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=Lesson 4|The Perfect=
=Lesson 4|The Perfect=
==The Perfect==
The perfect tense is used for action that has already been completed. English has two corresponding constructions: present perfect and simple past. The present perfect uses the present of "to have" plus the past participle. ("I have sailed to Braavos twice." "These women have spoken the truth.") The simple past is a separate verb form that indicates a completed action. ("I came, I saw, I conquered.")
The perfect tense is used for action that has already been completed. English has two corresponding constructions: present perfect and simple past. The present perfect uses the present of "to have" plus the past participle. ("I have sailed to Braavos twice." "These women have spoken the truth.") The simple past is a separate verb form that indicates a completed action. ("I came, I saw, I conquered.")


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| third person plural
| third person plural
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==The Perfect Subjunctive==
The perfect subjunctive is formed identically to the present subjunctive--simply add the same personal endings to a perfect stem.


==Forming Perfect Stems==
==Forming Perfect Stems==

Revision as of 00:41, 28 October 2021

Lesson 4|The Perfect

The Perfect

The perfect tense is used for action that has already been completed. English has two corresponding constructions: present perfect and simple past. The present perfect uses the present of "to have" plus the past participle. ("I have sailed to Braavos twice." "These women have spoken the truth.") The simple past is a separate verb form that indicates a completed action. ("I came, I saw, I conquered.")

In High Valyrian, the perfect indicative is equivalent to both of these.

Below is a conjugation of maghagon in the perfect. Note first that the personal endings mimic the present tense for consonant final verbs with the exception of the third person plural. Second, notice that the stem of maghagon changed from magh- to mād-. This will be covered next.

mād-an I carried first person singular
mād-ā you carried second person singular
mād-as he, she, it carried third person singular
mād-i we carried first person plural
mād-āt you (all) carried second person plural
mād-is they carried third person plural

The Perfect Subjunctive

The perfect subjunctive is formed identically to the present subjunctive--simply add the same personal endings to a perfect stem.

Forming Perfect Stems

Consonant Final Verbs

Consonant final verb perfect stems follow a general pattern that has many deviations. Thankfully, the dictionary is organized such that you can check the perfect stem quickly on the main page! This table conveys general guidelines for forming a perfect stem from any regular consonant final verb. The consonants in the table represent the final consonant of the vowel stem.

Note that verbs ending in -jagon actually end in -ljagon. lj is one consonant. √ represents the verbal stem, √(consonant) means that the final consonant of the stem changes to that in parentheses, :√ indicates a vowel lengthening (adding a macron) earlier in the stem.

Final Consonant Liquid Voiceless Stop Nasal Voiced Stop Fricative Palatal Consonant Clusters
l r p t k q m n b d g h s z gh v j ñ lj
Simple √-t √-t
Replace Final Consonant √(t)-t √(n)-t √(p)-t √(t)-t √(g)-d √(s)-t √(n)-t √(l)-t √(e)-t
Lengthen vowel :√(d)

Example

Ērinagon follows the pattern √(n)-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ērint-.

Leghagon follows the pattern :√(d); thusly, the perfect stem is lēd-. Remember, in High Valyrian, gh is treated as one consonant.

Morghūljagon follows the pattern √-t; thusly, the perfect stem is morghūlt-. Remember, in High Valyrian, lj is treated as one consonant.

Iderēbagon follows the pattern √(p)-t; thusly, the perfect stem is iderēpt-

Exercise 1

Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect.

Vowel Final Verbs

Vowel final verbs are much simpler, they take the form √-M-t, where M is the theme vowel of the verb. They take the same personal endings as consonant final verbs.

Example

Ōregon has a theme vowel of 'e' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ōret-.

Lurugon has a theme vowel of 'u' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is lurut-.

Kȳvagon has a theme vowel of 'a' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is kȳvat-.

Exercise 1

Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect.