.

GO-NECK indicates the third person aorist agreement.

====Future====
First person plural is LIE-MUCH.

====Perfect====
Third person singular is SEVEN-Z.

Third person plural is SEVEN-Z-MUCH.

Third person singular passive is SEVEN-EAT.

Valyrian has a derivation where the perfective form of the verb can be turned into a new stem (so ''urnegon'' “to see”; ''ūndan'' “I saw”; ''ūndegon'' “to catch sight of”). When these repurposed perfectives are spelled, a silent H is used to separate the verb stem from the rest of the inflection.

J is also used in verbal conjugation for the past tense [e] series.

Z is used for third person inflection.

V is used for marking locative applicatives, and is also used for the subjunctive.