User:Aegon/High Valyrian Tutorial/2-4: Difference between revisions

From The Languages of David J. Peterson
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
 
(20 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
2-4
=Lesson 4|The Perfect=
In the verb conjugation table for this lesson, √<sub>P</sub> represents the perfect verbal stem, that is, the verbal stem with transformations that are to be covered below. The major item to note here is that the perfect personal endings are identical to the present indicative tense endings, already covered.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan = 2; rowspan = 3 |
! colspan = 6 | Indicative
! rowspan = 13|
! colspan = 6 | Subjunctive
! rowspan = 13|
! colspan = 2 | Imperative
! rowspan = 13|
! rowspan = 3 | Participle
! rowspan = 13|
! rowspan = 3 | Infinitive
|-
! colspan = 3 | Singular
! colspan = 3 | Plural
! colspan = 3 | Singular
! colspan = 3 | Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 1s
! 2s
! 3s
! 1pl
! 2pl
! 3pl
! 1s
! 2s
! 3s
! 1pl
! 2pl
! 3pl
! 2s
! 2pl
|-
! rowspan = 10 | Active
|-
! prs.
| √-an
| √-ā
| √-as
| √-i
| √-āt
| √-is
| √-on
| √-ō
| √-os
| √-oty
| √-ōt
| √-osy
| √-ās
| √-ātās
| √-are (adj. II)
| √-agon
|-
! aor.
| √-in
| √-ia
| √-is
| √-iti
| √-iat
| √-isi
| √-un
| √-ua
| √-us
| √-uty
| √-uat
| √-usy
| √-iās
| √-iātās
| √-ire (adj. II)
| √-igon
|-
! colspan = 21 |
|-
! fut.
| √-inna
| √-ilā
| √-ilza
| √-ili
| √-ilāt
| √-ilzi
| √-ilun
| √-ilū
| √-ilus
| √-iluty
| √-ilūt
| √-ilusy
| √-ilās
| √-ilātās
| √-ilare (adj. II)
| rowspan = 2 | —
|-
! npfv.
| √-ilen
| √-ilē
| √-iles
| √-ilin
| √-ilēt
| √-ilis
| √-ilon
| √-ilō
| √-ilos
| √-iloty
| √-ilōt
| √-ilosy
| colspan = 2 | —
| —
|-
! colspan = 21 |
|-
!  pfv.
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√<sub>P</sub>-an
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√<sub>P</sub>-ā
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√<sub>P</sub>-as
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√<sub>P</sub>-i
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" |√<sub>P</sub>-āt
| rowspan = 2 bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | √<sub>P</sub>-is
| rowspan = 2 bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | √<sub>P</sub>-on
| rowspan = 2 bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | √<sub>P</sub>-ō
| rowspan = 2 bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | √<sub>P</sub>-os
| rowspan = 2 bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | √<sub>P</sub>-oty
| rowspan = 2 bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | √<sub>P</sub>-ōt
| rowspan = 2 bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | √<sub>P</sub>-osy
| colspan = 2; rowspan = 3 | —
| ''see below''
| √<sub>P</sub>-agon
|-
! plup.
| √<sub>P</sub>-en
| √<sub>P</sub>-ē
| √<sub>P</sub>-es
| √<sub>P</sub>-in
| √<sub>P</sub>-ēt
| —
| rowspan = 2 | —
|-
! phab.
| √<sub>P</sub>-in
| √<sub>P</sub>-ia
| √<sub>P</sub>-is
| √<sub>P</sub>-iti
| √<sub>P</sub>-iat
| √<sub>P</sub>-isi
| √<sub>P</sub>-un
| √<sub>P</sub>-ua
| √<sub>P</sub>-us
| √<sub>P</sub>-uty
| √<sub>P</sub>-uat
| √<sub>P</sub>-usy
| √<sub>P</sub>-re ({{Adj. II}})
|-
! colspan = 22 |
|-
! rowspan = 9 | Passive
! prs.
| √-aks
| √-āks
| √-aks
| √-aksi
| √-āks
| √-aksi
! rowspan = 9 |
| √-oks
| √-ōks
| √-oks
| √-oksy
| √-ōks
| √-oksy
! rowspan = 9 |
| colspan = 2  |√-āks
! rowspan = 9 |
| —
! rowspan = 9 |
| √-akson
|-
! aor.
| √-iks
| √-iaks
| √-iks
| √-iksi
| √-iaks
| √-iksi
| √-uks
| √-uaks
| √-uks
| √-uksy
| √-uaks
| √-uksy
| colspan = 2 | √-iāks
| √-iarza ({{adj. I}})
| √-iakson
|-
! colspan = 21 |
|-
! fut.
| √-ilaks
| √-ilāks
| √-ilaks
| rowspan = 2 | √-iliks
| √-ilāks
| rowspan = 2 | √-iliks
| √-iluks
| √-ilūks
| √-iluks
| √-iluksy
| √-ilūks
| √-iluksy
| colspan = 2 | √-ilāks
| √-ilaksa (adj. I)
| rowspan = 2 | —
|-
! npfv.
| √-ileks
| √-ilēks
| √-ileks
| √-ilēks
| √-iloks
| √-ilōks
| √-iloks
| √-iloksy
| √-ilōks
| √-iloksy
| colspan = 2 | —
| —
|-
! colspan = 21 |
|-
!  pfv.
| √<sub>P</sub>-aks
| √<sub>P</sub>-āks
| √<sub>P</sub>-aks
| √<sub>P</sub>-aksi
| √<sub>P</sub>-āks
| √<sub>P</sub>-aksi
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-oks
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-ōks
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-oks
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-oksy
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-ōks
| rowspan = 2 | √<sub>P</sub>-oksy
| colspan = 2; rowspan = 3 | —
| √<sub>P</sub>-a (Adj. I)
| √<sub>P</sub>-akson
|-
! plup.
| √<sub>P</sub>-eks
| √<sub>P</sub>-ēks
| √<sub>P</sub>-eks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iks
| √<sub>P</sub>-ēks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iks
|  —
| rowspan = 2 | —
|-
! phab.
| √<sub>P</sub>-iks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iaks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iksi
| √<sub>P</sub>-iaks
| √<sub>P</sub>-iksi
| √<sub>P</sub>-uks
| √<sub>P</sub>-uaks
| √<sub>P</sub>-uks
| √<sub>P</sub>-uksy
| √<sub>P</sub>-uaks
| √<sub>P</sub>-uksy
| √<sub>P</sub>-iarza (adj. I)
|}
==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="2" | <b>Lesson Vocabulary</b>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
! bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | <font face="Arial" size="4">High Valyrian</font>
! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | <font face="Arial" size="4">English</font>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''lurugon (v-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to fold'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''pendagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to wonder'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rhaenagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to meet; to find, to encounter, to discover; to begin, to start (transitive)'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jēdun (6pauc.1lun.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''hour, hours'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''kirimves (4sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''joy'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''Mīrīn (6for.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''Meereen'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''paghyr (6col.2lun.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''life, breathing'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''valonqar (1aq.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''younger brother, brother; younger male cousin due to father's brother or mother's sister'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''tolijī (adv.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''finally'''
|}
 
==The Perfect==
The perfect tense is used for action that has already been completed. English has two corresponding constructions: present perfect and simple past. The present perfect uses the present of "to have" plus the past participle. ("I have sailed to Braavos twice." "These women have spoken the truth.") The simple past is a separate verb form that indicates a completed action. ("I came, I saw, I conquered.")
 
In High Valyrian, the perfect indicative is equivalent to both of these.
 
Below is a conjugation of ''maghagon'' in the perfect. Note first that the personal endings mimic the present tense for consonant final verbs with the exception of the third person plural. Second, notice that the stem of ''maghagon'' changed from ''magh-'' to ''mād-''. This will be covered next.
 
{| class="wikitable"
| mād-an
| I carried
| first person singular
|-
| mād-ā
| you carried
| second person singular
|-
| mād-as
| he, she, it carried
| third person singular
|-
| mād-i
| we carried
| first person plural
|-
| mād-āt
| you (all) carried
| second person plural
|-
| mād-is
| they carried
| third person plural
|}
==The Perfect Subjunctive==
The perfect subjunctive is formed with the same personal endings as the present subjunctive--simply add the same personal endings to a perfect stem.
{| class="wikitable"
| mād-on
| I carried
| first person singular
|-
| mād-ō
| you carried
| second person singular
|-
| mād-os
| he, she, it carried
| third person singular
|-
| mād-oty
| we carried
| first person plural
|-
| mād-ōt
| you (all) carried
| second person plural
|-
| mād-osy
| they carried
| third person plural
|}
 
===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | ñurho valonqro paghyro jēdunna, lo tolijī ñuha kepa kirimvī rhēdos pendan
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | I wonder if, for those few hours my brother lived, my father finally found happiness
|}
 
A complex sentence showing that the conjunction ''lo'' may occur in the second clause. Then the pair of verbs where ''rhaenagon'' appears in the perfect subjunctive followed with the present tense of ''pendagon'' to express "wondering if he may have found" since the speaker does not know if her father actually found happiness or not. With ''pendagon'', the verb it modifies may always appear as the subjunctive as "wondering" always implies uncertainty unless the sentence has sarcasm.
 
==Forming Perfect Stems==
===Consonant Final Verbs===
Consonant final verb perfect stems follow a general pattern that has many deviations. Thankfully, the dictionary is organized such that you can check the perfect stem quickly on the main page! This table conveys general guidelines for forming a perfect stem from any regular consonant final verb. The consonants in the table represent the final consonant of the vowel stem.
 
Note that verbs ending in ''-jagon'' actually end in ''-ljagon''. ''lj'' is one consonant.
√ represents the verbal stem, √(consonant) means that the final consonant of the stem changes to that in parentheses, :√ indicates a vowel lengthening (adding a macron) earlier in the stem.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
Line 35: Line 422:
| colspan="2" | √-t
| colspan="2" | √-t
| √-t
| √-t
| colspan="17" style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" |  
| colspan="17" style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" |  
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Replace Final Consonant
| style="text-align:left;" | Replace Final Consonant
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:#9b9b9b;" |  
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#ecf4ff; color:#9b9b9b;" |  
| colspan="3" | √(t)-t
| colspan="3" | √(t)-t
| colspan="2" | √(n)-t
| colspan="2" | √(n)-t
Line 44: Line 431:
| √(t)-t
| √(t)-t
| √(g)-d
| √(g)-d
| style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" |  
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" |  
| colspan="2" | √(s)-t
| colspan="2" | √(s)-t
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" |  
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" |  
| √(n)-t
| √(n)-t
| √(l)-t
| √(l)-t
Line 52: Line 439:
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lengthen vowel
| style="text-align:left;" | Lengthen vowel
| colspan="14" style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" |  
| colspan="14" style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" |  
| colspan="3" | √:(d)
| colspan="3" | :√(d)
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#c0c0c0;" |  
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" |
|}
 
====Example====
''Ērinagon'' follows the pattern √(n)-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ''ērint-''.
 
''Leghagon'' follows the pattern :√(d); thusly, the perfect stem is ''lēd-''. Remember, in High Valyrian, ''gh'' is treated as one consonant.
 
''Morghūljagon'' follows the pattern √-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ''morghūlt-''. Remember, in High Valyrian, ''lj'' is treated as one consonant.
 
''Iderēbagon'' follows the pattern √(p)-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ''iderēpt-''
====Exercise 1====
Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| I gathered
|-
| derēptan
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| y'all ate
|-
| iprattāt
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| We antagonized
|-
| qrinumpti
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| they maintained
|-
| rāeltis
|}
===Vowel Final Verbs===
Vowel final verbs are much simpler, they take the form √-M-t, where M is the theme vowel of the verb. They take the same personal endings as consonant final verbs.
====Example====
''Ōregon'' has a theme vowel of 'e' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ''ōret-''.
 
''Lurugon'' has a theme vowel of 'u' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ''lurut-''.
 
''Kȳvagon'' has a theme vowel of 'a' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ''kȳvat-''.
====Exercise 1====
Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| y'all wrote
|-
| bardutāt
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| I destroyed
|-
| pryjatan
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| We commanded
|-
| jenteti
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| they tried
|-
| sylutis
|}
 
===Irregular Perfect Stems===
There exist many verbs that have irregular perfect stems. These are generally not predictable.
 
{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|-
| colspan="7" | '''Explanation'''- The Red Priests helped bring peace to Meereen.
|-
| ''High Valyrian:'' || Meli || Voktyssy || Mīrīnī || lyks || mazverdagon || '''beldis'''
|-
| ''English:'' || [The] Red|| Priests|| [to, in] Meereen || peace || to bring || [they] helped
|}
|}
''Baelagon'', 'to help,' is one such verb with an irregular perfect stem. In this sentence, ''Meli'' is a plural, nominative, and solar adjective to agree with the sentence's subject, ''Voktyssy'', itself plural, nominative, and solar. ''Mīrīnī'' is in the locative case; note that the preposition ''va'' could optionally be added here to enhance clarity. ''Lyks'' is accusative for it is the object of the shared-subject verbal argument ''mazverdagon beldis'', 'to help bring.'
==Attribution==
<div style="padding: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px; background-color: #eee; width: 65%;">
"[https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Lesson_5-Perfect_Indicative Lesson 5-Perfect Indicative]" by [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Latin/Authors S. W. Farnsworth et al] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY 3.0] / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original</div>

Latest revision as of 09:15, 18 March 2023

Lesson 4|The Perfect

In the verb conjugation table for this lesson, √P represents the perfect verbal stem, that is, the verbal stem with transformations that are to be covered below. The major item to note here is that the perfect personal endings are identical to the present indicative tense endings, already covered.

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Participle Infinitive
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 1s 2s 3s 1pl 2pl 3pl 2s 2pl
Active
prs. √-an √-ā √-as √-i √-āt √-is √-on √-ō √-os √-oty √-ōt √-osy √-ās √-ātās √-are (adj. II) √-agon
aor. √-in √-ia √-is √-iti √-iat √-isi √-un √-ua √-us √-uty √-uat √-usy √-iās √-iātās √-ire (adj. II) √-igon
fut. √-inna √-ilā √-ilza √-ili √-ilāt √-ilzi √-ilun √-ilū √-ilus √-iluty √-ilūt √-ilusy √-ilās √-ilātās √-ilare (adj. II)
npfv. √-ilen √-ilē √-iles √-ilin √-ilēt √-ilis √-ilon √-ilō √-ilos √-iloty √-ilōt √-ilosy
pfv. P-an P P-as P-i P-āt P-is P-on P P-os P-oty P-ōt P-osy see below P-agon
plup. P-en P P-es P-in P-ēt
phab. P-in P-ia P-is P-iti P-iat P-isi P-un P-ua P-us P-uty P-uat P-usy P-re (adj. II)
Passive prs. √-aks √-āks √-aks √-aksi √-āks √-aksi √-oks √-ōks √-oks √-oksy √-ōks √-oksy √-āks √-akson
aor. √-iks √-iaks √-iks √-iksi √-iaks √-iksi √-uks √-uaks √-uks √-uksy √-uaks √-uksy √-iāks √-iarza (adj. I) √-iakson
fut. √-ilaks √-ilāks √-ilaks √-iliks √-ilāks √-iliks √-iluks √-ilūks √-iluks √-iluksy √-ilūks √-iluksy √-ilāks √-ilaksa (adj. I)
npfv. √-ileks √-ilēks √-ileks √-ilēks √-iloks √-ilōks √-iloks √-iloksy √-ilōks √-iloksy
pfv. P-aks P-āks P-aks P-aksi P-āks P-aksi P-oks P-ōks P-oks P-oksy P-ōks P-oksy P-a (Adj. I) P-akson
plup. P-eks P-ēks P-eks P-iks P-ēks P-iks
phab. P-iks P-iaks P-iks P-iksi P-iaks P-iksi P-uks P-uaks P-uks P-uksy P-uaks P-uksy P-iarza (adj. I)

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
lurugon (v-fin.) to fold
pendagon (c-fin.) to wonder
rhaenagon (c-fin.) to meet; to find, to encounter, to discover; to begin, to start (transitive)
jēdun (6pauc.1lun.) hour, hours
kirimves (4sol.) joy
Mīrīn (6for.) Meereen
paghyr (6col.2lun.) life, breathing
valonqar (1aq.) younger brother, brother; younger male cousin due to father's brother or mother's sister
tolijī (adv.) finally

The Perfect

The perfect tense is used for action that has already been completed. English has two corresponding constructions: present perfect and simple past. The present perfect uses the present of "to have" plus the past participle. ("I have sailed to Braavos twice." "These women have spoken the truth.") The simple past is a separate verb form that indicates a completed action. ("I came, I saw, I conquered.")

In High Valyrian, the perfect indicative is equivalent to both of these.

Below is a conjugation of maghagon in the perfect. Note first that the personal endings mimic the present tense for consonant final verbs with the exception of the third person plural. Second, notice that the stem of maghagon changed from magh- to mād-. This will be covered next.

mād-an I carried first person singular
mād-ā you carried second person singular
mād-as he, she, it carried third person singular
mād-i we carried first person plural
mād-āt you (all) carried second person plural
mād-is they carried third person plural

The Perfect Subjunctive

The perfect subjunctive is formed with the same personal endings as the present subjunctive--simply add the same personal endings to a perfect stem.

mād-on I carried first person singular
mād-ō you carried second person singular
mād-os he, she, it carried third person singular
mād-oty we carried first person plural
mād-ōt you (all) carried second person plural
mād-osy they carried third person plural

Examples

High Valyrian English
ñurho valonqro paghyro jēdunna, lo tolijī ñuha kepa kirimvī rhēdos pendan I wonder if, for those few hours my brother lived, my father finally found happiness

A complex sentence showing that the conjunction lo may occur in the second clause. Then the pair of verbs where rhaenagon appears in the perfect subjunctive followed with the present tense of pendagon to express "wondering if he may have found" since the speaker does not know if her father actually found happiness or not. With pendagon, the verb it modifies may always appear as the subjunctive as "wondering" always implies uncertainty unless the sentence has sarcasm.

Forming Perfect Stems

Consonant Final Verbs

Consonant final verb perfect stems follow a general pattern that has many deviations. Thankfully, the dictionary is organized such that you can check the perfect stem quickly on the main page! This table conveys general guidelines for forming a perfect stem from any regular consonant final verb. The consonants in the table represent the final consonant of the vowel stem.

Note that verbs ending in -jagon actually end in -ljagon. lj is one consonant. √ represents the verbal stem, √(consonant) means that the final consonant of the stem changes to that in parentheses, :√ indicates a vowel lengthening (adding a macron) earlier in the stem.

Final Consonant Liquid Voiceless Stop Nasal Voiced Stop Fricative Palatal Consonant Clusters
l r p t k q m n b d g h s z gh v j ñ lj
Simple √-t √-t
Replace Final Consonant √(t)-t √(n)-t √(p)-t √(t)-t √(g)-d √(s)-t √(n)-t √(l)-t √(e)-t
Lengthen vowel :√(d)

Example

Ērinagon follows the pattern √(n)-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ērint-.

Leghagon follows the pattern :√(d); thusly, the perfect stem is lēd-. Remember, in High Valyrian, gh is treated as one consonant.

Morghūljagon follows the pattern √-t; thusly, the perfect stem is morghūlt-. Remember, in High Valyrian, lj is treated as one consonant.

Iderēbagon follows the pattern √(p)-t; thusly, the perfect stem is iderēpt-

Exercise 1

Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect.

Vowel Final Verbs

Vowel final verbs are much simpler, they take the form √-M-t, where M is the theme vowel of the verb. They take the same personal endings as consonant final verbs.

Example

Ōregon has a theme vowel of 'e' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is ōret-.

Lurugon has a theme vowel of 'u' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is lurut-.

Kȳvagon has a theme vowel of 'a' and follows the pattern √-M-t; thusly, the perfect stem is kȳvat-.

Exercise 1

Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect.

Irregular Perfect Stems

There exist many verbs that have irregular perfect stems. These are generally not predictable.

Explanation- The Red Priests helped bring peace to Meereen.
High Valyrian: Meli Voktyssy Mīrīnī lyks mazverdagon beldis
English: [The] Red Priests [to, in] Meereen peace to bring [they] helped

Baelagon, 'to help,' is one such verb with an irregular perfect stem. In this sentence, Meli is a plural, nominative, and solar adjective to agree with the sentence's subject, Voktyssy, itself plural, nominative, and solar. Mīrīnī is in the locative case; note that the preposition va could optionally be added here to enhance clarity. Lyks is accusative for it is the object of the shared-subject verbal argument mazverdagon beldis, 'to help bring.'

Attribution

"Lesson 5-Perfect Indicative" by S. W. Farnsworth et al is licensed under CC BY 3.0 / This adaptation for High Valyrian aims to retain the format and pedagogy from the original