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=Lesson 3|Infinitive Constructions=
=Lesson 3|Infinitive Constructions=
If you recall from section 1-3, '''the infinitive''' is simply the form of the verb that means 'to' something, like 'to fight', 'to win', or 'to love.'
If you recall from section 1-3, '''the infinitive''' is simply the form of the verb that means 'to' something, like 'to fight', 'to win', or 'to love.'
==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|-
! colspan="2" | <b>Lesson Vocabulary</b>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
! bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | <font face="Arial" size="4">High Valyrian</font>
! bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | <font face="Arial" size="4">English</font>
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''mele (adj. II)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''red, reddish, red-orange, dark orange, dark brown'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''morghe (adj. II)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''dead'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''dohaeriros (3sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''slave, servant'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''gēlior (6col. 3ter.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''younger sister'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''laodiapos (3sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''mask'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''mandia (1lun.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''older sister'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rūs (3sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''infant, baby, child'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''vōljes (4sol.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''raven'''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" |
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''ērinagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to win'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''henujagon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to exit, leave, go from'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''indigon'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to push, (refl.) to intend'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''ipradagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to eat'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''jaelagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to want, wish, hope'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rakegon (v-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to participate in, take part in, have a hand in'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''sylugon (v-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to try'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''tepagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to give'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''māzigon (v-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to arrive'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''nādīnagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to remove'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''rēbagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to go through, to pass, to walk, to undergo'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | '''mazemagon (c-fin.)'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | '''to take, get, obtain, gain'''
|}


==Shared Subject==
==Shared Subject==
Line 169: Line 246:
|}
|}
This example shows how a shared subject construction may complement an obligation construction. ''Jiōragon rakegon'' is the shared subject construction that takes as its subject, ''Daenero'', in the genitive case to agree with ''bēvilza''.
This example shows how a shared subject construction may complement an obligation construction. ''Jiōragon rakegon'' is the shared subject construction that takes as its subject, ''Daenero'', in the genitive case to agree with ''bēvilza''.
{| class="wikitable" width="43.8%"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | lo ziry arlī jaelāt, jemēlo syt ziry mazemagon jemo bēvilza
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | if y'all want it again, y'all must take it for yourselves.
|}
This sentence's first clause uses ''lo'', which usually should cue the use of the subjunctive. Why is the indicative used? The speaker, Daenerys, knows her audience wants 'it;' freedom in context. Then, a reflexive postposition with the postposition ''syt'' is used to literally mean on behalf of yourself; this is an idiomatic expression smoothed in English translations. Finally, the verbal complex ''mazemagon jemo bēvilza'', meaning 'y'all must take' appears; ''jemo'' is genitive being the argument of ''bēvilza'' and ''mazemagon'' is in the infinitive.


===Exercise 2===
===Exercise 2===
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| you must command the kingdom's knights
| you must command the kingdom's knights
|-
|-
| dārioti azantyssy jentagon avy bēvilza
| dārioti azantyssy jentagon bēvilza
|}
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
Line 192: Line 278:
| umbagon yne sytilības iā jagon yne sytilības?  
| umbagon yne sytilības iā jagon yne sytilības?  
|}
|}
==The Causative==
==The Causative==
The causative construction conveys how an action was caused. An English example is 'the mother made the boy go to bed early.' Here, 'made' would be the causative verb. In High Valyrian, this is the irregular verb ''sahagon'', to cause, make, force. The syntax for this construction is below:
The causative construction conveys how an action was caused. An English example is 'the mother made the boy go to bed early.' Here, 'made' would be the causative verb. In High Valyrian, this is the irregular verb ''sahagon'', to cause, make, force. The syntax for this construction is below:
Line 246: Line 333:
| You should make the commander stop  
| You should make the commander stop  
|-
|-
| jentys keliemagon sahagon avy sytilības
| jentot keliemagon sahagon avy sytilības
|}
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
Line 262: Line 349:
|-
|-
| azantot ērinagon sē  
| azantot ērinagon sē  
|}
==Imperatives and the Infinitive==
There a number of types of imperatives, or commands.
===Negative Commands===
Negative commands are commands for someone to not do something. They simply are the infinitive followed with ''daor''.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | zūgagon daor, ñuhys raqiros
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | do not be afraid, my friend
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | zoklī kisikagon daor
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | do not feed the wolves
|}
===Permissive Commands===
Permissive commands involve commanding someone to allow for an action to occur. These take a dative argument in a shared subject construction with the imperative of ''gaomagon''. Note ''gaomagon'' is typically omitted from the command and only the infinitive is retained.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | ynot rēbagon!
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | let me pass!
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | sesīr īlot jagon!
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | now lets go!
|}
The final example is a hortative, or a first person command.
===Jussives===
Jussives are third person commands expressed with an infinitive that takes a ''vocative'' argument. The vocative case is used in addressing someone directly (to be covered later).
{| class="wikitable"
|'''High Valyrian'''
|'''English'''
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | dohaerirus māzigon!
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | may a slave come!
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | azantys dohaerirossa dāeremagon!
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | may a knight free the slaves!
|-
| bgcolor="#CCFFFF" | valus morghi āeksia nādīnagon!
| bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | may a man remove the dead masters!
|}
===Exercise 4===
Translate the following English to High Valyrian.
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| do not hunt the beautiful wolves!
|-
| gevī zoklī arghugon daor!
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| lets help the queen take the canyon!
|-
| rihot īlot dārie gūrogon baelagon!
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| Lets hold the mountain!
|-
| blēnon īlot ōregon!
|}
{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| may one with a sword kill the harpy!
|-
| korzose lȳs jazdan sēnagon!
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 21:21, 17 December 2021

Lesson 3|Infinitive Constructions

If you recall from section 1-3, the infinitive is simply the form of the verb that means 'to' something, like 'to fight', 'to win', or 'to love.'

Vocabulary

Lesson Vocabulary
High Valyrian English
mele (adj. II) red, reddish, red-orange, dark orange, dark brown
morghe (adj. II) dead
dohaeriros (3sol.) slave, servant
gēlior (6col. 3ter.) younger sister
laodiapos (3sol.) mask
mandia (1lun.) older sister
rūs (3sol.) infant, baby, child
vōljes (4sol.) raven
ērinagon to win
henujagon to exit, leave, go from
indigon to push, (refl.) to intend
ipradagon (c-fin.) to eat
jaelagon (c-fin.) to want, wish, hope
rakegon (v-fin.) to participate in, take part in, have a hand in
sylugon (v-fin.) to try
tepagon (c-fin.) to give
māzigon (v-fin.) to arrive
nādīnagon (c-fin.) to remove
rēbagon (c-fin.) to go through, to pass, to walk, to undergo
mazemagon (c-fin.) to take, get, obtain, gain

Shared Subject

A shared subject construction adds an infinitive (or more) to the main conjugated verb that shares the preceding nominal argument that takes the following syntax:

nominal argument
infinitive
secondary infinitive
conjugated verb

A number of verbs commonly serve to augment infinitives in shared subject constructions:

Verb Meaning
baelagon to help
indigon to intend (refl.)
jaelagon to want, wish, hope
kostagon to be able to, can, may
gīmigon to know how to
gaomagon to allow
rakegon to take part in
sylugon to try

Examples

High Valyrian English
henujagon jaelza lua vala mirre henujagon kostas any man who wishes to leave may leave

This sentence features a relative clause with two shared subject constructions present. The first, henujagon jaelza, has jaelagon conjugated and thusly reads as 'he wants to leave' as a standalone phrase. The second, henujagon kostas reads as 'he can leave.' Note that the adjective modifying the head noun of the relative clause is postpositive, or occurring after the noun. Kostas and jaelza are simply tacked on after the infinitive to express that the infinitive can occur and is wanted to occur respectively.

High Valyrian English
gēlȳndi aōt tepagon jaelas, hegnīr aōhys rūs ipradagon kostos he only wants to give you money, so your baby can eat

Here, two shared subject constructions occur within a purpose clause that includes hegnīr as covered in the subjunctive section. The first, tepagon jaelas reads as 'he wants to give;' the second, ipradagon kostos, he may eat with the uncertainty conveyed through the subjunctive.

Exercise 1

Translate the following English to High Valyrian.

Obligations

Obligations have two flavors: a light obligation that may be translated as 'should' and a strong obligation translated as must. In High Valyrian, these two verbs generally appear in the third person singular and do not have a subject; they have an object--the one involved in the obligation. Shared subject constructions may be used with obligations as we will learn below.

Sytilībagon translates as 'should' and takes an accusative argument.

Bēvilagon translates as 'must' and takes a genitive argument.

nominal argument
infinitive
object of obligation/subject of infinitive
obligation verb

Examples

High Valyrian English
laodiaposo jomīsagon avy sytilības you should wear a mask

Avy is the accusative argument of sytilības and indicates 'you' should wear a mask. Remember, jomīsagon is a verb that takes the instrumental case for the item to be worn. Note that sytilības is NOT conjugated to the second person.

High Valyrian English
sōlutti gūrogon aōhe mandie sytilības your older sister should get a scroll

The accusative argument of sytilības may also be modified with an adjective that must agree in case, number, and gender like this example; aōhe mandie, your older sister. What should she do? Clearly, get a scroll.

High Valyrian English
dāriot ñuho kepo kaston havon usōvegon yno bēvilza I must apologize to the queen for my father's blue bread

Yno is in the genitive case to serve as the argument of bēvilza. Dāriot is the indirect object and appears in the dative case. Notice how in Ñuho kepo kaston havon, kaston is accusative as it modifies the bread, not 'my father!' If your father, however, was a Smurf, you would say ñuho kasto kepo havon for 'my blue father's bread.'

High Valyrian English
dāriot azantī jiōragon rakegon Daenero bēvilza Daenerys must take part in welcoming the knights to the kingdom

This example shows how a shared subject construction may complement an obligation construction. Jiōragon rakegon is the shared subject construction that takes as its subject, Daenero, in the genitive case to agree with bēvilza.

High Valyrian English
lo ziry arlī jaelāt, jemēlo syt ziry mazemagon jemo bēvilza if y'all want it again, y'all must take it for yourselves.

This sentence's first clause uses lo, which usually should cue the use of the subjunctive. Why is the indicative used? The speaker, Daenerys, knows her audience wants 'it;' freedom in context. Then, a reflexive postposition with the postposition syt is used to literally mean on behalf of yourself; this is an idiomatic expression smoothed in English translations. Finally, the verbal complex mazemagon jemo bēvilza, meaning 'y'all must take' appears; jemo is genitive being the argument of bēvilza and mazemagon is in the infinitive.

Exercise 2

Translate the following English to High Valyrian.

The Causative

The causative construction conveys how an action was caused. An English example is 'the mother made the boy go to bed early.' Here, 'made' would be the causative verb. In High Valyrian, this is the irregular verb sahagon, to cause, make, force. The syntax for this construction is below:

nominative causer
dative actor
additional nominal arguments
infinitive
sahagon (conjugated)

In general use, the one causing the action takes the nominative case, the one needing to act gets the dative case, and the action takes an infinitive with possible further nominal arguments.

Examples

High Valyrian English
dohaerirot ñuhe annī rāenagon sān I made the servant brush my horse
jentot yne ryptegon sā You made the commander listen to me
zaldrīzī sōvegon sas lī ūndes He sees one who makes dragons fly

Exercise 3

Translate the following English to High Valyrian.

Imperatives and the Infinitive

There a number of types of imperatives, or commands.

Negative Commands

Negative commands are commands for someone to not do something. They simply are the infinitive followed with daor.

High Valyrian English
zūgagon daor, ñuhys raqiros do not be afraid, my friend
zoklī kisikagon daor do not feed the wolves

Permissive Commands

Permissive commands involve commanding someone to allow for an action to occur. These take a dative argument in a shared subject construction with the imperative of gaomagon. Note gaomagon is typically omitted from the command and only the infinitive is retained.

High Valyrian English
ynot rēbagon! let me pass!
sesīr īlot jagon! now lets go!

The final example is a hortative, or a first person command.

Jussives

Jussives are third person commands expressed with an infinitive that takes a vocative argument. The vocative case is used in addressing someone directly (to be covered later).

High Valyrian English
dohaerirus māzigon! may a slave come!
azantys dohaerirossa dāeremagon! may a knight free the slaves!
valus morghi āeksia nādīnagon! may a man remove the dead masters!

Exercise 4

Translate the following English to High Valyrian.